Edition types of ancient books Since the emergence of books, especially since the emergence of printed books, many edition types and edition titles have been derived from aspects such as content, nature, and form. Mainly include: manuscripts, manuscripts, manuscripts, engravings, movable type printings, official engravings, workshop engravings, private engravings, family engravings, self-engravings, supervisory engravings, factory editions, imperial engravings, feudal engravings, palace editions, and bureau editions , rare edition, overprinted edition, hundred-year-old edition, handkerchief edition, scarf box edition, pocket edition, initial edition, reprinted edition, reprinted edition, photoengraved edition, revised edition, late revised edition, vermilion printed edition, Siku edition, Mao transcript. Manuscript There are roughly three situations in which the concept of manuscript is used in the description of ancient book editions. One refers to the manuscript, the second refers to the clear manuscript, and the third refers to the revised manuscript. Manuscripts refer to works written by the author himself. It is extremely difficult to judge this. Without absolute certainty, we dare not use the concept of manuscripts. A clear manuscript refers to a book that has been copied clearly. There are two possibilities for transcribing. One is transcribing by the author himself, which should actually be classified as a manuscript; the other is transcribing by someone else, which in fact does not have the nature of a manuscript. Therefore, we must be particularly cautious when using the concept of Qing manuscripts. We must not judge the past from the present and impose modern concepts about manuscripts on ancient manuscripts. Revising the manuscript refers to making revisions in the author's handwriting on the clear copy. There are two situations. One is that the author copied it and revised it himself, which in fact should be attributed to the manuscript; the other is that someone else copied it and revised it in his own hand. Only in this case can it be used. The concept of revising a manuscript. These three concepts are commonly used in ancient book descriptions, but in practice they are not very accurate and can easily cause confusion. When the National Library deals with this problem, it only uses the concept of "manuscript" and includes all the author's handwriting, copying, and modifications into the concept of "manuscript." Books copied by others are called "manuscripts" or "copies"; books copied by others and revised by the author themselves are still called "manuscripts" or "copies", followed by a note. Ming so-and-so school reform. Manuscript Manuscript is a name relative to manuscripts, copies and printed copies. In the description of ancient book editions, there are roughly three situations when the concept of manuscript is used. First, it was early. Before the Tang Dynasty, book production relied on handwriting and copying, and there was no need for engraving or printing, so they were collectively called manuscripts. After the Tang Dynasty, book engraving gradually became popular and flourished in the Song Dynasty. However, the Tang and Song dynasties were still relatively early, so the handwritten and copied books in the Tang and Song dynasties are still called manuscripts. Books copied after the Yuan Dynasty are called manuscripts. The second is high status. No matter how early or late the era is, whether printed books are popular or not, when a copy of a book is written by a famous scholar, it is often called a manuscript instead of a copy. The third involves religion. Whenever Buddhist scriptures or Taoist scriptures are copied, the copyist usually does it to fulfill a vow or do meritorious deeds, and there is religious belief and piety involved in it, so it is only called writing scriptures, but never copying scriptures. As for the scriptures copied by early sutra writers, although they were not intended to make merit for themselves, but for the good men and women of Buddhism to buy and fulfill their vows, due to the early copying period, they can only be called original manuscripts. As for one's own works, copied and circulated by oneself, regardless of their age or status, they will all be named after the manuscript. Codex In ancient book version descriptions, the title of codex is often used and appears frequently. In addition to manuscripts and manuscripts, anyone who writes based on a certain original can be called a copy. Engraved editions Engraved editions, also known as journal editions, engraving editions, and engraving editions, all refer to books printed by engraving. Block printing was invented very early in China, and books printed on blocks were already popular in the Tang Dynasty. In the Five Dynasties, the government ordered the Imperial Academy to engrave the Nine Classics and the Classical Interpretations. By the Song Dynasty, engraving and printing of books became popular, followed by the Liao, Jin, and Xixia; until the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties, it was popular for more than 1,000 years.
Books such as "Seven Classics of Justice", "Historical Records", "Hanshu", and "Zizhi Tongjian" were all submitted from Hangzhou Engraving Edition. In addition to engraving official scriptures and official histories, the Imperial College of the Song Dynasty also included errors in medical prescriptions, which was very harmful. Therefore, important medical books were also carefully edited by the Imperial College officials and published in engraved editions. For example, "Mai Jing", "Qianjin Yaofang", "Qianjin Yifang", "Supplementary Notes on Materia Medica", "Illustrated Materia Medica", etc. were all edited and published by the Imperial Academy of the Song Dynasty. The central book-engraving agencies in the Yuan Dynasty were the Xingwen Bureau and the Guangcheng Bureau, which belonged to the Secretary's Office and not the Imperial College, so they were not called prison books. In the Ming Dynasty, both Nanjing and Beijing had Imperial Colleges with a large number of engraved books. Most of the engraved books compiled in the Qing Dynasty were in Wuying Hall. In the Qing Dynasty, only a few books were engraved in the Imperial College. Books engraved by the Imperial College of the past dynasties can be recorded as the Imperial College engraved editions of each era. Jingchunben Jingchunben specifically refers to books engraved by Jingfang in the modern era. The Sutra Factory is an institution affiliated to the Supervisor of Ceremonies, and is responsible for the printing of sutras and printed books, Buddhist scriptures, Taoist canon, Tibetan scriptures, etc. The factory has four or six or seven directors. The scale of the economic factory expanded with the expansion of the authority and scale of the ceremonial supervisor. During the Hongwu period, there were 150 publication and calligraphers in the imperial government, with one shift every two years; 312 framers and 58 printers, with one shift every year. In the 10th year of Jiajing's reign (1531), the craftsman service in the inner government was adjusted and streamlined, leaving 12,255 people as the quota. Among them, there are 1,583 ceremonial supervisors. Those who specialize in book engraving are: 62 paper makers, 293 mounters, 189 folders, 80 calendar makers, 134 printers, 48 ??pen makers, 77 black ink makers, and 76 painters. Name, 315 typewriters. The total number is 1274. According to extremely incomplete statistics, the scriptures, histories, zishu, ancestral precepts, and hadiths printed before and after the Ming Dynasty's Lijian Jingjing Factory, as well as the "Four Books", "Hundred Family Surnames", "Three Character Classic", "Thousand Character Classic", " There are 168 kinds of inner-book textbooks such as "Poems of Thousands of Families" and "Poems of Prodigy". The characteristics of the Jingchang edition are large format, fine printing paper, sparse lines, large fonts, bold and black words, and elegant layout. However, because it was written by an eunuch and the collation was not precise, it is not valued by scholars. Neifu Engraved Edition The title Neifu Engraved Edition is very unscientific and inaccurate. However, throughout the ages, this formulation often appears in edition descriptions and writings. In the Tang Dynasty, there was the Inner Palace War, which referred to Zhechong Mansion, which was under the jurisdiction of the Three Guards of the Five Prefectures and the Three Guards of the Three Prefectures of the East Palace. There were several prisons under it to take charge of the general affairs of the inner court. The so-called imperial engravings do not specifically refer to books engraved by various prisons of the Imperial Household. In fact, when the term Neifu engraved books has always been used, the concept refers to the books engraved by the central ministries and agencies and the various departments of the inner court. In other words, it refers to that part of the official edition that is engraved by central state agencies. Therefore, special caution should be taken when using this title. Anyone who can identify a specific engraving unit should be described in detail. The title Neifu Engraving Edition should not be used lightly. The feudal engraving edition refers to the books printed by the feudal princes in the dynasty. In the more than 270 years of the Ming Dynasty, 62 emperors were granted the title of king. Those who were granted a title and established a vassal state had 50 people. Some of them were given titles due to convictions, and some were excommunicated because they had no children. Only 28 royal palaces remained with the Ming Dynasty. They are distributed in Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Huguang, Jiangxi and other administrative provinces. The palace version refers specifically to the books engraved by Wuying Palace in the Qing Dynasty. Wuying Hall is located in the Xihua Gate of the Palace Museum in Beijing today. According to "Chenyuan Shilue", Wuying Hall has nine levels, surrounding the Yu River, three stone bridges across it, and three gates in front. The inner hall has two levels, and the front is for storing books and editions. To the north is Yudetang, which is the book repair office. Bureau edition Bureau edition refers to the books printed by provincial official bookstores in the Qing Dynasty. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom peasant movement in the Qing Dynasty, starting from Jiangnan Bookstore founded by Zeng Guofan, there were Huainan Bookstore, Suzhou Bookstore, Zhejiang Bookstore, Chongwen Bookstore, Sixian Bookstore, Jiangxi Bookstore, Cungu Bookstore, Huanghua Bookstore, Fuzhou Bookstore, Guangzhou Bookstore, Ya Bookstore, Yunnan Bookstore, Shanxi Bookstore, etc. were established one after another. These official bookstores were unprecedented in the dynasties before the Qing Dynasty. In more than half a century of the late Qing Dynasty, these official bookstores printed many books, and they also collaborated to print some books, such as the Five Bureaus jointly printing "Twenty-Four Histories" and so on. Some books are well collated and well printed. For example, the "Twenty-Two Sons" engraved by Zhejiang Official Book Company and the "Historical Records" engraved by Zhang Wenhu of Jinling Book Company are both famous. It played a certain role in promoting cultural undertakings in the late Qing Dynasty. In the edition description, they are specifically called a certain bookstore's edition. Gathered Editions Gathered Editions are also called Gathered Editions.
During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, the plates were moved to the Nanjing Imperial College, and were repaired and reprinted until the Zhengde, Jiajing, and Wanli periods. During the Shun, Kang, Yong and Qian dynasties of the Qing Dynasty, this set of plates was still stored in the treasury of Siyamen, the chief envoy to the south of the Yangtze River, and was destroyed by fire during Jiaqing. "Jade Sea" was engraved by the Imperial Academy in Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty. Its plates have been revised many times since Zhengde and Jiajing. Zhao Yongxian in the sixteenth year of Wanli (1588), Li Zhenyu in the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi (1697), and Xiong Mu in the third year of Qianlong (1738) were all repaired and reprinted. All of these are typical revised editions. Vermilion-printed version Vermilion-printed version refers to the ancient book version that has been carved. Before formal printing, trial printing is often done to check whether there are any typos and whether the inking is even, so that it can be trimmed. The colors used at this time are usually red or blue. The purpose is to be eye-catching and make it easier to find problems on the layout. This kind of test-printed book, if it is red in color, is called the ×× engraved red seal edition; if it is blue, it is called the ×× engraved blue seal edition. Because this type of print is the first trial of a new edition, the calligraphy and painting are clear, the knife skills are clear, and the first printing is exquisite. In addition, the print run is small and it is rare to be handed down. It has always been valued by edition writers and bibliophiles. Sikuquanshu, compiled during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, is a large series with 3,507 categories and 79,337 volumes. Before the opening of the library and during the entire compilation process, a collection of suicide notes from all over the world was conducted, so tens of thousands of books were donated from all over the country. When the books arrived in Beijing, they were all sent to the Hanlin Academy for collection, and stamped with the Imperial Academy customs for selection. Some people refer to these as Siku manuscripts, which is incorrect. The exact concept is that the Siku quanshu refers to those books that were included in the "Siku quanshu" and used as transcripts. It does not refer to those books that have been in the Hanlin Academy and have the seals of the Hanlin Academy, but are not actually included in the "Siku quanshu". book.