Xiang Yu and Liu Bang originally agreed to take the east and west of the gorge (in present-day Rongxian County, Jia Luhe) as the boundary, and they did not invade each other. Later, Liu Bang followed the advice of Sean and Chen Ping, and thought that Xiang Yu should be destroyed when he was weak. Then he chased Xiang Yu's army with Han Xin, Peng Yue and Liu Jia, and chased Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) eastward. Finally, several layers of troops were arranged to tightly surround Xiang Yu (in the southeast of Lingbi County, Anhui Province). At this time, Xiang Yu's soldiers were few and there was no food. In the evening, when I heard the troops around him singing the folk songs of Chu, I couldn't help but be very surprised and say, "Did Liu Bang get Chu?" Why are there so many Chu people in his army? "At some point, he lost his fighting spirit, got out of bed, drank in the camp, and wrote a poem by himself, saying," Power can move mountains. The momentum is overwhelming and the times are in my favor. Horses can't run. "A good horse can't run away, what should I do, concubine concubine? How can I arrange you!" Sing with his favorite concubine Yu Ji. After singing, I cried, and the people on the side were also very sad, and they all felt that they could not lift their heads. Yu Ji committed suicide in front of Xiang Yu's horse. Xiang Yu's hero died in battle, came to the Wujiang River with the only remaining soldiers, and finally committed suicide by the river.
Because there is a story in this story that Xiang Yu was surprised to hear the songs of Chu songs around him, and then failed to commit suicide, people later used "besieged on all sides" to describe the personnel environment where people were attacked or persecuted from all directions, resulting in an embarrassing situation of isolation and helplessness. Anyone caught in this situation often has a tragic fate. For example, some people are idle because they often associate with bad people. But later, the bad guys forced him to make a living. When he asks for help from others, others should treat him as a bad person on weekdays, and never sympathize with him or ignore him. This man's situation is "besieged on all sides". Another example is that when the school discusses academic issues, students are ignorant (idioms, meaning no academics), irresponsible and confuse right and wrong. When students rise up and attack, students are completely isolated. This can also be called "besieged on all sides". In the process of our life, in our daily life, we should be a good person and do things in a down-to-earth manner. If we make a mistake, we will suffer from all sides.
Quench thirst by thinking of plum-masturbating with illusory hope
One summer, Cao Cao led his army to crusade against Zhang Xiu. The weather is unusually hot, the sun is like fire, and there is not a cloud in the sky. The troops walked on the winding mountain road, and the dense trees and rocks scorched by the sun on both sides made people breathless. By noon, the soldiers' clothes were soaked, the marching speed slowed down, and several weak soldiers fainted on the side of the road.
Cao Cao was worried that the marching speed was getting slower and slower, and that the fighter plane would be delayed. However, at present, tens of thousands of people can't even drink water. How can we speed up? He immediately called the guide and asked him quietly, "Is there a water source near here?" The guide shook his head and said, "The spring is on the other side of the valley. It's a long detour. " Cao Cao thought for a moment and said, "No, it's too late." He looked at the forest in front of him, thought for a moment, and said to the guide, "Don't say anything, I'll think of something." He knew that even if he ordered the troops to speed up at the moment, it would not help. A brainwave, the solution came. He grabbed the horse by the stomach and quickly rushed to the front of the team. Pointing at the front with a whip, he said, "Soldiers, I know there is a large area of Merlin in front, where the plums are big and delicious. Let's hurry around this hill and get to Meilin! " Hearing this, the soldiers seemed to eat it in their mouths, and their spirits were greatly boosted, and their pace could not help but accelerate a lot.
Historical allusions:
"The Warring States Policy Yance" and "Historical Records Biography Jing Ke" both recorded the wonderful story of Jing Ke stabbing the king of Qin, which was vivid and wonderful. The idiom "No one can help" comes from this story. Look, preach "now", so read the sound of "now".
Qin is the strongest of the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period. It constantly encroaches on other countries. In 228 BC, he invaded the north and captured the King of Zhao and the State of Yan. Yan Taizi Dan sent Jing Ke (pronounced "Ke" in Cantonese and Mandarin) as an assassin, determined to kill Qin Shihuang to solve the danger of national subjugation.
Before Jing Ke set out, he made three careful preparations: Jing Ke was assassinated by the great warrior Qin Wuyang; Take the head of the fan enemy that Qin Wang has always wanted to kill; Then take Yan to prepare the most fertile map of Du Kang for the King of Qin. The last two preparations, of course, are to win the trust of Qin Shihuang. The map has a special function, in which there is a sharp dagger to assassinate Qin Shihuang, and the blade has been quenched by strong poison.
When Qin Shihuang met Jing Ke, he saw his enemy's head beheaded, and heard that Yan was going to offer a large area of land. He was very excited and opened the map. When the map was fully unfolded, the dagger appeared. Jing Ke dashed past, picked up the dagger, and seized the king of Qin, but Qin Shihuang escaped and his sleeve was torn. After the king of Qin chased the column, he knew that he had drawn his sword and cut Jing Ke, and then his ministers' guards killed Jing Ke. Now it is often used to describe the meaning of truth.
Cock crow and practice sword-diligence and self-discipline
Zu Ti in Jin Dynasty was an open-minded and ambitious person. But he was a naughty boy when he was a child and didn't like reading. When he entered his youth, he realized his lack of knowledge and felt that he could not serve his country without studying, so he began to study hard. He read widely and studied history carefully, from which he learned a wealth of knowledge and made great progress. He has been in and out of Luoyang, Kyoto for many times, and people who have contacted him say that Zu Ti is a talented person who can assist the emperor in governing the country. When Zu Ti was 24 years old, he was recommended to be an official, but he didn't agree. He still studies tirelessly.
Later, Zu Ti and his childhood friend Liu Kunyi became the main book of Sizhou. He and Liu Kun have deep feelings. They not only share the same bed, but also share the same lofty ideal: to make contributions, revitalize the state of Jin and become a pillar of the country.
Once, in the middle of the night, Zu Ti heard the cock crow in his sleep. He kicked Liu Kun awake and said to him, "Everyone else thinks it's unlucky to hear a rooster crow in the middle of the night. I don't think so. How about we get up and practice swords when we hear chickens crow in the future? " Liu Kun readily agreed. So every day after the rooster crows, he gets up to practice his sword, and the light of the sword flies and the sound of the sword is sonorous. Spring goes to winter, cold goes to summer, and it never stops. Many things happen. After long and arduous study and training, they finally became generalists who can write good articles and lead troops to win the battle. Zu Ti was named General Zhenxi, realizing his desire to serve the country. Liu Kun, a corps commander in the north, was in charge of the military affairs of Bing, Hebei and Youzhou, and also gave full play to his literary talent and military talents.
Endure hardships to achieve some ambition.
In 496 BC, He Lv, the king of Wu, sent troops to attack the State of Yue, and was defeated by the State of Yue. He Lv was seriously injured and died. Two years later, He Lv's son, Fu Cha, led an army to defeat the state of Yue, and Gou Jian, the king of Yue, was escorted to the state of Wu as a slave. After serving the King of Yue in humiliation for three years, Fuxi cleared his guard and sent him back to Yue.
In fact, Gou Jian did not give up revenge. On the surface, he obeyed the king of Wu, but secretly trained elite soldiers, strengthened political supervision and governance, and waited for an opportunity to fight back against Wu. Hardship can exercise the will, and ease will kill it. Gou Jian was afraid that he would covet the comfort in front of him and kill the will for revenge, so he arranged a hard living environment for himself. He sleeps at night without a mattress, just laying some firewood (called salary in ancient times) and hanging a gallbladder in the house. In order not to forget the shame of the past, he will taste the gallbladder from time to time.
In order to encourage the people to join the Queen and the people in the labor, Gou Jian made the State of Yue strong with the help of Vietnamese Qi Xin, and finally found the opportunity to destroy the State of Wu.
A hole was drilled in the wall to get light from the neighbor's house.
In the Western Han Dynasty, there was a farmer's child named Kuang Heng. He wanted to study very much when he was a child, but because his family was poor, he couldn't afford to go to school. Later, he learned to read from a relative before he could read.
Kuang Heng can't afford books, so he has to borrow books to read. At that time, books were so valuable that people who had books refused to lend them to others easily. During the busy farming season, Kuang Heng worked as a short-term worker for wealthy families and asked them to lend him books for free.
A few years later, Kuang Heng grew up and became the main labor force in the family. He works in the field all day, and only has time to read a little book during his lunch break, so it often takes ten days and a half months to finish reading a book. Kuang Heng was in a hurry, thinking: planting crops during the day, no time to read, you can spend more time reading at night. But Kuang Heng's family is too poor to buy oil for lighting. What should we do?
One night, Kuang Heng was lying in bed reciting the books he had read during the day. Behind me, I suddenly saw a light coming through the east wall. He stood up and went to the wall to have a look. Ah! It turned out that the neighbor's light came through the cracks in the wall. So Kuang Heng thought of a way: he picked up a knife and dug several cracks in the wall. In this way, the light coming through is also very big, so he gathered the light coming through and began to read.
Kuang Heng studied so hard that he became a learned man.
Just talk on paper-be an armchair strategist
General regulations
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classical Chinese
When Zhao Kuo was young, he studied the art of war and talked about military affairs, taking the world as an example. It's not good to talk about military affairs with your father, but it's not difficult to talk about military affairs. When her mother asked about luxury goods, she said, "Soldiers will die, but it includes Yi Yan's 7. If Zhao does not enter, he will enter. If you are willing, you will break Zhao. "
Zhao Kuo not only replaced Lian Po Pet-name ruby, but also learned that he was introverted, so he was easily placed as an army officer (1 1). General Qin heard in vain. He pretended to be defeated by Jones (12), but lost the route for providing foodstuff (13). The soldiers were divided into two ways and separated. More than forty days later, when the army was hungry, Zhao Kuo went out to fight, and Qin Jun killed Zhao Kuo. The army was defeated, and hundreds of thousands of people surrendered to the State of Qin. The State of Qin learned about this pit (14).
(selected from historical records)
To annotate ...
[Edit this paragraph]
(1) When young; As a child.
2 Talking about military affairs: Talking about fighting with soldiers.
No one in the world can beat him: he thinks no one in the world can beat him.
④ Luxury: Zhao She, the father of Zhao Kuo, a good general of Zhao.
5 difficult: refute.
6 soldiers, death is also: fighting with soldiers is a dangerous occasion.
Easy to say: easy to say.
8 Zhao: Zhao.
9 Lian Po: Zhao Guoliang. Lian Po fought against Qin, and adopted a defensive war with deep trenches and high bases according to the actual situation. After the prince of Zhao was trapped by the State of Qin, he replaced Lian Po with Zhao Kuo.
(10) Learn more about constraints: completely change the original disciplines and regulations.
(1 1) Easy to replace: replace.
(12) Jones: Dispatch and dispatch unpredictable troops.
(13) Absolute: truncated.
(14) pit (kēng): buried alive.
Cut off all retreat
"Historical Records of Xiang Yu's Biography": "When Xiang Yu learned that he led his troops to cross the river, they all sank, broke the cauldron, burned the house, and gave three meals to show that his soldiers would die, and there was no return."
In 209 BC, a peasant uprising led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu broke out in the history of China. After the sacrifice of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, the two armies led by Liu Bang and Xiang Yu gradually grew up. In 207 BC, the rebel army of Xiang Yu and the main force of Qin Jun led by Zhang Han, the general of Qin Dynasty, fought in Julu (now Xingtai, Hebei). Xiang Yu, not afraid of strong enemies, led his troops across Zhangshui (a river where Julu flows northeast to southeast). After crossing the river, Xiang Yu ordered the whole army: "Anyone who sinks a ship, breaks a cauldron, burns down houses, and leaves three rations to show that the foot soldiers will die, and no one will return to their hearts." In World War I, Julu defeated Qin Jun and Xiang Bing.
perspicacious
Wang Xizhi was born in the Jin Dynasty (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). He is the most famous calligrapher in the history of our country. Because he was a general of the right army, later generations called him Wang Youjun.
Wang Xizhi's calligraphy is the best in ancient and modern times. His calligraphy is vigorous and beautiful, combining rigidity with softness. Many calligraphers in later generations, no one can compare with him. So many people who study calligraphy take his handwriting as a model. At present, his most famous books and posts are Preface to Lanting Collection and Huang Tingjing.
Although Wang Xizhi's handwriting is so good, it has something to do with his talent, but the most important thing is his hard work. In order to practice his handwriting well, whether he is resting or walking, he must think about the structure of the font, try to figure out the shelf and momentum of the word, and keep paddling his fingers on his skirt. So after a long time, even my clothes were cut.
He used to practice calligraphy by the pond, and every time he finished writing, he washed his pen and inkstone in the pond. After a long time, the water in the whole pond turned black. It can be seen that he has made great efforts in practicing calligraphy.
It is said that he loves geese very much and often watches them swim around in the river in a daze. Later, he realized the principle of brush strokes from the movements of geese, which was of great help to his calligraphy skills.
Once, he went to a Taoist temple to play, and when he saw a group of geese were lovely, he asked the Taoist priest to sell them to him. The Taoist priest in Guanli admired his calligraphy for a long time and asked him to write a copy of Huang Tingjing in exchange. Wang Xizhi liked those geese very much and agreed. So Wang Xizhi wrote a poem "Huang Ting Jing" for Guan Li, and the Taoist gave him all those geese.
On another occasion, the emperor went to the northern suburbs to offer sacrifices, and asked Wang Xizhi to write his congratulatory message on a board, and then sent workers to carve it. The sculptor was very surprised when he carved. Wang Xizhi's calligraphy and brushwork actually penetrated into the wood for more than three points. He praised: "The words of the general of the right army are really incisive!"
Last stand-Fight a life-and-death battle.
Han Xin was born in Huaiyin (now southwest of Qingjiang River in Jiangsu Province). He is a general under Hanwang Liu Bang. In order to defeat Xiang Yu and seize the world, he made a plan for Liu Bang, first capturing Guanzhong, then crossing the Yellow River eastward, defeating and capturing Wei who betrayed Liu Bang and surrendered to Xiang Yu, and then eastward attacking Zhao Wangxie.
Han Xin's troops have to pass through a very narrow mountain pass, called the wellhead. Li Zuojun, the counselor of the Prince of Zhao, advocated sending troops to cut corners while blocking the mouth of Jingxing to cut off the supplies of the Han army. Without backup, Han Xin's expeditionary force will surely fail. But General Chen Yu refused to listen, relying on his military superiority, and insisted on fighting the Han army head-on. Han Xin was very happy when he learned that. He ordered the troops to camp 30 miles away from Jingxing, and in the middle of the night, let the soldiers have some snacks and let them eat after winning the battle. Later, he sent 2,000 Qingqi to sneak forward from the path and let them rush into Zhao's camp quickly after Zhao left the camp and hang the Han flag. Another 10,000 soldiers were sent to deliberately turn their backs on the river to lure Zhao.
At dawn, Han Xin led the army to attack, and the two sides fought fiercely. Soon, the Han army defeated the backwater position for a pretence, and all Zhao troops left the camp and came to pursue. At this time, Han Xin ordered the main attack, and the soldiers who had no retreat turned around and pounced on the enemy. Zhao can't win and is going back to camp. Suddenly, the flag of the Han army was planted in the camp, and he fled everywhere. The Han army pursued the victory and won a total victory. When celebrating the victory, the generals asked Han Xin, "According to the art of war, this array can carry mountains on its back and face the water. Now you've asked us to line up in last stand, and you've said that you're going to give Zhao a full meal. We didn't believe it at the time, but we really won. What kind of strategy is this? "
Han Xin smiled and said, "This is something in the art of war, but you didn't notice it. Didn't Sun Tzu's Art of War say,' You will be born when you are trapped, and then you will live'? If there is a retreat, the soldiers have fled, how can they be desperate! "
This story evolved from the idiom "the last battle", which is mostly used in military actions and can also be used in actions with the nature of "decisive battle".
Literature source: "Historical Records Biography of Huaiyin Hou" "Faith is to make ten thousand people go first, go out and stand behind the water. ..... This army is fighting to the death and cannot be defeated ... So the Han soldiers attacked and broke the Zhao army. "