Wang Xizhi was a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He changed the simple style of Han and Wei calligraphy, opened up a beautiful and vigorous style after Jin Dynasty, and created a model of writing, running script and cursive script, which was admired by later generations. Copybook for calligraphy's Preface to the Orchid Pavilion is his masterpiece, which has been praised as "the best book in the world" by calligraphy circles and has fascinated countless learners for thousands of years. Therefore, Wang Xizhi was honored as a "book saint" by later generations. Li Shimin advocated Wang Xizhi's calligraphy style. He personally wrote Biography of Wang Xizhi for the Book of Jin, collected, copied and appreciated Wang Xizhi's original works, and copied several Prefaces to Lanting for ministers. In the history of calligraphy in China, emperors advocated one-person calligraphy with 950,000 respects, and that's all. In the Song Dynasty, Jiang Kui loved Preface to Lanting, studied it every day and often put what he had learned on it. A postscript said: "I have studied Lanting for more than 20 years, and I have learned a lot under the light tonight." It took more than 20 years to get an introduction, which shows the difficulty of interpretation: 1600 years, countless calligraphers have been tirelessly interpreting and reading, unwilling to go deep into Xi's palace, but in the end they can only get one. Therefore, Preface to Lanting can be said to be a maze created by outstanding calligraphy wisdom. Wang Xizhi (303-36 1) was born in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His ancestral home is Langya (now Linyi, Shandong). After moving south at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, he settled in Huiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) Yin Shan and became a Shaoxing native. Wang Xizhi's former residence is located in Zhu Jie Temple at the foot of Jishan Mountain in Shaoxing. In Shao, he was a civil servant of Huiji and a general of the right army, so he was called. During his tenure, he was honest, concerned about the sufferings of the people, and was pragmatic and honest for the people. At the same time, I often take pleasure in writing books and raising geese. After resigning and retiring in his later years, he wandered between mountains and rivers. He died at the age of 59 and was buried in Waterfall Mountain, Jinting Town, Shengzhou City. Seven sons of Xihe have titles. The youngest son gave a true biography of Xi. His calligraphy is no less than Weng's, and he is called "Xiao Wang" in the world. At the age of seven, Wang Xizhi studied hard under the guidance of the female calligrapher Mrs. Wei and her uncle. Later, he learned from Li Si, Zhong You, Cai Yong, Zhang Chang and other calligraphers, learned from others and created his own set. Wang Xizhi's calligraphy works are very rich. It is said that he collected 15000 pages of books in Liang Wudi, and Emperor Taizong visited Wang Shu all over and got 3600 pages. He still has 243 pages in Song Huizong. Mo Bao, which has been handed down from generation to generation, is as rare as the morning star, leaving nothing of the original works. In addition to Preface to Lanting Collection, there are other famous posts, such as official slave post, seventeen post, two thank-you post, orange post, menstruation post, quick snow clearing post, Lun, Huang Tingjing and so on. His famous running script "Clearing Iron in Fast Snow" is now collected by the National Palace Museum of Physical Education in Taiwan. Yuan Bo tie with Wang Xun and Wang Xianzhi's Mid-Autumn Festival tie, also known as "Three Wishes", were hidden in Sanxi Hall, Xinuange, hall of mental cultivation in the drought year, which is a rare treasure. The main characteristics of Wang Xizhi's calligraphy are peace and nature, gentle and subtle brushwork, graceful and graceful, and later generations commented: "Like a flowing cloud, like a dragon." Wang Xizhi's calligraphy is exquisite and extremely beautiful to watch. In a word, he introduced Chinese writing from practicality to a realm of paying attention to techniques and interests, which marked that calligraphers not only discovered the beauty of calligraphy, but also showed the beauty of calligraphy. Wang Xizhi's calligraphy has the greatest influence on Preface to Lanting, and it is also a legendary story in the history of calligraphy. There is a custom in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Every year on the third day of the third lunar month, people go to the river to play, which is called Xiu. Eight years before his death, that is, on the third day of March in the ninth year of Yonghe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 353), Wang Xizhi, then general of literature, history and the right army of Huiji, invited 41 scholars, including Xie An and Sun Chuo, to gather in Lanting Temple in Huiji Mountain, drinking and writing poems. Qushuiliu, also known as Qushuiyan. Forty-two celebrities were sitting by the stream, and buddhist nun threw feathers full of wine into the stream and moved with the wind. If the feather stops at someone's place, this person will write a poem. If it is impossible, it will be fined three times. Wen Mingzhi's Lanting Jiyatu is relishing the beauty of wine-scented poems. It was suggested that it is better to compile 37 poems made that day into a collection, which is the Preface to the Lanting Pavilion. At this time, many scholars urged Wang Xizhi to write Preface to Lanting Collection. Wang Xizhi was full of wine and rice, and began to write freely on silkworm paper in one go. This is the world-famous Preface to Lanting. Preface, * * * 28 lines, 324 words. The preface describes the beauty of landscape and the joy of gathering around Lanting, and expresses the author's short life and impermanence. The next day, Wang Xizhi woke up with a hangover. He squatted on the table and rewrote the preface on the paper, but he felt that it was not as exquisite as the original. He doesn't believe it. He repeated the book several times in succession, but he still didn't understand the essence of the original text. Only then did he realize that this preface was the pinnacle of his life, and his calligraphy art was fully developed in this preface. Wang Xizhi's greatest achievement is to change the simple calligraphy style in the Han and Wei Dynasties into exquisite and beautiful calligraphy style, which created a precedent for elegant and beautiful calligraphy. In particular, the running script "Preface to Lanting" is like flowing water, elegant and smart, with delicate bones, beautiful stippling, alternating density and white cloth, which contains extremely rich artistic beauty within the scale. Regardless of horizontal, vertical, point, skimming, hooking, folding and pressing, it can be said that the pen is extremely wonderful. Preface to Lanting has 324 words, and each word has a different posture, turning itself into a circle. Wang Xizhi is superb, not only in the abnormity of different characters, but also in the abnormity of heavy words. For example, the name, posture and aesthetic feeling of the 20 words "Zhi" are different, and none of them are the same. In the Song Dynasty, Mi Fei said in the poem "Preface to Lanting Collection": "There are 28 lines and 300 words, and the word' zhi' is at most none." . There are also some heavy words such as, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, no. Yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes. Before Emperor Taizong, Wang Xizhi's calligraphy was praised by Liang Xiaoyan's "On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Ancient and Modern Scholars": "Wang Xizhi's calligraphy is vigorous and free, like a dragon leaping into the Tianmen, and the tiger lies in the phoenix pavilion, so it has been in all previous dynasties. Dong Qichang wrote in "Essays on Painting Zen Rooms": "The narrative of the Lanting of the Right Army is the first in ancient and modern times, and its characters are all reflected in the belt, small or large, all in the Dharma, so it is also a miracle." Jie Jin said in "Miscellanies of Spring Rain": "The Syrian Lanting of the right army is both beautiful and well arranged. The so-called increase is too long and the loss is too short. " Wang Xizhi is world-famous, which has something to do with the admiration of Emperor Taizong. Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, treasured the Preface to the Lanting Pavilion, and Emperor Taizong praised it as "a little work, a must". Emperor Taizong personally sent a message for Wang Xizhi's works: "Take a detailed examination of ancient and modern times, study its essence and seek its seal, which is perfect, but Wang Yi is rare!" Look at its slow work, exquisite cutting, and smoke dew. If it is broken, it will be connected, and the phoenix will be flat and straight. If you don't feel tired while playing, you won't know its end. The heart is chasing the hand, this person is just. What about the rest of the district? "Wang Xizhi regards the Preface to the Lanting Pavilion as a family heirloom, which has been passed down from generation to generation, and has been passed on to the seventh generation of the Wangs. However, Zhiyong became a monk for some reason, and naturally there were no children behind him, so he passed the original ancestral book to disciple Cai Bian. In the early Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin collected a large number of Wang Xizhi's calligraphy treasures and studied them frequently. He praised the original work "Preface to Lanting" and offered many rewards for it, but there was no result. Later, it was found that the original preface to Lanting Collection was in the hands of a monk named Cai Bian in Huiji, which led to the story that Emperor Taizong defrauded the original preface to Lanting Collection and was buried in Zhaoling with Emperor Taizong. This story adds a legendary and mysterious atmosphere to the Preface to Lanting. There are two versions of Lanting story recorded by Tang people. Liu Quan's Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties: "Wang Youjun's Preface to Lanting is out of place. Chen Tian's family earned it for monks. ..... After the death of Guo Shi, the disciple monk got it through argumentation. After Emperor Taizong became the king of Qin, he was surprised to see the rubbings, a precious book for the city king. Lanting is meaningless in the end. Knowing by eloquence, Xiao Yi got it from Yuezhou and entered Qin for four years with Wude. Ten years of Zhenguan, ten books were extended to recent ministers. When the emperor collapsed, the secretariat ordered Chu Suiliang to play: "Lanting was highly valued by the first emperor and could not stay. Therefore, there is the secret of Zhaoling. " The preface to Lanting recorded in Taiping Guangji is quite different. He Wen said that during the Zhenguan period, Emperor Taizong decided to learn the books of the two kings and copy the original works, but Lanting did not get it. After the interview, I learned that I was in the eloquence department and was summoned three times. Eloquence lies that I don't know where the mess is. Fang Lingxuan suggested that suggestion Xiao Yizhi take him. Xiao Yi hides his identity, pretends to be a poor scholar, plays chess, intones and discusses books, and portrays them as forgetful friends. Only later, he boasted about his hidden things and showed his original work "Lanting" hanging on the roof beam, so he took this position to save Xiao Yi's life in Chang 'an. On his deathbed, Emperor Taizong ordered several copies to be given to the princes of the Prince. He said to Li Zhi, "I want something from you. If you are sincere and filial, how can you go against my will? "What do you think?" So, the original Lanting was buried in Zhaoling. He Congyun said that the above story was told by the disciples of Wen Debate in the old room of Yongxing Temple Zhiyong Zen Master. Liu and Heer tell different stories. It is generally believed that the floating is inaccurate, and Liu's informative and credible, fraudulent and whispering are all gone. Although the plots of the two are different, the original work of Preface to Lanting was buried in Zhaoling, but the story is the same. This matter has repercussions. According to the Biography of the New Five Dynasties, Tao Wen, our ambassador in Yaozhou, Hou Liang, once stole Zhaoling: "Tao Cong walked on the road and saw the palace system, which was as majestic as the world. There is a stone bed in the middle east and west compartments. In the stone letter on the bed, there are iron boxes, books from past lives, Zhong Wang's handwriting, and new paper and ink, which Taoxi took to the world. " According to records, the original preface to Lanting Collection was rediscovered by Wen Tao, a grave robber. In addition, Cai Ting said in Episode of Song Dynasty that when the Preface to Lanting was buried together, it was made by Li Shimin's sisters and replaced with a fake, and the original remained in the world. But since then, the news of Lantingyuan is like a yellow crane, and its whereabouts are more mysterious. After Emperor Taizong got the Lanting Pavilion, he ordered Feng Chengsu, Yu Shinan and Chu Suiliang, the owners of the Hong Wen Pavilion, to copy several copies and give them to relatives and trusted ministers. When Emperor Taizong died, he was buried with the original. The Preface to Lanting handed down from generation to generation is no longer the original work of Wang Xizhi. There are many kinds of books handed down from ancient times, either woodcut, copy or copy. Famous people, such as Dingwu Lanting, were told that Ou Yangxun copied this stone and got its name because it was found in Dingwu in the Northern Song Dynasty (now Zhengding in Hebei Province). Emperor Taizong ordered Feng Chengsu to copy it, calling it "Dragon Book Lanting". Because its manuscript has the "Dragon" seal script in the Tang Dynasty, it was named "Preface to the Dragon Book Lanting" to distinguish it from other Tang manuscripts. This book has the most vivid ink color, vivid paper, fine imitation, fine thread binding and exquisite appearance. It has hundreds of words, no words, no strings, and elegant pitching, which many people don't know. Its brushwork, pen and ink, style and charm are all reflected, and we can basically get a glimpse of the original features of Xihe River. It is recognized as the best copy and regarded as a treasure. Feng Chengsu's manuscript Preface to Lanting is now in the Palace Museum. It is 24.5 cm high and 69.9 cm wide. It once entered the palace in Song Gaozong and was acquired by Guo Tianxi in the early Yuan Dynasty. Later, it was returned to the palace by great collectors.
Remember to adopt