Changsha Kiln was founded in the Tang Dynasty. The first kiln site was found in Wazhaping, Tongguan Town, a suburb of Changsha City, Hunan Province today, so it is also called Tongguan Kiln. It was in its heyday from the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, and declined in In the Five Dynasties, the products were mainly celadon glaze, and the utensils were common household items. Pots and jars came in various shapes. Their outstanding achievement was the creation of a new technique of underglaze painting decoration. Early underglaze colors were colored spots, that is, spots were painted on the porcelain base with iron or copper materials and then fired into brown or green spots. There are also combinations of colored spots and stencil applique decoration, that is, stenciled patterns such as figures and lions are affixed to pots, pots and other utensils, and then brown colored spots are painted on this part and fired at high temperature. The more mature underglaze painting technology developed on this basis is to use iron or copper materials to directly draw patterns on the blank, then apply celadon glaze, and then fire it at high temperature to produce underglaze brown and green colors. The outline of the pattern is carved on the blank, and then the lines are filled with brown and green colors, and then celadon glaze is applied and fired at high temperature. This underglaze painting process will have a great influence on the decorative art of Chinese underglaze porcelain in the future. ( Source: "Concise Ceramic Dictionary" edited by Wang Qingzheng, Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, P31). Using text and poetry as decoration is a major feature of Changsha kiln porcelain decorative art.
Changsha Kiln was an important and large-scale celadon kiln in the south during the Tang Dynasty. Its kiln site is located in Wazhaping, Tongguan Town, a suburb of Changsha City, Hunan Province, so it is also called "Tongguan Kiln" or "Wazha" Ping kiln". Changsha Kiln began in the early Tang Dynasty, flourished in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, and finally reached the Five Dynasties. The most important achievement of the Changsha kiln was that it was the first to apply copper as a high-temperature colorant to porcelain decoration, and fired colored porcelain decorated with copper red. This was a major invention in the history of my country's ceramics, and it was also the first step in my country's underglaze painting. The first milestone was the Jun kiln in the Song Dynasty, and the advent of copper red glaze products such as underglaze red, cowpea red, and Langyao red in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.
Changsha kiln has a wide range of products, such as pots, bottles, cups, plates, bowls, pillows, lamps, etc. for daily necessities. Its artistic decoration is mainly manifested in the use of underglaze and in-glaze painting, printing, stencil printing, stencil applique, pile flowers, engraving, colorful spots and other techniques. The decorations include patterns of flowers and plants, birds, animals, fish, figures, landscapes, etc. In addition, there are also decorations based on poems and product promotion texts. Its above-mentioned characteristics prompt people to attach great importance to its value.
A green-painted oil lamp in the shape of a man riding an ox from Changsha kiln in the Tang Dynasty, 20.8 cm long, 12.6 cm high and 8 cm wide. The design of this oil lamp is novel, unique and ingenious. A strong cow is lying on the base with all four limbs, its head is slightly raised, and its tail is curled up and attached to its buttocks. A lamp with a diameter of 5.5 cm is supported on the front of the cow's back; a Hu man is riding on it with both legs. The back of the cow's back is holding the bottom of the oil lamp in front of it with both hands. Both the man and the cow look very focused. This oil lamp is covered with a light brown glaze. The glaze is green with a hint of yellow, and has fine, colorless stripes. The cow's feet and base are both exposed. The fat is not very strong and the color of the glaze is gray-white. What is particularly eye-catching is that on the front two legs and both sides of the buttocks of the cow, there are green colors about 4 cm long and 1 cm wide flowing vertically, dotted with the entire surface of the light brown vessel, full of dynamic . Since the initial form of underglaze and inglaze paintings in Changsha kiln was a single brown color, often with simple flower and grass patterns, and later gradually developed into brown and green colors, it can be inferred that this oil lamp should be from Changsha kiln in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. A product from its heyday.
At present, imitations of Changsha kilns from the Tang Dynasty are relatively common in the antique market, while authentic ones are rare. How to identify Tang Dynasty Changsha kiln products, the author’s experience is that in addition to grasping the period characteristics of the shape and “charm” of the utensils, the easiest points to grasp are: the glaze of the authentic product is thin, with finely divided and evenly distributed flakes, and the glaze surface The light is soft and pleasant; secondly, after thousands of years of soil erosion and natural aging, Tang Changsha kiln products generally have natural glaze peeling in all parts of the body, and some parts are naturally slightly damaged. Under a magnifying glass, these characteristics are clearly visible; in addition, Because the glaze layer of Changsha kiln products is very thin, the aging and vicissitudes of time naturally formed on the glaze surface and fetal bones are particularly obvious. On the contrary, the imitations of Changsha kiln in the Tang Dynasty have fresh bones, and the regularity of the shape and the curvature of the lines of the utensils are far inferior to the genuine ones. A discerning person can tell the difference at a glance; in addition, the glaze layer of the imitations is thick and uniform, and the glaze color Pure and bright, the glaze is bright and even dazzling, and there is no trace of natural peeling damage on the glaze surface. As long as we work hard to be "careful people" in practice, we will be familiar with the key to identifying Changsha kiln products in the Tang Dynasty, just like understanding the characteristics of other kiln products.
1. Brief introduction of Changsha Kiln
Changsha Kiln is located in the area from Shizhu Lake to Tongguan Town, 30 kilometers in the northern suburbs of Changsha, Hunan. It has lasted for thousands of years and experienced several ups and downs. Liu Yanshi, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, sang a poem about tea. "Hunan porcelain is full of light flowers", "Shui Jing Zhu" records: "The soil of Tongguan Mountain is suitable for pottery", Du Fu wrote the hymn "Tongguan Zhu Shou Feng" when passing Tongguan and other documents and records, as well as a large number of archaeological discoveries at home and abroad. According to cultural relics research, Changsha Kiln dates back to the early Tang Dynasty and flourished in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. It can be roughly divided into four phases:
The first phase: the early Tang Dynasty (618-684 AD), most of the porcelain It is a piece of celadon and ceramic sculpture art. Such as the twelve zodiac signs, tomb beasts, maids, musical figurines, barbarians, camels, chariots and horses, etc.
The second period: the prosperous Tang Dynasty (AD 684-756), mainly plain-glazed celadon, and colored porcelain began to appear. The third period; the middle Tang Dynasty (AD 756-840), based on the success of firing from single-color glaze to multi-color glaze, developed exquisite underglaze porcelain products, and used aphorisms, aphorisms and five-character and six-character porcelain The calligraphy decoration of porcelain with sentences as the content has formed a new form in ceramic craftsmanship and created a new era.
The fourth period: Late Tang Dynasty (841-907 AD), the shapes tend to be delicate and changeable, and decoration is popular in unique styles such as flower-and-bird paintings, printing, embossing, and single-form Xuan-dye paintings and glaze paintings. .
During the Five Dynasties, during the Huangchao Uprising, foreign merchants were massacred and export sales were hindered. Most of the Changsha kiln products had poor porcelain quality and many deglazing phenomena. They were not as fine, white and firm as those of the Xing kiln, and were found in the Hengzhou area of ??Hunan. The Jiangjia kiln, Wazidun kiln and Yuezhou Dongting Lake area fired a large number of celadon products similar to Yue kiln, which posed a great threat to the domestic market of Changsha kiln; in addition, the Changsha kiln was very large in scale, raw materials and fuel The increasing shortage of kilns forced the kiln owners to change the kiln site or find another way to make a living, which led to the decline of Changsha kilns in the late period. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Changsha kiln inherited and developed the traditional multi-color glaze skills, especially the research on verdigris glaze, sapphire blue glaze, and orange glaze. It also created vessels with various shapes and glazes. Glass products with bright colors like flowing clouds. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Tongguan Town's pottery production reached its peak, with twelve kilns and more than 600 pottery workers, and it was known as the pottery capital of Hunan. However, during the Republic of China, Changsha kiln ceramics suffered another setback. The artistic style plummeted and the kiln was on the verge of collapse. After liberation, under the leadership of the Party, after 40 years of restoration and transformation, production scale and manufacturing technology have developed rapidly, and excellent traditional skills have been revived and carried forward. It was also the first company in the country to successfully develop white stoneware and sesame glaze. Stoneware and fine iron stoneware series products are exported to more than 20 countries and regions such as the United States, Canada, Europe, Hong Kong and Macao along the ceramic road opened in the Middle Ages, allowing the Changsha kiln to regain its glory after thousands of vicissitudes.
2. Characteristics of Changsha kiln ceramic technology
(1) Characteristics of body, glaze and glaze color
Changsha kiln products can be divided into porcelain body and pottery body. The soil of the pottery body is impure and sandy. It turns brown or iron-grey after firing. It has a rough cross-section and high water absorption. It is commonly called cylinder tile body. Most of the porcelain bodies are off-white, fragrant gray or cyan gray, containing 1.5-2.5% iron, 72-76.34% SiO2, 16.67-20.73% Al2O3, about 1% TiO2, and SiO2/Ai2O3. 4.09 ±0.5, the chemical composition is similar to Zhejiang celadon and Jingdezhen porcelain. It is a porcelain body rich in oxidized silica with distinctive characteristics of the south.
The firing temperature of the products is about 1150-1200℃, most of them are fired raw, the cross-section of the porcelain body is thick, no translucency, the water absorption rate is 2-7%, the porosity is greater than 10%, and the glaze α> blank α. Most of the relics have cracks in their glazes. According to modern classification methods, they should be classified as stoneware (STONE WARE) products, or half pottery and half porcelain.
Most of the glazes are colored. A few products apply a slightly bluish white glaze on the gray-white body. Some also apply a thin layer of white or light gray cosmetic powder on the body first, and then apply the glaze. Increase the brightness of glaze color and enhance the decorative effect of painted patterns.
The glazes include green, sauce, white, green, red and three-color glazes.
Celadon glaze: The color is jujube yellow, jujube green, mustard green or shrimp green. The general feeling is that the green is slightly yellow, and it is generally called "celadon".
Sauce glaze: The lighter color is brown, coffee color, or sauce yellow; the darker color is sauce black. The sauce-colored glaze is often applied with a cyan base glaze first and then the sauce color. Some also apply the sauce glaze first and then cover it with a thin layer of transparent cyan-yellow glaze.
White glaze: The white glaze of Changsha kiln is opalescent or slightly light gray, shaped like gelatin, accumulated like wax tears, moist but not very shiny. Opaque, chipped, or with large ice cracks. It is similar to the products of "Ge Kiln", but inferior to the brightness and hardness of "Ding Porcelain".
Colored glaze: including sapphire blue glaze, malachite green glaze, red glaze, etc.
Sapphire blue glaze: The glaze color is like lake blue but not transparent, like clear water but not clear and green. The glaze is thick and elegant, or has a gem-like natural texture, which is similar to a gem, so it is called "sapphire blue glaze". Malachite green glaze: one is blue-green, which is covered with jujube yellow cover glaze to form grass green; the other is verdigris, which uses copper powder as the color base and burns malachite green at high temperature in an oxidizing flame.
Red color: There are purple-red, brown-red, red and green colors. This red color is undoubtedly caused by copper metal fired in a reducing flame.
Heavy color: In addition to underglaze painting and underglaze block glaze decoration, there are also celadon glazes covered with blue color.
(2) Production characteristics
Most of them are based on the windlass wheel system. Accessories and parts such as jar ears, pot handles, decals, etc. are made with a single mold or split molds and hand-kneading. , and also use techniques such as engraving, hollowing out, stacking plastics, and mold die-casting.
In addition to garden-shaped utensils, there are also flower-shaped, melon-shaped and fruit-shaped utensils, animal-like shapes, and metal utensils in the style of wine pots and wine cups that are adapted to the preferences of the Hu people. There are many varieties and rich shapes. The early products have plump and dignified shapes, with smooth and soft lines. Later products tend to have more elegant shapes. There is a tendency to create new ideas to suit the times, and most of them have the vigorous and unrestrained rhythm of the Tang Dynasty.
The main methods of glazing include glazing, dipping, pouring, dripping and coating.
(3) Decorative features
Use underglaze painted flowers (including calligraphy inscriptions), overglaze painted (without glaze on the surface), block glaze dipping (or additional stencil stickers) (film), splash-ink (color) rendering and other techniques as the main features. In addition, other crafts such as paper cutting and sculpture also appeared, and carved flowers were rarely used. Colorful underglaze is a unique new technology of Changsha kiln decoration.
Specifically, there are the following original features.
1. Plain glaze decoration: As early as the mid-Tang Dynasty, Changsha kiln introduced different contents of copper, iron, and manganese metal into the glaze as a color base, which was formed by firing with oxidizing flame or weak reducing flame. Celadon glaze, green glaze, sauce glaze, brown glaze, red glaze. Decorate with plain glaze.
2. Stenciled decal decoration. Stencil decals are made by first using clay to make the grape-pattern stamped clay pieces that Westerners use to make fine wines. They are baked at low temperatures and then applied with celadon glaze. The decals are then dipped in brown glaze for comprehensive decoration. After careful renovation, the product Smooth and clean, it was a high-end product suitable for export at that time.
3. Underglaze decoration is a unique and great innovation of Changsha kiln more than a thousand years ago. The underglaze decoration includes: (l) Underglaze brown color spot pattern. It uses iron-containing pigments to make a brown glaze. First, it is dyed with a spot pattern on the blank, and then covered with white glaze or green glaze. It is fired in a kiln at about 1170°C. The glaze surface is smooth and smooth, and the brown spots will never appear. fall off.
(2) Green spots under glaze. Generally, a single green material is used, but brown, green, and black are also used to form three colors. The tire is painted with spots to form various patterns such as rhombus, square, hexagon, ring, rhombus, etc., and then covered with green and yellow glaze. After firing, the color is extremely Blending.
(3) Underglaze green color. The porcelain workers used copper metal hair color to make green color, and randomly painted a few strokes of clouds or water ripples on the body, or freehand paintings of melons, fruits, and peppers, and covered them with transparent glazes. The colors were soft and the green colors were elegant.
(4) Brown-green underglaze painting. It is common to use brown and green materials to paint flower and bird themes on porcelain pillows. The layout is rigorous, the form is lively, full of spring and full of vitality.
In the early stages of Changsha kiln underglaze painting, there were also methods that combined carving and painting on the body. First, the outline of the flower and bird pattern was carved, and then the outline was filled with color, so that the picture produced a good three-dimensional effect. .
4. Text decoration and identification. It is also the origin of Changsha kiln, which has various forms.
(l) Poetry decoration. On many celadon-glazed pots from Changsha kiln, there are writings in brown material:
Spring water and spring ponds are full, spring grass grows in spring;
Spring people drink spring wine, and birds chirp. .
Entered Xinfeng (Feng) City. I can only smell the fragrance of old wine;
I hold the harp and get drunk, and lie down under the weeping poplar tree all day long.
Buyers feel melancholy, while sellers feel uneasy;
The poem written on the ampoule will be read by the buyer.
Wealth rises from the beginning, poverty never ends.
Guests should not go straight in, as the host will be angry;
If you knock on the door three or five times, someone will come out.
What use is it for a man to live in his own country?
The Mingyue family has everything, but gold is nowhere to be found.
Since you left, I have always kept my old ways;
Luoyang is a long way from here and doesn’t cost much gold.
(2) Advertising style. Changsha kiln porcelain products produced in North Korea's Longmei Island more than 40 years ago are burned with the inscriptions "Zheng's Xiaokou is the best in the world" and "Ka's Xiaokou is famous in the world". The celadon-glazed brown spot appliqué pot unearthed in Changsha in 1958 also has the character "Zhang" and "Chen Jiamei Chunjiu" in regular script.
What's more worth mentioning is that I found a poem written on a pot to express my mood: "Going to Guanshan is far away, walking to lakes and deep lakes, if I had known that today would be hard, I would be richer than the painter." Among them, the four characters "Guan, Yuan, Yu, and Shi" are all in simplified fonts, which shows that the porcelain workers of Changsha kiln had the desire to reform writing more than a thousand years ago. To sum up, the glaze, shape, color and decoration of Changsha kiln products are rich and varied, and they are coordinated and unified, clearly showing the characteristics of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and reflecting the ideological activities, yearning and pursuit of the broad masses. At the same time, great attention was paid to overseas practical requirements and cultural appreciation customs, highlighting the adaptability of exports and setting a model for the development of later generations of ceramics.
Appreciation and identification of Changsha kiln ceramics
--Peng Jianxiang (Master's student at the School of Packaging Design, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412008, Lecturer, Department of Fine Arts, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421008))
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Abstract: Changsha kiln, as a folk kiln without many documented records, emerged suddenly under the stimulation of the rapid economic and cultural development of the Tang Dynasty, creating new techniques of colorful underglaze painting, writing poetry and decoration and other artistic features. , rich cultural connotation, novel and unique shapes, and export sales of porcelain have made outstanding achievements, leaving a glorious chapter in the history of my country's ceramics. Hunan garden sculpture, Hunan Changsha foam sculpture, Hunan Changsha decorative sculpture, Changsha foam sculpture, Jin Yabei sculpture, Hunan prop production, Changsha prop production, Changsha animation clay model, Changsha garden sculpture. Currently, collecting Changsha kiln porcelain has become a craze, but on the market There are many fakes, so the author uses this article to discuss the appreciation and identification of Changsha kiln porcelain with collectors.
Keywords: Changsha Kiln; Appreciation; Appraisal;
Hunan Changsha Kiln, also known as Tongguan Kiln, was one of the largest celadon kilns in the south during the Tang Dynasty. Changsha Kiln began in the early Tang Dynasty. It flourished in the middle and late Tang Dynasty and lasted for more than 300 years in the Five Dynasties. The porcelain produced by it is rich in variety, beautiful and exquisite, and highly practical. These porcelains were painted with colorful patterns under the celadon glaze, breaking the monochromatic celadon glaze that dominated the world before the Tang Dynasty, and embarking on a new development path. Changsha kiln was the first milestone in my country's underglaze painting, laying the foundation for the development of colored porcelain after the Tang Dynasty. It is the pride of my country's colored porcelain craftsmanship.
To identify the authenticity of a piece of Changsha kiln ceramics, start with the quality of the body, glaze color, shape, decoration, style and even weight. Do not neglect these aspects during appraisal. If you only focus on one aspect and ignore other aspects, you will not be able to make an accurate judgment.
1. Identification based on the characteristics of Changsha kiln ceramic body quality and glaze color
There are two types of Changsha kiln underglaze painting. One is to use color to paint directly on the blank, then cover it with a layer of celadon glaze, and then calcine it in a kiln at high temperature. The second is to first carve patterns on the blank, apply color on it, then cover it with celadon glaze, and finally burn it in the kiln. Painted colors are commonly found in brown, green, pink blue, brown green or white. Hunan garden sculpture, Hunan Changsha foam sculpture, Hunan Changsha decorative sculpture, Changsha foam sculpture, Jin Yabei sculpture, Hunan prop production, Changsha prop production, Changsha animation clay model, Changsha garden sculpture Changsha kiln glaze characteristics are clearly reflected in the early Tang Dynasty The texture of the product is rough, less hard, dark red, slightly grayish-yellowish-green, the glaze layer is thin, and the glaze color is greenish-yellow, with a ginger-yellow tendency. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the color of the fetus was basically dark gray or light gray, the texture of the fetus was harder and finer than before, the bonding degree between the fetus and the glaze was greatly improved, and the degree of porcelain was quite high. The carcass of the Changsha kiln is generally thick, and the difference is obvious compared with the fetal bones of the Xing kiln at the same time.
The glaze color is mainly cyan glaze, in addition to white glaze and brown glaze. Cyan glaze is divided into two types: cyan-yellow and cyan-green. The glaze is fine and shiny, and when you observe the glaze, you can see that the surface is covered with colorless fine fragments. It is dense, even, and softly distributed, which is also a characteristic of the genuine article. The surface of the glaze is often uneven, and uneven thickness of the glaze layer can be seen in an object.
Changsha kiln underglaze painting uses copper oxide and iron oxide as colorants. Green is copper oxide, and red and brown are iron oxide. Iron oxide appears brown under the glaze and red on the glaze. There are more than a dozen red utensils unearthed from Changsha kiln, decorated with patterns of flowers, birds, animals and dragons. Changsha kilns are also decorated with poems.
Changsha kiln porcelain is inferior to Yue kiln celadon and Xing kiln and Ding kiln white porcelain in terms of texture density and molding sophistication, so the price is much cheaper. For example, a Changsha kiln pot from the same period was only priced at "five cents" (height 19 centimeters). A Yue kiln pan-mouth pot unearthed in Zhejiang was engraved with "the price was one thousand cents" (height 47.9 centimeters). The difference in size of the porcelain pots is less than 3 times, but the price difference is as much as 200 times. Therefore, it is not surprising that the high-quality and low-priced Changsha kiln became a best-seller at that time.
2. Decoration to identify
Changsha kiln belongs to the celadon system, and its decoration techniques are diverse, including engraving, scratching, engraving, stacking, printing, decals, painting, etc. The most creative ones are painting on the glaze. Various patterns are painted under the glaze. This kind of overglaze painting is not to paint on the fired porcelain body with white glaze, but to apply the glaze on the blank body, and then paint directly on it after the glaze is dry. , fired in the kiln, and completed in one go. This kind of overglaze painting is usually painted with colorful clouds, colorful mountains, colorful ribbons, colorful spots, colorful leaves and other patterns. This kind of painting can be used for Hunan garden sculptures, Hunan Changsha foam sculptures, Hunan Changsha decorative sculptures, Changsha foam sculpture, Jin Yabei sculpture, Hunan prop production, Changsha prop production, Changsha animation clay model, Changsha garden sculptures appear natural, vivid and smooth because of the blend of color and glaze, with the vivid vitality of ink painting
Painted decorations often include geometric patterns, such as squares, hexagons, rhombuses, circles, etc. There are also cloud ribbon patterns, mountain peak patterns, etc. These patterns are mostly made of pointillism, and some are also painted. Various flying birds, swimming dragons, animals, fish patterns, flowers, figures, etc. These paintings are simple and natural, with a strong flavor of folk life, creating a new world of porcelain decoration art. and other techniques are used in ceramic decoration. Secondly, some products reflect the connotation of Buddhist culture and Islamic culture. Since they are exported to West Asia and other places, some exotic-style decorations such as dates even appear in some products. In addition, there are images of Western characters such as blond curly girls and exotic lovers, as well as patterns reflecting polo and other sports scenes. In addition, some philosophical mottos and folk proverbs also appear in Changsha kiln products. Hunan Changsha decorative sculpture, Changsha foam sculpture, Jin Yabei sculpture, Hunan prop production, Changsha prop production, Changsha animation clay model, Changsha garden sculpture
The Changsha kiln flower and bird paintings are elegant and vivid in shape, lifelike and exaggerated. The shapes are derived from real life and nature, with careful observation and deep understanding of objective images. The objects painted are not simply tracings, but bold selections, refinements, exaggerations, and transformations based on tracings, resulting in extraordinary glazes. The art of underglaze painting is completely freehand and playful. This simple and rough image has a strong symbolic meaning.
The use of decorative patterns in underglaze painting in Changsha Kiln is original, including landscapes, figures, flowers and birds. It is a very common scene on both sides of the Xiangjiang River. The kiln workers picked it up casually, and the painted utensils immediately became vivid and interesting. It is not only a portrayal of the natural customs on both sides of the Xiangjiang River, but also a relic of the kiln workers' survival intelligence and interest. It shows a kind of frankness, Rustic beauty.
Stenciling and decals are also unique styles of Changsha Kiln. To imprint, the required patterns are usually carved first to make a mold. In some cases, the engraved mold is directly slapped on the blank of the utensil to reveal the pattern; in some cases, the pattern is embossed on a thin piece of clay, and then the celadon glaze is applied. , the patterns often include flying phoenix, flying birds, flying geese, butterflies, lions, walking deer, Pisces, warriors and so on. The composition of these patterns is simple, the lines are of decent thickness, uniform and powerful, and there is no complicated, superfluous or dull feeling.
Painting on clay is like painting on raw materials, with the effect of penetrating.
The special effects produced by clay and glaze during the firing process often bring unexpected visual surprises to people. Hunan garden sculpture, Hunan Changsha foam sculpture, Hunan Changsha decorative sculpture, Changsha foam sculpture, Jin Yabei sculpture, Hunan prop production, Changsha prop production, Changsha animation clay model, Changsha garden sculpture Changsha kiln underglaze painting art mostly uses copper red first The iron lines are outlined and then rendered with a large pen dipped in patina and other colors to emphasize the interest of the brushwork and ink.
Changsha kiln works are written in a free and bold way, which is entirely the use of calligraphy skills. They penetrate the kiln blank, are energetic and unrestrained, and are rhythmic nature, expressing the kiln workers' conception of a deeper life image.
3. Identification from the shape of Changsha kiln ceramics
Changsha kiln has a rich variety of shapes, including plates, dishes, bowls, cups, washbasins, basins, bottles, cans, pots, pillows, boxes, study utensils, figures, There are many categories and styles of animals, toys, etc. A kind of pot is common among Changsha kiln products. It has a wide mouth, short straight neck, sloping shoulders, and a long belly. The belly gradually tapers to the soles of the feet. The body has melon-shaped and oblong shapes. There is a circle at the bottom of the foot. The bottom can be divided into flat bottom and flat bottom. Bi bottom, circle foot. Hunan garden sculptures, Hunan Changsha foam sculptures, Hunan Changsha decorative sculptures, Changsha foam sculptures, Jin Yabei sculptures, Hunan props production, Changsha props production, Changsha animation clay models, Changsha garden sculptures. The flat bottom ones are early products, and the bi-bottom ones are slightly later. , the circle is the last. There is a flow on the shoulder, which is divided into two types: long meandering flow and short flow. The short flow is cut on six or eight sides, which looks antique, full of folk flavor, and has the characteristics of the times. This form of short flow often appears in Yue kiln pots of the same period. The belly of the flow is often painted with various patterns. The symmetrical position of the flow is a flat handle between the upper end of the neck and the shoulder. The shape of the entire pot gives people a sense of simplicity, simplicity, practicality and beauty.
The sculpture art of Changsha kiln is very successful, including figures and animals. The characters include ladies, fat children, ladies playing the piano, girls playing the flute, men, women and children holding objects, riding lions, horsemen and so on. There are also many kinds of animals, including majestic lions, clumsy elephants, good-running horses, brave puppies, clever rabbits, fat and stupid piglets, docile sheep, cheerful birds, etc. There are chickens, geese, ducks, etc. These sculptures are all made with concise techniques. Although they are not precise enough, they still have accurate and expressive forms. They are really vivid and endearing.
Four. Identification from Changsha kiln ceramics' markings
Changsha kiln ceramics' markings are one of the important basis for identifying and studying ancient ceramics. They are also an important part of reflecting the age, kiln mouth, grade and quality of ancient ceramics. Its significance goes far beyond the scope of ancient ceramics themselves. Hunan garden sculpture, Hunan Changsha foam sculpture, Hunan Changsha decorative sculpture, Changsha foam sculpture, Jin Yabei sculpture, Hunan prop production, Changsha prop production, Changsha animation clay model, Changsha garden sculpture. For example, the "Bian" that appeared in Changsha kiln utensils of the Tang Dynasty The names "Jia Xiaokou is the best in the world" and "Zheng Jia Xiaokou is famous all over the world" can help us know that "Bian Jia" and "Zheng Jia" were two kiln households with good product quality and strong economic strength in Changsha kilns in the Tang Dynasty. It can also be understood that product competition in the ceramic industry already existed objectively at that time.
The brilliance of Changsha kiln works is not only due to the first colorful underglaze, but also because of its poetic and picturesque cultural taste. Among the works he unearthed, there are poems and aphorisms, some reflecting the business activities of merchants, the life of singing houses and brothels, the wanderers and travelers, the longing for parting and lovesickness, the frontier battles and religious activities. They are easy to understand and emotional. Read between the lines. Calligraphy is also very skillful. There are pictures, figure paintings, animal paintings, flowers and plants, landscape paintings, the abdomen of bowls and bowls, and the inner center of bowls and plates. The themes are wide and the styles are diverse. They break through the shackles of previous folk religious themes and lay the foundation for landscape, figure, flower and bird paintings in the Tang Dynasty. It emerged in the modern era and became the foundation of an independent painting genre.
On the basis of traditional empirical methods, from the perspective of social culture, we use many natural sciences, philosophy and social science knowledge such as physics, chemistry, literature, history, ethnology, folklore, society Science, ethics, psychology, philology, astronomy and calendar, ceramic history, art history, calligraphy history and commodity value, etc., forming a related knowledge group around ancient porcelain, Hunan garden sculpture, Hunan Changsha foam sculpture, Hunan Changsha decoration Sculpture, Changsha foam sculpture, Jin Yabei sculpture, Hunan prop production, Changsha prop production, Changsha animation clay model, Changsha garden sculpture use this knowledge group to filter and examine all appearances and information of the identified ancient porcelain, and eliminate flaws in fakes be revealed and denied.
The reason why the knowledge group method is useful is that any ancient porcelain artifact is the product of a certain social and cultural background and is bound to be marked by the times, and this mark was unintentionally counterfeited at the time. The bottom is naturally marked. Second, it is impossible for modern counterfeiters to completely return to the ancient level in terms of production conditions, technical means and even cultural awareness for making porcelain. However, it is impossible for modern counterfeiters to fully master and understand all aspects involved in the knowledge group method from the level of social culture. It is even more impossible to create fake knowledge based on this knowledge. Of course, it is impossible for people who engage in ancient porcelain appraisal to know everything about the various knowledge involved in the knowledge group method. However, the knowledge group method is a new method based on the traditional empirical method of ancient porcelain identification. Its identification ideas and methods can broaden the identification vision and open up new identification methods.
Through the guidance of this method and by consulting relevant information, porcelain appraisers can make scientific and correct identifications and judgments about the authenticity of relevant aspects of the objects being appraised. In addition, modern scientific and technological methods such as thermoluminescence dating, elemental identification, carbon 14 dating technology, and ceramic enamel aging coefficient identification are gradually being used in identification.
From the general historical and scientific development trends, Hunan garden sculpture, Hunan Changsha foam sculpture, Hunan Changsha decorative sculpture, Changsha foam sculpture, Jin Yabei sculpture, Hunan prop production, Changsha prop production, Changsha Animation clay model, Changsha garden sculpture modern scientific and technological methods will definitely play a leading role in porcelain appraisal, and it will be an authoritative protagonist. This is determined by the objective laws of the development of science and technology.