Names, characters and numbers of the ancients
With the progress of society and the increase of population, social communication and interpersonal communication are increasingly close. In order to distinguish a certain group of people from another group of people, the symbol of a certain group of people appeared, which is what we call "surname"; In a group of people, in order to distinguish you, me and him, there is an individual symbol, which is what we call "name". As for the origin of the name, its earliest meaning can also be inferred from the Chinese character "name" itself. This Chinese character consists of "Xi" and "kou". In this regard, "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" explained: "The name is self-styled, it comes from the mouth and comes from the evening. The evening is also a ghost. If you don't meet each other, you will call yourself. " This means that in early communication, people met during the day and could recognize each other by their shapes and faces. One night, we couldn't see each other clearly, so we could only distinguish you from me by self-registration. It can be seen that the generation of personal names is related to the actual needs of society, and its most essential function is to distinguish individuals in various occasions of social communication, which is a personal symbol used by society.
Some names left over from Xia and Shang Dynasties, such as Kong Jia, Zuyi, Waibing, Taiwu, Yongji, Pan Geng, Wu Ding, Xiao Xin, Yeren, etc., are all related to Tiangan, which may be related to a certain time. Some names such as "black buttock" and "black arm" in the Spring and Autumn Period should be named according to their physiological characteristics. Zheng Zhuanggong's famous work Sheng Mao is a documentary about his mother's dystocia. It can be seen that the name at that time was still very simple. In ancient times, babies were named by their fathers three months after birth. Dr Shen Lu divided the naming methods into five types: "There are five names: faithfulness, righteousness, image, falsehood and category. Take the name and life as the letter, the virtue and life as the righteousness, the class life as the image, the thing as the fake, and the father as the class. Not by the state, not by officials, not by mountains and rivers, not by hidden diseases, not by animals, not by money People in the Zhou Dynasty were afraid of God and fame. The old country is abolished, the official is abolished, the mountains and rivers are abolished, the livestock is abolished, and the ceremony is abolished. " ("Zuo Zhuan Huan Gong Six Years") The ancients attached great importance to this passage, and there were similar expositions in the Book of Rites and other books. The so-called "trusted student" here is to name a person when he is born, which is true and reliable. For example, Zheng Zhuanggong was born in reverse order, and his mother Wujiang named him Sheng Mao; Another example is that at birth, the word "Yu" was tattooed on the hand, so it was named Yu; When Lu Gongzi's friend was born, it was tattooed on his hand, like the word "friend", so he was named friend. The so-called "taking morality as righteousness" is named after auspicious events. For example, King Tai thought King Wen would be prosperous in the future, so he named it "Chang". Zhou Wenwang Ji Chang saw his son was born, and when he grew up, he would send troops to punish him severely, so he named his son "Fa", that is. The so-called "taking the life of a class as an image" is to name things according to their appearance after birth, such as Confucius' "born on the top of the mountain" and famous mountains. The so-called "taking things as false" means naming everything, such as Chen, after everything; Another example is that Apollo, the son of Confucius, got fish when he was born, so he was named carp. The so-called "taking the father as the key link" means naming him after something similar to his father. For example, Duke Zhuang of Lu and his father lived in Amanome, so they were named Tong. At the same time, there are six prohibitions on naming: no country name is allowed; Don't use the official name of the country as the name; Don't write people's names by their own mountains and rivers; Don't make names in the name of diseases; Don't name it after animals; Don't make a false name in the name of gifts.
Since the Zhou Dynasty, people have not only "names" but also "characters". "Zi" is a new title after "Ming". "Book of Rites on Tan Gong": "Young name, crown word." Born in March, at the age of 20, you should add words to your name. At the ceremony, there are "men are twenty, and they are crowned with words" and "women are allowed to marry, but they are full of words". In other words, when a man is crowned and a woman is married, it means that she is an adult and will formally participate in social interaction, so it is necessary to add words after her name. Why is there a word? Confucius, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, said in his annotation for "the name of a teenager is the crown word" in Tan Gong: "If life is nameless and inseparable, it is added in March, so it is also called the name of a teenager. The word, twenty years old, has the way of being a father. Friends and other classes can't call them by their first names, so they add the word to the crown. " That is to say, when a person becomes an adult, the "name" originally designated by the elders and called by them for many years is inconvenient to shout everywhere in social occasions, so he has to take a new name for his peers or younger generations, that is, "Zi". "Name" is called by elders, and "word" is called by peers, younger generations and themselves. Therefore, in ancient times, "calling people by their first names" and "calling them by their surnames" was a rude behavior that didn't respect each other. You can only praise your peers or elders, not swear. You can only call them by their names if you respect them or call yourself inferior. When we understand the custom that "a woman promises to get married, but her mouth is full of words", we can understand why for a long time, a woman has been called a "talker" when she is engaged or married, while a woman who has never been engaged has been called a "talker". Because at that time, "a woman is fifteen years old, which is called a bride price." For women, adulthood, marriage and marriage are basically the same thing.
The ancients were famous first, then there were words, and words were born of names. Therefore, the ancients generally followed the principle of "correspondence between names and reality", that is, there must be a certain relationship between names and words. "White Tiger Yi Tong's Name" says: "You know its nature by its name, and you know its name by its name." Judging from the joint relationship and composition of names and words, there are mainly the following types:
Synonymy and mutual training are like Zhuge Liang, and the word is Kong Ming; Zaiyu, the word I; Zhang Heng, the word Ping Zi; Ceng Gong, word solid; Qin Guan, there are few words. Here, Ming and Ming, giving and me, balance and equality, respect and reality, and view and action are synonymous and can be annotated with each other.
Antisense opposition. Such as Zhu, the character is awkward; Zhao Meng, the word Ang; Han Yu, the word retreats; Different from the same, the words are different; Yellow loss, word benefit. Here, and benefit, pride, treatment and retreat, the same and different, loss and benefit are antonyms.
Friendship conjecture. For example, Guan Yu, who has a long word, takes a sentence from Zhuangzi's "Happy Travel": "Its wings hang like clouds." It is the "wings" that think of feathers, and then the "clouds hanging in the sky" that think of cloud length. Zhao Jiaju's words are thousands of miles long, and he was pushed by a pony to gallop thousands of miles. Bai Juyi is a happy man, so he can live in Iraq because he is happy. Su Shi's words are "looking forward", thinking from leaning on a stone to looking forward.
Even meaning refers to reality. For example, Du Fu's word beauty is associated with beauty from a good name for a man. Tang Yin's "Bohu" is associated with Yin's "Twelve Earthly Branches", which is consistent with the tiger.
Similar to each other. As Kong Li said, "Fish, carp is a fish. Zheng Qiao is a fisherman, and the woodcutter often accompanies the fisherman. Liang Hongzi, Bo Luan, Hong and Luan are all praised birds. Lu Jizi, Ji Heheng are two stars on the Beidou.
The original name has been added. Such as An Shi by Xie An and Mu Zhi by Du Mu.
Use five elements. For example, Zheng Shi's role is father, and Qin Bing's role is white, which is purely a combination of heaven and earth. Chu Gongzi's noon word Geng, decyl word unitary, stem and branch match.
Physical clutch. Such as, especially, Yao Chunchun.
Body enlargement. For example, Qin Gui's ci, Gu Mei's ci is very beautiful.
Flexible use of old sayings. For example, Pan Yue's word An Ren, The Analects of Confucius, Leshan is a benevolent person, and the word "Benevolence is a benevolent person". Xu Gan's ci is great, and the sentence of Confucius is "Do it if you are not great". Cao Cao's word is Meng De, which is a sentence in Xunzi that "the husband is a moral fuck". Lu Guimeng word Lu Wang, this "poem, truffle palace" "Taishan rock, what Lu hoped for. There is a saying that when there is a turtle, it is desolate. Zhu's Biography includes: "The name of Guishan. "Two mountains to see lu. Dai Zhen's word is Dongyuan, and this book Yi Shuo Gua says that "everything is shocked, shocked, and eastward". The word "Qian" is the "modest benefit" sentence in the Book of History.
Admire the ancients. For example, Gu Zuyu's word Fan Jing expresses his admiration for the historian Fan Zuyu. Yan Zhitui Zi Jie was promoted by Jin celebrities in the Spring and Autumn Period. Lu You's concept of word service is to admire Qin Guan, a great talent in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The "name" and "word" of the ancients are also commonly used to represent generations in the family. Before the name, Jaber (Meng), Zhong, Shu, Ji, etc. were often used to indicate the young and old. Among them "Bo" and "Meng" are different. My son (female) by my first wife is called "Bo", and my son (female) by my concubine is called "Meng". Such as Boyi and Shu Qi, Boyi is a brother, Boyi is a brother; Confucius is Zhong's second child. Meng Jiangnv is Jiang's eldest daughter. Some words are followed by "father" (father) to indicate gender. Wang pointed out in the Exegesis of Names in the Spring and Autumn Period that when the names of the ancients were linked, there were words first, then names. Called "a father", such as his father Zhong, etc. After Qin and Han Dynasties, people were given names first, such as Uncle Zheng. Here is a name, and Uncle Zi is a word. After the Han dynasty, the same word or the same radical in "name" or "word" gradually expressed the reciprocal relationship. For example, Yan Gaoqing, a famous anti-An Lushan fighter in the Tang Dynasty, used the word "Qing" by his younger brothers Yan Yaoqing and Yan, and also by their great calligrapher and cousin Yan Zhenqing. Su Shi, a litterateur in Song Dynasty, and Su Zhe's brother * * * used the radical "car" to represent their peers. His son and Zhu often use the second word * * *, and there is "ju" next to the third word * * *; Zhu Youjian, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, hanged himself in Jingshan, his brother Zhu Youxiao (Ming Taizu Xi), his cousin Zhu Youlang (Nanming Emperor Li Yong) and Zhu Yousong (Nanming Emperor Hong Guang) used the word "by", and the third * * word used the word "wood". In this case, the first word in the name is the surname used by father and ancestor * * *, the second word and the third word are half of the generation name used by brother * * *, and only half of the word is personal.
Some ancient people had "numbers" in addition to names and characters. "Hao" is a fixed alias, also known as another name. Middle and upper class people in feudal society, especially literati, were often named after their addresses and interests, including fasting names and house names. For example, Li Bai's Qinglian lay in Tang Dynasty, Du Fu's Shaoling Night Elder, Su Shi's Dongpo lay in Song Dynasty, Liu Ruju lay in Tang Yin in Ming Dynasty and Banqiao lay in Zheng Xie in Qing Dynasty are all well known to later generations. Some nicknames even exceed real names. Nicknames are created by users themselves, unlike names that are restricted by family members and peers, so users can express or flaunt some emotions more freely. Common nicknames such as "lay man" and "mountain man" only show users' contempt for Li Lu's interests. In the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu's nickname in his later years was "61 Jushi", named after "a thousands of books, a thousand volumes of ancient inscriptions, a piano, a chess game, a pot of wine, an old man himself" and * * * six "ones". Lu You, a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, was worried about the country and the people and was filled with indignation. Laughed at by dignitaries for not keeping etiquette, they called themselves "letting the birds fly" to show their contempt. Zheng Sixiao, a painter in the Southern Song Dynasty, claimed to be "Sonan" after the death of the Song Dynasty, indicating that his heart turned to the south. Zhu Da, a painter in the late Ming Dynasty, was a descendant of Zhu Quan, the king of Ning in the Ming Dynasty. After his death, he became a monk. Appreciating the Buddhist scriptures of the eight disciples, he took serial names such as "Badashanren" and "Bada", which seemed to be "crying" instead of "laughing", meaning "laughing and crying" to express his grief and indignation at missing the motherland. Of course, more bureaucratic gentry and feudal literati take all kinds of nice nicknames, but they are just pretences of being arty and chasing after fame.
There are also "nicknames", which are recognized by others and are descriptions and descriptions of people. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Prissy was banished to the State of Chu, and Qin Mugong redeemed Prissy with five black sheepskins. He is called "Doctor Five", which is an ancient nickname. Li Yifu, a traitor in the Tang Dynasty, was called "the knife in laughter". In the Song Dynasty, Wang became the prime minister for more than ten years, and did nothing but "take orders, take orders and preach orders". At that time, he was named "Prime Minister of Three Orders". These two nicknames vividly outline the faces of feudal bureaucrats. In Water Margin, 108 Liangshan heroes all have nicknames, most of which accurately describe the character, specialty or physiological characteristics. These nicknames are well-known names, such as Li Kui jy, Wu Yong, Lin Chong, Leopard Head, Yang Zhi, Zhu Tong, Sun Erniang, Dragon and Flea on Drum.
In addition to the above words and figures, there are several situations in history that are often used instead of names:
1. Location (including place of birth, residence and employment, etc.). For example, Kong Rong in the Eastern Han Dynasty was called Kong Beihai, Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty was called Han Changli, Liu Zongyuan was called Liu Hedong, Meng Haoran was called Meng Xiangyang, and Wang Anshi in the Song Dynasty was called Wang Lin 'an. In feudal times, naming after a place name was a sign of respect, which was called "looking at the land". But at the end of the Qing Dynasty, someone made a couplet: "Hefei, the prime minister, is thin in the world, and Changshu, the farmer, is barren in the world." The first part refers to the Beiyang Minister (Prime Minister) Li Hongzhang (from Hefei), and the second part refers to the Minister of Household Affairs (Sinong) Weng Tong (from Changshu). However, here, the pun of "sighing at the ground" is used to satirize the greed and luxury of feudal bureaucrats.
2 official titles (including professional titles and titles, etc.). ). For example, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, if you uttered the rhetoric that "poverty is strong, old age is strong", call it Ma (former general); Ban Chao, who devoted himself to the army, was called Ban Dingyuan (once named Ding); Cai Yong is called Cai Zhonglang (former commander-in-chief).
3. Disciples or descendants respect. For example, Zhou Dunyi in Song Dynasty called Mr. Lianxi, Lu Benzhong called Mr. Donglai, Gui Youguang in Ming Dynasty called Mr. Zhenchuan, and Wang Fuzhi called Mr. Chuanshan.
4. Name. That is, after a person dies, he is given a title according to his deeds before his death. Generally, the titles of emperors are decided by etiquette officials, and the titles of courtiers are given by the court. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was another affair. The words used as letters of commendation can be roughly divided into three categories: one is with praise, such as "Wen, Wu, Ren, Zhao, Jing, Hui and Mu"; Second, derogatory meanings, such as "Miao, Ling, Li, You, Yang"; The third is sympathy, such as "mourning, mourning, mourning, mourning". For example, King Zhao of Zhou, Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty, Bao Zheng in Song Dynasty called Bao, Yue Fei called Qin Miaochou (originally called "loyalty", but later changed), Xu Guangqi in Ming Dynasty called Xu, and Ji Yun in Qing Dynasty called Ji Wenda. In private, such as Song and Huang Tingjian's teachers, they all call him Mr..
5. Add adjectives before surnames to refer to specific people with the same surnames. For example, "Da Dai" and "Dai Xiao" refer to Han scholars "Da De" and "Uncle Dai Sheng" respectively. The Book of Rites compiled by them is also called Daili and Daili respectively. The uncles of Ruan Ji and Ruan Xian, writers of Jin Dynasty, were also called Da Ruan and Xiao Ruan respectively. Xie Lingyun and his cousin in the Southern Dynasties were both poets, known as Dahe. Yamato also refers to Xie Lingyun and Xie. Among the poets in the Tang Dynasty, Lao Du mostly refers to Du Fu, while Xiao Du refers to Du Mu. "Old Su", "Big Su" and "Little Su" in Song Dynasty refer to Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe.
6. Use several surnames to address specific people. For example, "Banma" refers to historians Ban Gu and Sima Qian; "Du Li" refers to the Tang poets Li Bai and Du Fu (or Li Shangyin and Du Mu); "Bai Yuan" refers to Tang Dynasty poets Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi; "Liu Han" refers to the Tang writers Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan; "Er Cheng" refers to Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, brothers, Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty; "Three Sus" refers to Su Xun and his sons Su Shi and Su Zhe.
7. Address people by their first and last names. Li Bai called Li 12, Han Yu called Han 18, Liu Zongyuan called Liu 8, Yuan Zhen called Yuan 9, Bai Juyi called Bai 22, Qin Guan called Qin 7, Ouyang Xiu called Ou 9 and Huang Tingjian called Huang 9.
The development of human surnames and taboos is a part of human spiritual civilization and material civilization. Originally, the name of anything has little to do with the nature of things. A good name doesn't necessarily have a good nature. Similarly, a bad name is not necessarily a bad nature, but once it is associated with politics, economy, culture and nationality, it has the significance of culturology, political science, sociology and ethnology. So by studying this, we can have a deeper understanding of a nation's culture and history. This is also of reference significance to today's socialist modernization.
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What are the ancient sayings of the ancients?
cluck
Father's sister
therefore
buy
?
Yes
(of hens) cackle.
Explain ancient times or dialects in the current language
A mountain covered with vegetation
cobalt
dried-up
Hey.
cow
rely on
?
?
?
Hmm.
Buy wine
?
?
bless
difficult
wheel
Xi'an
?
tongue
belong to
fishing net
moustache
Scold or fight?
Hey.
solid
Mole cricket
?
bless
You know that.
Forest pigeon
Qu Yuan (about 339 BC ~ about 278 BC), the ancient name, Ping, the original word, the regular name from the cloud, the word spirit, no other name.
Tao Yuanming (352 or 365 or 372 or 376-427), alias Mr. Wuliu, changed his name to Qian in his later years. After his death, his relatives and friends had a private holiday.
Du Fu (7 12—770), with beautiful words, was named Shaoling Yelao and Wen Zhen. (The Emperor of Yuan Dynasty gave posthumous title to Du Fu on 1342)
Li Shangyin (about 8 12 or 8 13- about 858), whose real name is Yuxi Sheng and Fan Nansheng, has no alias.
Lu You (1125-1209.6438+01) was a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. The concept of the word service, the number is released, there is no nickname.
Xin Qiji (1 140- 1207) was a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. The word You An, Jia Xuan, Zhong Minren.
Su Shi (1037 ~11year), whose name is Zi Zhan, whose name is He Zhong, and whose number is "Dongpo Jushi", is Wen Zhong.
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Kanhao
After the death of ancient emperors, governors, high officials and ministers, the court gave them a title of praise or blame according to their life behavior, which was called "Fu" or "Fu".
So not every celebrity has posthumous title, mainly depending on what the court thought of him at that time.
Even after Du Fu's death, the imperial court did not give him an official title. Wen Zhen, posthumous title, was founded by Niu Lian, the founding general of the Yuan Dynasty, who used his savings to build an academy in Du Fu Caotang, Chengdu, and asked the emperor to bestow Du Fu on 1342. That was 700 years after Du Fu's death.
Li Shangyin was already a scholar when he was twenty-five. At the age of 26, he joined Wang Maoyuan (a member of Li Deyu Party) as a secretary and became his son-in-law. Due to the fierce struggle between the Niuli Party in the DPRK and China at that time, although Li Shangyin had no intention of cronyism, he was eventually involved in the party struggle and was excluded by the Niuli Party middleman. Because in his early years, he was left alone by the important figures of the Niu Party, and later he married the daughter of Li Maoyuan, an important figure of the Li Party. Therefore, he made a living in the crack of the struggle between cows and plums. Cows and Li both pushed him away, and he was depressed for a long time. He died at the age of 45.
It is normal that he doesn't have a nickname.
At the age of 29, Lu You went to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and won the first prize. Because he lived before Qin Gui's grandson, and because he didn't forget the national humiliation, he was deleted from the list at the second interview. In the fifth year of Xichun, Lu You's poems became more and more famous and were summoned by Xiaozong, but they were not really reused. Xiaozong only sent him to Fuzhou and Jiangxi for two official missions to promote Changping tea and salt. When he took office in Jiangxi, a local disaster happened. He "set up camp" and personally visited the disaster area, "distributing relief supplies to charity warehouses and sending millet to people in all counties". Unexpectedly, he overstepped his authority and went home on charges of overstepping his authority. After living in my hometown for 6 years, Lu You is also known as Yanzhou (now Jiande, Zhejiang). In the fifteenth year of Xi Chun, Lu You left Yanzhou and returned to his hometown. Soon, he was called to Lin 'an as a military attache. The following year, Guangzong ascended the throne and was appointed as a doctor of the DPRK. So he even wrote to persuade the court to reduce taxes. As a result, he was impeached and dismissed from office again on charges of "mocking romantics". After that, Lu You lived in the countryside for a long time, and died on December 29th of Jiading (1210 65438+1October 26th).
It is not surprising that Lu You's experience has no nickname.
Are numbers the pen names of the ancients? The number of the ancients:
No is a nickname, which refers to a nickname other than a person's name. A Qing Shi Menglan wrote in Preface to Different Names: "The rise of other names probably began in the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. Magnificent, it was impossible to have ambition at that time. It is arrogant and complacent, and is used as a metaphor to use its name. However, he wrote his own works, but he heard of them at that time and transferred them to later generations. Although his name is gloomy, it is a household name, and he has been dubbed the Ghost Valley Owl, which has overshadowed his works. Naturally, everyone will admire it in the future, but it is still the same. " The rise and popularity of nicknames can be seen here.
There are many nicknames of the ancients in middle school textbooks, one of which has the following situations.
1. General title: Mr. Wu Liu, Tao Qian; Li Bai's name is violet laity; Bai Juyi claimed to be a Buddhist in Xiangshan; Su Shi claimed to be a Dongpo layman. Wang Anshi was nicknamed Mid-Levels; Lu You posthumous title Weng; Xin Qiji posthumous title Jiaxuan, Jiang Kui posthumous title Baishi Taoist. Du Fu was named Huanhua Old Man and Mr. Caotang because Chengdu Caotang was built on the Huanhua River.
Posthumous title: Ancient emperors, governors and senior officials established a society after their deaths, and praised and criticized the moral standards of good and evil according to the deeds of the deceased.
For example, Du Fu's name is Wen Gongzhen; (This was sealed by Yuan, but not mentioned by Ming people) Fan Zhongyan is famous; Zhuge Liang is loyal to Wuhou; Ouyang Xiu's name is Wen Zhonggong.
In addition to the imperial court, there are also private letters. This is an overflow card added by relatives and friends after the death of a famous scholar. For example, after the death of Tao Qian in the Jin Dynasty, Yan Yannian was entrusted to him as a "history of Jing Zheng Jie"; After the death of Huang Tingjian in Song Dynasty, his master was called "Mr. Wen Jie".
2. Place of call: The ancients were named after the place of birth, residence or residence, and named after the county. County appearance refers to people who live in a certain place and look up to them. Later, the name of the county where the noble family lived was changed to Song. Such as Wang Anshi: Wang Linchuan; Liu Zongyuan: Liu Hedong, named after his birthplace; Du Mu: Du Fanchuan; Du Fu: Du Shaoling, this is named after the place of residence.
In the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu often called himself "Changli Han Yu". Because Hebei Changli is a noble family, the world calls him Mr. Changli. Du Fu often calls himself "Ling Du Elymus" and "Ling Du Buyi" in his poems. Ling Du is also Du Fu's county of hope. Ling Du was a famous person in Han and Tang Dynasties, and Du Yu, the distant ancestor of Du Fu, was also a native of Jingzhao Ling Du.
3. Call each other brothers: This situation is very common among poets in the Tang Dynasty. Or rank, or rank and office. This ranking is calculated according to the generational order of the same great-grandfather, not the ranking of the same father and brother. For example, Bai Juyi: Bai Twelve, Yuan Zhen: Yuan Jiu: Du Fu: Du Fu; Li Shen: Assistant Minister Li Ershi.
4. Calling Zhai's name: Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it has become a fashion for literati and beautiful women to congratulate themselves or others with Zhai's name and room name. For example, Liang Qichao wrote "Dining Room Collection", and he claimed to be the owner of the dining room. Pu Songling wrote a collection of short stories, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, and the world called him "Mr. Liaozhai". Zhang Pu named his study "Qi Lu Zhai" because he had to copy six or seven times by hand, as well as "Qi Lu Zhai Ji".
5, called Guanjue: such as Du Fu: Du Gongbu (Yuan Wailang, Ministry of Industry), Du Fu Ji; Yan Zhenqing: Yan Taishi (Yan Zhenqing used to be a Taizi Taishi official) Wang Wei: Wang Youcheng; Wen Tianxiang: Wen Shaobao; Liu Bei: Liu Yuzhou.
6, called native place: this situation is relatively rare. Such as: Kang Youwei: South China Sea; Liu Bang: Pei Gong.
When several items are called at the same time, it is often the official name first, the place of origin last, and the surname, first name and number last. For example, Ren Taishou Ni Yu and General Liu Duji are both dead (Taishou and DuDu are official names), and Changle Wang belongs to his father (Changle is a native place).
There are many kinds of ancient names. In the process of finishing, although I tried to be comprehensive and accurate, I still couldn't help but leave loopholes that need to be supplemented in the future work.
Is Uncle Zhong You an ancient name or a word? The oldest
Interpretation: The ranking order of the eldest and youngest brothers was used by the ancients as a "table character".
What are the ancients? The ancients generally refer to predecessors to distinguish them from contemporaries, that is, the ancients. The language "Yi Shu Ji": "I want to see the image of the ancients."
First, it refers to people in the past. Back in time, people who have been to the world will become ancients. The only difference lies in the period or era.
Two, refers to the celebrities who had a certain influence in the society in the past. Such as Confucius, Laozi, Li Shizhen, Li Bai, Du Fu, Song Huizong and Li Qingzhao.
Third, it refers to ancient humans and apes.
Humans between apes and newcomers. It lived10-0.2 million/200 thousand years ago, its geological age belongs to the late Pleistocene, and its culture belongs to the middle-most paleolithic period. The earliest striking Neanderthals were discovered in caves near the Neanderthal Valley in Dü sseldorf, Germany in 1856. So this stage of human development is also called Nepal stage. The main physical characteristics of the ancients: the brain capacity is very large, with an average of 1 440ml； for men and women; But the structure of the brain retains many original features. The brow ridge is developed, the forehead is inclined, the occipital bone is prominent, the face is long, the eyes are round and large, the distance between the two eyes is quite large, the nose is flat and wide, and the jaw is forward, but the chin is still backward. Although these morphological features are more advanced than those of apes, they still retain some attributes of apes. In the past 100 years, 10 paleontological fossils were found in the old world, exceeding 100 individuals.
Since the Xia Dynasty, the ancient dynasty was formally established.
What's the use of ancient names, numbers and words? "Zi", also known as "ideographic writing", is a "specialty" of China, which is not available to foreigners.
Words are the annotations, supplements and extensions of a person's name. Words must echo each other with names. For example:
1, Cao Cao, the word Meng De. "Meng" is the eldest daughter of concubines, and "De" means "De", which echoes the word "Xing".
2, Zhao Yun, Zi Zilong. As the saying goes: dragons follow the clouds and tigers follow the wind;
3, Sun Quan, the word Zhong Mou. "Zhong" means "second child", and everyone knows the word "Machiavellian".
4, Ma Chao, the word Meng Qi. He was born in Marten's "side room", the boss;
5, Ma Su, the word Youchang. It means that he is the "little five brother" of the old horse family;
......
In China, not all people have "personality". People with status, status and culture generally have "character".
The poor cannot have words. Never heard of Wu Dalang's word.
After the Mongolian Tatars perished in China, the Han people in the south were not allowed to have names, let alone words.
Local rich people and profiteers, who don't know how to write a big word, will also get a word and put on airs.
The ancients used words, not names, to address others by their names. It's impolite to call others by their first names, and people will hate you to death.
A person's words are only available in adulthood. In order to show modesty, young people all say, "Young, without a watch."
China was a "state of etiquette" in ancient times, and the feudal morality was "courtesy, righteousness, honesty and shame, loyalty and filial piety"; What does China say now? It's money worship, fraud, fraud. Why do you need words?
Number, generally I pursue self-help according to the situation and mentality. Su Shi, for example, lives on the hillside in the east and calls himself Dongpo. There are five willows in front of Tao Qian, Mr. Wuliu, and so on.
When were the names, characters and numbers of the ancients called? The names and characters of the ancients are also often used to represent the generations in the family. They often add "Meng", "Zhong", "Shu" and "Ji" before their first names and surnames to represent brothers and sisters. Among them "Bo" and "Meng" are different. My son (female) by my first wife is called "Bo", and my son (female) by my concubine is called "Meng". Such as Boyi and Shu Qi, Boyi is a brother, Boyi is a brother; Confucius is Zhong's second child. Meng Jiangnv is Jiang's eldest daughter. Some words are followed by "father" (father) to indicate gender. Wang pointed out in the Exegesis of Names in the Spring and Autumn Period that when the names of the ancients were linked, there were words first, then names. Called "a father", such as his father Zhong, etc. After Qin and Han Dynasties, people were given names first, such as Uncle Zheng. Here is a name, and Uncle Zi is a word. After the Han dynasty, the same word or the same radical in "name" or "word" gradually expressed the reciprocal relationship. For example, Yan Gaoqing, a famous anti-An Lushan fighter in the Tang Dynasty, used the word "Qing" by his younger brothers Yan Yaoqing and Yan, and also by their great calligrapher and cousin Yan Zhenqing. Su Shi, a litterateur in Song Dynasty, and Su Zhe's brother * * * used the radical "car" to represent their peers. His son and Zhu often use the second word * * *, and there is "ju" next to the third word * * *; Zhu Youjian, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, hanged himself in Jingshan, his brother Zhu Youxiao (Ming Taizu Xi), his cousin Zhu Youlang (Nanming Emperor Li Yong) and Zhu Yousong (Nanming Emperor Hong Guang) used the word "by", and the third * * word used the word "wood". In this case, the first word in the name is the surname used by father and ancestor * * *, the second word and the third word are half of the generation name used by brother * * *, and only half of the word is personal.
Some ancient people had "numbers" in addition to names and characters. "Hao" is a fixed alias, also known as another name. Middle and upper class people in feudal society, especially literati, were often named after their addresses and interests, including fasting names and house names. For example, Li Bai's Qinglian lay in Tang Dynasty, Du Fu's Shaoling Night Elder, Su Shi's Dongpo lay in Song Dynasty, Liu Ruju lay in Tang Yin in Ming Dynasty and Banqiao lay in Zheng Xie in Qing Dynasty are all well known to later generations. Some nicknames even exceed real names. Nicknames are created by users themselves, unlike names that are restricted by family members and peers, so users can express or show off some emotions more freely. Common nicknames such as "lay man" and "mountain man" only show users' contempt for Li Lu's interests. In the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu's nickname in his later years was "61 Jushi", named after "a thousands of books, a thousand volumes of ancient inscriptions, a piano, a chess game, a pot of wine, an old man himself" and * * * six "ones". Lu You, a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, was worried about the country and the people and was filled with indignation. Laughed at by dignitaries for not keeping etiquette, they called themselves "letting the birds fly" to show their contempt. Zheng Sixiao, a painter in the Southern Song Dynasty, claimed to be "Sonan" after the death of the Song Dynasty, indicating that his heart turned to the south. Zhu Da, a painter in the late Ming Dynasty, was a descendant of Zhu Quan, the king of Ning in the Ming Dynasty. After his death, he became a monk. Appreciating the Buddhist scriptures of the eight disciples, he took serial names such as "Badashanren" and "Bada", which seemed to be "crying" instead of "laughing", meaning "laughing and crying" to express his grief and indignation at missing the motherland. Of course, more bureaucratic gentry and feudal literati take all kinds of nice nicknames, but they are just pretences of being arty and chasing after fame.
There are also "nicknames", which are recognized by others and are descriptions and descriptions of people. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Prissy was banished to the State of Chu, and Qin Mugong redeemed Prissy with five black sheepskins. He is called "Doctor Five", which is an ancient nickname. Li Yifu, a traitor in the Tang Dynasty, was called "the knife in laughter". In the Song Dynasty, Wang became the prime minister for more than ten years, and did nothing but "take orders, take orders and preach orders". At that time, he was named "Prime Minister of Three Orders". These two nicknames vividly outline the faces of feudal bureaucrats. In Water Margin, 108 Liangshan heroes all have nicknames, most of which accurately describe the character, specialty or physiological characteristics. These nicknames are well-known names, such as Li Kui jy, Wu Yong, Lin Chong, Leopard Head, Yang Zhi, Zhu Tong, Sun Erniang, Dragon and Flea on Drum.
Qu Yuan, the name of the ancients: Pingming, the original word; Since the cloud name is regular, the spirit word is even.
Tao Yuanming: Qian, whose real name is bright, is Mr. Keisuke of posthumous title.
Du Fu: Beautiful words, claiming to be young and old at night.
Li Shangyin: A mountain character, named Yuxi Sheng, Fan Nanshan.
Lu you: the concept of the word service, the number is released.
Xin Qiji: The word You 'an is Jia Xuan.
Su Shi: Zi Zi Zhan,no. Dongpo lay man.