1. Basic knowledge
Liu Hui and Zu Chongzhi's mathematical achievements, Jia Sixie and his Qi Min Yao Shu, Pei Xiu, Li Daoyuan and his Notes on Shui Jing; The development of Taoism, the prevalence of Buddhism, Fan Zhen's Theory of Deity Extinction, and the extinction of Buddhism by Emperor Wudi of Northern Wei and Emperor Wudi of Northern Zhou; Characteristics of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Jian 'an literature, Tao Yuanming and pastoral poetry, folk songs in Southern and Northern Dynasties; The development of calligraphy art and Wang Xizhi and other calligraphy masters, Cao Buxing, Gu Kaizhi and their masterpieces, grotto art treasures.
2. Ability and methods
The culture in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties has the characteristics of connecting the preceding with the following and carrying forward the past. By studying the contents of this section in connection with the cultural achievements of the previous generation, students can understand the continuity of cultural development, cultivate their ability of understanding and synthesis, and learn the basic methods of studying history by grasping the historical relationship between social phenomena and cultural phenomena.
Based on the social situation of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, learn the relevant contents of this section about the development of Taoism and the spread of Buddhism, and learn the scientific method that "the absolute requirement of Marxist theory is to bring the problem within a certain historical range when analyzing any social problem" (Lenin: On the Right of National Self-determination), so as to cultivate and improve the ability to analyze problems.
Jian 'an literature and Tao Yuanming's masterpiece of pastoral poetry are the treasures of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Cooperate with Chinese teachers to guide students to read the original works and appreciate their poems in combination with their creative environment, so as to improve students' appreciation level and ability of literary works.
3. Emotion and values
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, although the war destroyed and hindered the development of science and technology culture, China's science and technology culture still developed greatly and absorbed new nutrition in ethnic integration. The long-term continuous development of culture is a major feature of China's civilization history. Through study, we can further understand the great contribution of Chinese civilization to mankind.
A large number of scientists, poets, calligraphers and artists emerged in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Many scientific and technological achievements are in the leading position in the world, and many literary and artistic achievements have unique styles and charms. Through study, we can further enhance our national pride and learn from their spirit of assiduous study, excellence and innovation.
Teaching emphases and difficulties
Emphasis: Zu Chongzhi, Jia Sixie and their contributions; Literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties; Calligraphy art.
difficulty: the characteristics and historical position of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
class schedule
two classes.
Preparation before class
Teacher: Collect pictures: Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Lanting Pavilion (or other calligraphy works), Gu Kaizhi's paintings, photos of Yungang Grottoes, and Longmen Grottoes (the best is the picture of the Buddha in the middle cave of Binyang). Select and print three Cao's poems and Tao Yuanming's poems (2 ~ 3 poems each).
students: review the "culture in Qin and Han dynasties" (mainly reading and understanding the mathematical achievements in Qin and Han dynasties, the spread of Buddhism, the formation of Taoism, Yuefu poems and other related contents) and the introduction of this chapter. Read some representative works of Jian 'an literature and Tao Yuanming's poems, and let them read freely without specifying specific titles. Collect and circulate all kinds of pictures, photos and stamps of artistic achievements in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Students who have been to Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes are going to introduce their feelings of visiting to the whole class.
instructional design
in the first class
review the introduction of this chapter, further understand the basic characteristics of social conditions in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and introduce new lessons. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, feudal countries were in a state of division, long-term war and social unrest, which did great damage to economy and culture. However, our nation had strong vitality and enterprising vitality. During this period, China culture had new development and new achievements, and with the strengthening of ethnic ties, ethnic integration made the culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties more colorful. The culture of this period inherited the pre-Qin and Qin and Han dynasties, and was innovative, which led to the prosperity of Sui and Tang dynasties.
1. Progress in science and technology
1. New achievements in mathematics
Mathematics is one of the most remarkable disciplines in ancient natural science in China. Nine Chapters Arithmetic in Han Dynasty was the most advanced applied mathematics in the world at that time. Liu Hui, a mathematician in Wei and Jin Dynasties, wrote Notes on Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, and creatively put forward the method of finding pi by cyclotomy. He thinks that the area of a regular polygon inscribed in a circle is smaller than that of a circle, but when the number of sides is doubled repeatedly, the area is closer to the area of the circle, so as to obtain pi. This is actually using the concept of limit to solve the problem of finding pi.
Zu Chongzhi was an outstanding scientist in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. He was knowledgeable and accomplished in many fields. In mathematics, his achievements are the first to accurately calculate the pi, and to calculate the pi to the seventh significant digit after the decimal point, and the pi is between 3.14526 and 3.4927. Using this value to calculate the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 1 meters, the error is less than 1 cm. This was a great achievement in the 5th century. It was not until the early 15th century that anyone got a more accurate value of pi. Zu Chongzhi also wrote Composing, a profound mathematical work, which was listed in the Ten Books of Calculations in the Tang Dynasty as a textbook of the national school of mathematics, but it was later lost. Until today, mathematical historians at home and abroad are still exploring the contents of this monograph. Zu Chongzhi's achievements in mathematics are the pride of China people and the spiritual wealth of all mankind. There is "Zu Chongzhi Crater" on the back of the moon in memory of this great mathematician.
2. Masterpiece of Agronomy ── Qi Min Yao Shu
China is a country with highly developed farming civilization. Since ancient times, agriculture has been regarded as "the foundation of the world". Before the Han Dynasty, there were many agricultural works in China, but unfortunately they were all lost. Qi Min Yao Shu written by Jia Sixie is the earliest and most complete agricultural book in China.
Jia Sixie was an outstanding agronomist in the Northern Dynasties. He inherited and summarized China's ancient agronomy heritage by "collecting jun's classics, love and ballads", and "inquiring from old age and practicing". With a rigorous scientific attitude, he enriched and developed China's ancient agronomy system and wrote Qi Min Yao Shu.
comprehensive content is the outstanding feature of Qi Min Yao Shu. In addition to "the business of merchants, but not recorded", "the business of endowment, never finish the book." This book systematically and comprehensively summarizes the production experience of farming, animal husbandry and food processing and storage in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River before the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and reflects the level of science and production technology in northern China during the Northern Wei Dynasty, which has high scientific and practical value.
3. Significant development of geography
Geography was also a highly valued science in ancient China, and geography in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties developed greatly on the basis of geography in Han Dynasty. Pei Xiu and Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty are geographers who have made great contributions to the development of geography in China.
Pei Xiu was a cartographer in the Western Jin Dynasty. Yugong is a precious record of ancient geography in China, which describes the geographical situation under the guise of the division of administrative regions after Yu's flood control. Pei Xiu of the Western Jin Dynasty believed that "the place names of mountains and rivers in Yugong have never been long ago, and there are many changes; Later generations said, or strong traction, gradually obscure ",so he drew the map of Yugong area and put forward important principles for drawing maps. Joseph Needham, a famous British scientist, praised Pei Xiu as "the father of scientific cartography in China" in the History of Science and Technology in China.
Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding geographer in ancient China. He wrote Notes on Water Classics. This book takes the predecessor's Water Classic as the key link, and expands and enriches the content of the Water Classic through collecting a large number of documents and field investigations. The whole book has 4 volumes and more than 3, words, with 2 times as many "notes" as the original book, making it a masterpiece. Notes on Shuijing recorded more than 1, rivers and waterways in China in detail, comprehensively and systematically described the origin and development of these waterways, and vividly recorded the physical geography, economic geography, historical geography and other aspects of the areas where they flowed. "Tao Yuan is eager to learn and read strange books", and Li Daoyuan has extensive knowledge and high literary accomplishment. The writing of Shui Jing Zhu is vivid and fluent (read the paragraph of "Three Gorges" or "Mengmenshan" in Shui Jing Zhu), and the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River and the Longmen of the Yellow River written by Li Daoyuan show the natural beauty of the motherland's mountains and rivers with the artistic beauty of words. Su Wu, a great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, said, "Well, I'm happy, and I've read the Shuijing many times.". Shui Jing Zhu is not only a geographical masterpiece, but also of high historical and literary value.
second, the spread of Taoism and Buddhism and anti-Buddhism
during the Han dynasty, Buddhism was introduced into China, and Taoism rose among the people. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Taoism changed and developed. Buddhism spread widely and became popular; At the same time, anti-Buddhism has also been launched, and the theory of "god extinction" and the theory of "god immortality" of Buddhism have become an ideological struggle with great influence in this period.
1. Development and changes of Taoism
Taoism originated from the people, and gradually acquired the basic characteristics of religion in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, forming an independent religion. At first, it had a great influence on the lower class and became a spiritual tool for civil associations and even peasant uprisings.
during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Taoism was divided. Some Taoist theorists have reformed it, making this religion gradually accepted by the ruling ideology. Ge Hong, a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is a famous Taoist theorist. He regards the social ethics of Confucianism as the guiding ideology of Taoism, and at the same time talks about taking medicine to make an alchemy, keeping in good health and prolonging life, and cultivating immortality. His book Bao Puzi is divided into two parts: the inner part mainly talks about "immortal prescriptions, ghosts change, keeping healthy and prolonging life, while the outer part talks about" the gains and losses in the world, but the world hides whether or not ",advocating the Confucian precepts of famous teachings, and he denounces Taoism spread by the people as" evil way " Ge Hong combined Taoism with Confucianism, which was very suitable for the needs of rulers. Therefore, Taoism was all the rage in the upper class of bureaucrats, and Bao Puzi was also regarded as a Taoist classic. Ge Hong is an alchemist, and alchemy has made great contributions to early chemistry unintentionally. There is a lot of chemical knowledge in Bao Puzi. He is also a medical scientist, who has collected and compiled many effective prescriptions into books.
During the Southern Dynasties, Taoist theorists wrote some books, and Taoist classics increased. During Xiao Liang's reign, Tao Hongjing further integrated Confucianism into Taoist teachings, absorbed Buddhist teachings, and introduced the feudal hierarchy into Taoist immortal world, thus establishing Taoist immortal system. After Tao Hongjing's reform, the transformation of Taoism basically came to a stage. Folk Taoism has completely changed into orthodox Taoism. Tao Hongjing has also made outstanding achievements in medicine.
2. The widespread spread of Buddhism
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, feudal countries were divided. The troubled times of social unrest and endless wars provide a social environment for the widespread spread of Buddhism. The poor people who are struggling in suffering hope to be freed spiritually. Buddhism preaches immortality of the soul, reincarnation of life and death, and karma, from which they get illusory comfort. Rulers also need Buddhism, which has a set of systematic teachings, which can be used to control people's thoughts and paralyze people's fighting spirit. In this way, many rulers in the Northern and Southern Dynasties believed in Buddhism and preached it vigorously to maintain the feudal ruling order.
Faxian was a famous monk at that time. He traveled west by land, "there were no birds in the sky, no animals in the sky, and he looked around the vast expanse, which was unpredictable", but he "went his own way and crossed the mountain danger" and arrived in Tianzhu, and then returned home by sea. He brought back and translated some Buddhist scriptures, and also wrote his experience of going west to learn from them as "The Story of the Buddha Country". This book is an important work to study the transportation, geography, history and social customs of the western regions and South Asian countries at that time. Faxian and a group of eminent monks who went west mostly had high cultural accomplishment, so they could better absorb the essence of Indian culture and spread China culture at the same time. With Buddhism as the carrier, Indian culture and Central Asian culture have also spread to China, which has had a positive impact on Chinese culture in many aspects, such as language, art, astronomy, medicine, etc. Teachers should ask students to consult reference books before class, so as to understand Fa Xian and The Story of the Buddha, otherwise they will not be able to understand and master this passage through reading. On the other hand, teachers should prepare some examples about the positive influence of Indian culture on China, so as to answer the questions raised by students who are interested in it.
3. The Harm of Buddhism's Prevalence and Anti-Buddhism
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism flourished unprecedentedly, which brought serious harm to the society. First of all, "religion is the opium of the people" and the religious kingdom of heaven is "those illusory flowers decorated on chains" (Marx: <: Criticism of Hegel's Philosophy of Right >: Introduction), Liu Song Wendi said: The people of the whole country believe in Buddhism. The widespread spread of Buddhism, "If I sit in peace, what will happen to my husband?", has made the people comfortable with the status quo. Secondly, building temples and pagodas extensively and giving alms cost a lot of money. At that time, there were Buddhist temples all over the north and south. Before the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital, "There were 1 temples in the capital (the city of peace), old and new ... 6,478 temples in all directions". After the capital was moved, there were more than 5 Buddhist temples in Luoyang, and the number of Buddhist temples in the Northern Wei Dynasty increased to 13,72. There are more than 5 Buddhist temples in Jiankang in the Southern Dynasties. "There are 48 temples in the Southern Dynasties, and how many towers are misty and rainy"; When Emperor Liu, Song and Ming built a temple, a minister said, "Your Majesty started this temple because the people sold their children to pay for their wives. If the Buddha knew about it, he should cry and grieve." Third, the temple economy is over-inflated, occupying land and grabbing people, competing with the feudal government for labor, reducing the government's tax sources and increasing the burden on farmers. According to records, the monasteries in the Northern Wei Dynasty "invaded tenants, widely occupied farmland houses" and "spread all over prefectures and towns". The rent paid by these farmers was managed by the temple, not handed over to the government, and so was the temple in the Southern Dynasties, so that "the household registration in the world was almost half dead", which also became a prominent feature of the social economy in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Due to the serious social problems brought about by the flourishing Buddhism, people constantly stand up and put forward anti-Buddhism, and some rulers also destroy Buddhism on a large scale in order to safeguard official interests.
Some emperors in the Southern Dynasties believed in Buddhism, but Fan Zhen, an outstanding thinker in the Qi and Liang Dynasties, claimed that there was no Buddha and put forward the theory of "God's extinction", which dealt a heavy blow to Buddhism in theory. In "On the Extinction of God", he pointed out that "God is immortal when form and spirit are separated in Buddhism, and the soul can exist independently without the body after death, and that" God is also in form, and form is also in god, so that God exists when form exists, and God is extinguished when form is thanked ",and he also pointed out that" God is in quality, but it is beneficial to blade, and form is useful, and blade is beneficial to relic ... Fan Zhen's thought on the relationship between human spirit and body is a great development of China and ancient naive materialism's thought, and strongly criticizes the preaching of "Immortality". It is very valuable for Fan Zhen to stick to his point of view without inducements or fear of siege.
In the Northern Dynasties, Emperor Taizu of the Northern Wei Dynasty and Emperor Wudi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Buddha twice (instructing students to read the text of "Emperor Wudi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Buddha", and combining with the problem of "reading and thinking" in after-school exercises, asking students to pay attention to the background, purpose, measures and influence of this extinction).
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, China made some new achievements in science and technology, especially Zu Chongzhi's accurate calculation of pi and Jia Sixie's Qi Min Yao Shu. In those turbulent years, Taoism changed, Buddhism prevailed in the north and south, and anti-Buddhism and extermination also had great influence.
In the second class
Literature and art are the spiritual wealth of human beings. China is a country of poetry, and the outstanding creation of poets has been beautiful for thousands of years (Question: Outstanding achievements of poetry creation in pre-Qin and Han dynasties, and ask a student to recite one of his favorite poems in pre-Qin and Han dynasties). Teachers appreciate, comment and quote poems recited by students.