Physiological heredity and social heredity interact. If we can't tell them apart, we can't tell which one is the first.
What are the natural factors? What are the acquired factors? They even joke. Pan Guangdan, the earliest eugenist in China, is in favor of "consanguineous marriage".
Pan Guangdan thinks that "consanguineous marriage" is not a bad thing in his book Family Problems in China. For example, the Egyptian "Dolly bought the dynasty for twelve generations, and the marriage relationship was known for seven generations." Four brothers and sisters got married, two uncles got married, and one brother and sister got married, so the blood relationship is inseparable. However, Mai Chao, Li Duo is one of Egypt's heydays, and its literary and martial arts skills surpassed those of Macedon of Alexandria and Rome of Octavian. Alexandria was the first academic institution that day, and scholars from all over the world became more and more popular. "
He also cited the famous example of Darwin, the founder of evolution.
Darwin's wife and he are cousins, but their six sons, except the youngest son who died young, are all members of the Royal Society. Although Kun's fourth son is not a member of the Royal Society, he was appointed as a royal engineer and has the same name in the society. Only the eldest son is inferior. Pan Shi thinks this is caused by physiological heredity, because on Darwin's side, Kun's grandfather, father and himself are members of the Royal Society, his wife's grandfather is also a member of the Royal Society, and his father-in-law is a famous Potter. Such consanguinity will naturally give birth to good offspring.
Pan Guangdan also cited the historical example of China as evidence.
For example, in the Jin Dynasty, the gate system was strict, and only large families could marry, which naturally led to the marriage of close relatives. Supposedly, talents should wither, but in fact, talents are thriving. At that time, Wang and Xie were representatives of big families and found something in the Dictionary of Names. There are about 40 of them. Xie Jia has been handed down for ten generations since Xie Mao. Wang has lived in Kunming for more than ten generations since he counted Wang Lan. Why is it so prosperous?
"I think that the marriage of two surnames is a major reason, and there is no suspicion of blood relationship." "In the early Jin Dynasty, there were no surnames such as Wang, Xie, Wei, Yang, Kun, Shan and Zhu. At that time, calligraphy was developed, or it had a special relationship with this narrow range of marriage choices. In the Jin Dynasty, Wang Wei's surname was promoted to calligraphy, and Wang went from Wang Kuang to Wang Chunzhi. There were nine calligraphers, seven sons of Wang Xizhi and six famous artists. Wei's self-defense spread to Mrs. Wei's son, and eight or nine people wrote calligraphy before and after. Why are there so many calligraphers with second surnames? " The Book History Association called Wang and Wei as the middle table, so Wang Kuang got Cai Yong's calligraphy from Mrs. Wei as a gift; However, this is only to understand the surface of calligraphy, but not to examine its material basis; The so-called "the world is the middle table" is an important material basis. In other words, Wang Wei has many calligraphic geniuses, but Wang Kuang is the only one. Kun and Wei are several generations of blood relatives, so the income is unique to the inheritors; So is wexler. "
It is precisely because of this that Pan Guangdan even encouraged close relatives to get married: "As far as the recent theory and social policy are concerned, our generation may wish to encourage close relatives to get married, and those who bear good results will maintain it and cultivate it; If the bad guys are mentally retarded and belong to epilepsy, they will be isolated, so it will not be a problem of marriage and reproduction. If you are diligent and diligent, after several generations, there will be clear hope for blood species in our country. "
Indeed, in the history of China, "consanguineous marriage" is quite universal. Maybe many people don't agree with this. They will ask: Our ancestors realized the harm of "consanguineous marriage" thousands of years ago in Kunming, so there is a clear statement that "the same surname is not married, and its fate is not unusual"! In fact, "unmarried surname" and "consanguineous marriage" are two different concepts, and "unmarried surname" is actually an extension of incest taboo.
In the process of human marriage from consanguineous family-punaluan family-pairing marriage family-monogamous family, incest taboo has gradually appeared, and "no surname" is a manifestation of incest taboo. Although this taboo itself is based on the genetic law, it cannot be said that our ancestors have discovered and consciously observed this law. In the literature cited by people, "unmarried people with the same surname have a good life" does not mean that their descendants are not complicated, but that they are taboo. For example, in Zuo Zhuan's Twenty-three Years of Kunxigong, it is said that the son of the Jin Dynasty and later fled to Zheng were not treated with courtesy. Uncle Kun Zhan, Zheng's minister, advised to pay attention to this degenerate son, saying that his parents were surnamed Ji and it was difficult for him to survive. But now he is in his sixties, which shows that God intends to help him.
Another example is "Zuo Gongnian", which says that "the inner palace is not as good as the same surname, and its birth is not born." At that time, Jin Pingzheng was ill, and Zi Chan said that the cause was because there were four concubines with the same surname in the palace. "Etiquette is also very important for men and women to distinguish surnames." Duke Jinping has violated Dafa. Of course he will get sick. Unless these four concubines with the same surname are driven away, it will be difficult to get better!
Therefore, in ancient China, the "unmarried people sharing the same surname" was not so much for inheritance as for prevention of disorder. This point is clearly stated in "White Tiger Tong Famous Articles": "Why do people have surnames?" Therefore, I respect love, love my concubine, stay away from animals and never marry. Therefore, the ceremony is different, which makes life blind date and death mourn each other. The same surname is not allowed to marry, and Kun also pays attention to human relations. "In other words, marriage with the same surname is incest, and incest is an animal behavior.
Therefore, although our ancestors realized that "the same surname does not marry", they were far from realizing that "close relatives do not marry", so that the marriage of uncles and uncles with close relatives but different surnames, that is, the marriage in the middle table, is extremely common in history. In fact, in history, aunts and uncles not only refer to their fathers' sisters and their mothers' brothers, but also couples call each other's parents. At first, this kind of marriage was a kind of consanguineous marriage and a kind of intergenerational collective marriage. Later, due to the form of pairing marriage, it gradually became a form of Kun's exchange marriage. Therefore, until liberation, in many places, the combination of cousins was the happiest marriage. And in many places, my uncle has the priority to marry my nephew Kun's daughter-in-law. When betrothing your daughter at home, you must first ask your grandmother's opinion. If my uncle has a school-age boy who intends to marry him, then I will marry my uncle's family first, and the Kun family says no, so I will marry someone else. Even if my uncle has no children, my niece must get the consent of my uncle's family, otherwise it will cause discord between the two families and even appeal to the court.
There are countless examples of this kind of "pro-plus-pro", such as Tang Wan, Wang Anshi, Mrs. Wu, and Su Dongpo's sister Ba Niang married her cousin Cheng Fu in the Song Dynasty. A Dream of Red Mansions is regarded as a true portrayal of the decline of feudal families in China, and the love between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu is regarded as an alliance of wood and stone. In fact, Jia Kun Baoyu's father Jia Zheng and Lin Daiyu's mother Jia Min are brothers and sisters, while Baoyu and Daiyu are first relatives. After Baochai's love was denied, Xue Baochai was Baoyu's candidate. Baochai's mother, Aunt Xue, and Baoyu's mother, Mrs. Wang, were sisters and could not leave the circle of close relatives. Until modern times, there were still many people in Kunming!
Shaoxing, the hometown of Lu Xun, is also very popular. So, Lu Xun's mother first thought of Qin Gu, the eldest daughter of Lu Jixiang, Lu Xun's little uncle, and Kun also mentioned this marriage to his uncle's house. Qin Gu is two years younger than Lu Xun, and it is said that both of them are very willing. It's a pity that she belongs to the sheep, but there is a saying in the countryside that "the male belongs to the sheep to make trouble, and the female belongs to the sheep to keep the room".
Just when Lu Xun was born, the placenta came down first and was considered weak. Therefore, as soon as he was born, the family dedicated a monk to Lu Xun as a master to prevent ghosts and gods from hooking him up. For this reason, my old mother, who knows the way of the world, came out against it, so this marriage was no longer mentioned. Qin Gu died of illness soon after her marriage. Before she died, Kun said to her mother, "I have one thing on my mind that I must say before I die, that is, I mentioned my relatives before, and then I suddenly stopped talking about it." This matter, Kun, is a lifelong regret, and I will never forget it until I die. "
Even in modern times, we can often see this phenomenon. For example, Li Ka-shing, a Hong Kong industrialist, married his cousin Zhuang Yueming!
Not only the Han nationality, but also many of our ethnic minorities.
It is popular for Hani people in Mojiang, Yunnan to marry their uncles, and their sons have the priority to marry their aunts' daughters. If the aunt marries her daughter to someone else's house first, Kun will be criticized by the villagers, severely reprimanded by his uncle and given gifts to make amends. So is the Naxi nationality. If my uncle has a son and my aunt has a daughter, it is up to my uncle to decide whether to marry my niece or not. Once a girl is selected by her uncle, she can't change. How much bride price does my uncle's family give? There is no room for bargaining, and the wedding date must be decided by my uncle's family. Even if the daughter and parents don't want to, they should abide by the tradition of "mother and uncle are the best in the world". Bai, Yi, Dong, Buyi, Yi, Wa, Miao, Yao, Tujia, Jingpo, Kundulun, De 'ang, Lahu and other ethnic groups still practice uncle marriage, and Uygur, Uzbek, Tajik and other ethnic groups also practice cousin marriage. In some areas, the marriage rate of close relatives of ethnic minorities in Kunming is too high to be ignored. According to the survey data of 9 nationalities in 1985, the Kucong nationality is as high as 3 1.6%, and the Song Li nationality is as high as 32.2%. According to the survey data of Kun 1985 on several ethnic groups in southern Xinjiang, the Tajik nationality is as high as 42.8% and the Kirgiz nationality is as high as 45.2% ... We must attach great importance to it. If we think that this problem has been known in history, then we will definitely relax our attention to this problem in reality!
Not only does China have a tradition of consanguineous marriage, but foreign countries seem to be no worse than China. Japan is a country where consanguineous marriage is prevalent. Former Japanese Prime Minister Ichiro Hatoyama, Guo Yingzuo and Kishi Nobusuke are all close relatives. The west seems to have no ill feelings about consanguineous marriage, and the marriage laws of some countries are not strict about the distance of blood. Roosevelt and Kun Einstein both married their cousins. ...
What is puzzling is that the facts seem to prove to some extent that their descendants are not poor in intelligence. On the contrary, they are often excellent. For example, Wang Kunzi, the son of Wang Anshi, has made great achievements in his studies, especially Fu Lei's eldest son. The Darwin, Wang and Wei families mentioned by Mr. Pan can also prove that Tao Yuanming, a great poet in China, Lincoln, an American politician, and the founder of eugenics were all born after their parents got married.
So, is the "consanguineous marriage" advocated by Mr. Pan correct?
Don't! The reason why the offspring of consanguineous marriage can become useful is precisely not the innate inheritance emphasized by Teacher Pan, but the acquired environment, and it is the acquired education that makes them become useful! On the contrary, many people now know that congenital deficiency caused by consanguineous marriage is often the main tragic cause of children's physical and mental disabilities.
For example, Wang Wu, Wang Anshi's eldest son, was successful in his studies, but his personality was extreme. Reflected in the book Ou Xianggong, he died at the age of 33. One of Wang Anshi's daughters, born in Shengkun, Yin County, also died soon. "My girls are very different, and I firmly doubt that there will be difficulties," he said in Epitaph of Yin Women. Inkin marriage is not a prerequisite for children's intelligence, on the contrary, it is the cause of children's physical, psychological and mental disabilities. Inbreeding is against science!
With the progress of science, people now know the harm of consanguineous marriage, which not only has no genetic benefits, but also sows all kinds of dangerous and tragic factors, leaving all kinds of shortcomings and regrets to nature. Why can the gene flower with congenital deficiency bear colorful fruit of talent? This phenomenon fully proves the importance of Kun's acquired social inheritance, and fully proves that social inheritance is more important than physiological inheritance!