Philosopher: As the name implies, it was hundred schools of thought in the pre-Qin period.
Brief introduction of a hundred schools of thought contend
1. Confucianism: Representative figures: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Works: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi.
Confucianism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it took Confucius as the teacher, took the six arts as the law, advocated "propriety and benevolence", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and impartial "golden mean", advocated "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attached importance to moral and ethical education and human cultivation.
Confucianism emphasizes the role of education, and thinks that attaching importance to education and neglecting punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. Advocating "no class for all" means educating both the rulers and the ruled, so that the whole country can become a virtuous person.
Politically, he also advocated ruling the country by courtesy and convincing people by virtue, and called for the restoration of the "Zhou Li", which he thought was the ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, among which Mencius and Xunzi were the most important.
Second, Taoism: representatives: Laozi and Zhuangzi. Works: Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi.
Taoism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period, also known as "Taoists". Based on Laozi's "Tao" theory at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, this school uses "Tao" to explain the essence, origin, composition and change of all things in the universe. It is believed that heaven does nothing and everything is transformed naturally. It denies that gods and ghosts dominate everything, advocates that Taoism is natural, let nature take its course, and advocates that quietism and women should be soft. The political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different factions. There are four famous schools: Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song Yin School and Huang Lao School.
Third, Mohist school: representative figure: Mozi. Works: Mozi
Mohism was an important school in the Warring States Period, and its founder was Mo Zhai.
The theoretical basis of this school is "mutual love and mutual benefit": treat others as yourself; Love is to love others as yourself. The purpose of "mutual benefit" can only be achieved by "blind date in the world" Politically, he advocated respecting sages and Shang Tong without attacking; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts. At the same time, it also puts forward the idea of "non-life" and emphasizes self-reliance.
Mohism has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, everyone can get rid of fire and knife to motivate themselves. His disciples are having a debate, which is called "Mo Debate". Those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; The leader called it a "giant". Its discipline is strict, it is said that "Mohist law, the murderer dies, and the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu").
After Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. By the late Warring States period, it merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, which was called "Mohist post-study" (also known as "late Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Legalists: representatives: Han Fei, Li Si. Works: Han Feizi
Legalism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is called a legalist because it advocates the rule of law, "don't be intimate, don't be extremely noble, and be divorced from the law." In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of legalist thought. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa", Shen Dao's "Teacher" and Shen Wu's "Shu" and combined the thoughts and theories of Legalists.
Economically, this school advocates abandoning mineral fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing the enfeoffment system, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation and ruling by severe punishment and strict law; In ideological education, we should ban the theory of a hundred schools of thought, take law as teaching and officials as teachers. His theory provides a theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy.
There are 2 17 legalist works recorded in Hanshu, and nearly half of them exist, among which Shang Jun and Han Feizi are the most important.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Famous artists: Representative figures: Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong, Huan Tuan. Works: Gongsun Zilong
Celebrities are one of the important schools in the Warring States period, and they are called celebrities by later generations because they are engaged in the main academic activities of arguing names (names, concepts) and facts (facts). At that time, people called them "debaters", "judges" or "famous criminals". Representative figures are Hui Shi and GongSunLong.
6. Yin and Yang Family: Representative: Zou Yan.
Yin-Yang School is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, which was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and explaining social personnel. This school originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendars in ancient times, and its representative was Zou Yan, a Qi man in the Warring States Period.
Yin-yang theory holds that Yin-yang is the opposing and transforming force of things themselves, which can be used to explain the law of development and change of things. The five elements theory holds that everything is composed of five elements: wood, fire, earth, gold and water, and there are two laws that can be used to explain the origin and change of everything in the universe. Zou Yan combined the two, interpreted the attributes of the five elements as "five virtues" according to the theory that the five elements are mutually dependent and mutually resistant, and established the theory that "five virtues begin and end", which was the law of the rise and fall of dynasties in the past, and provided a theoretical basis for establishing a new unified dynasty.
Twenty-one kinds of works of this school are recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, all of which have been lost. The Book of Rites and the Moon Order, written at the end of the Warring States Period, is said to be a work of Yin and Yang. Some articles in Guanzi also belong to Yin and Yang works, and some Yin and Yang materials are also preserved in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Yingtong, Huainan Custom Instructions and Qin Shihuang's Biography.
Seven. Strategist: Representative figures: Su Qin and Zhang Yi. The main remarks were circulated in the Warring States Policy.
The strategists were China's advisers who lobbied the governors and engaged in political and diplomatic activities with the strategy of "horizontal and vertical cooperation" during the Warring States Period. Be listed as one of the schools of thought. The main representatives are Su Qin and Yi Cheung.
During the Warring States period, the north and south were vertical and the east and west were horizontal. Su Qin advocated that Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu should unite to repel Qin, while Zhang Yi tried to break the alliance. The six countries of Lian Heng were under the control of Qin respectively, hence the name. Their activities had an important influence on the changes of political and military structure during the Warring States period.
There are a lot of records about its activities in the Warring States Policy. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, strategists wrote Sixteen Books and Seventeen Articles.
Eight. Saint: Representative: Lv Buwei.
Miscellaneous school was a comprehensive school at the end of the Warring States Period. It is named after "Confucianism and Mohism, the method of combining names" and "hundred schools of thought's way is consistent" (Han Shu Literature and Art Annals and Yan's Notes). Lu Chunqiu, compiled by the gathering guests in Qin Dynasty, is a typical miscellaneous book.
Nine, farmers,
Nongjiale is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is named after attaching importance to agricultural production. This was sent by an official in charge of agricultural production in ancient times. They believe that agriculture is the basis of food and clothing, and should be put in the first place in all work. On Mencius Teng Wengong, Xu Xing was recorded as a man, "for the words of Shennong", and it was put forward that sages should "plow with the people and eat, and eat for the people", which showed the social and political ideals of farmers. This evening also pays attention to recording and summarizing agricultural production technology and experience. The chapters in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, such as Shang Nong, Man and Land, Border Land and Current Affairs, are considered to be important materials for studying farmers in the pre-Qin period.
10. Novelist,
Novelists, one of the nine pre-Qin writers, collect folk stories and investigate people's feelings and customs. "Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi" said: "Novelists are all officials. Talk in the street and listen to what the speaker has done. 」
Brief introduction of a hundred schools of thought contend
In the contention of a hundred schools of thought, Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, stood out from the contention of a hundred schools of thought because he inherited the cultural orthodoxy of three generations in the Central Plains. Thus, Confucianism not only occupies a prominent position in the contention of a hundred schools of thought, but also becomes the mainstream and core content of traditional culture, which has an unparalleled influence on the formation of the Chinese national spirit. In fact, we can say that Confucianism is not an academic or school in the usual sense. Confucianism is the cultural essence of the Chinese nation and the embodiment of China's inherent value system. It has penetrated into every capillary of traditional culture, and greatly influenced all fields of China culture. All doctrines, sects, and even foreign cultures and religions produced from the soil of China can't avoid bringing traces of Confucian culture. Today, not only that. Confucianism has also had a permanent impact on world culture (as we know, Japan and the "Four Little Dragons" praised Confucianism as a prescription to solve the crisis of faith and moral decline brought about by modernization after realizing or basically realizing modernization. The so-called "Southeast Asian cultural circle" is basically a cultural composition model with Confucianism as the main body. It has effectively promoted the social civilization and progress in Southeast Asia. With the development of history, Confucian ethics is entering western countries.
Regarding the classification of the hundred schools, Sima Tan listed six schools. "This is the focus of the Six Classics: Yi Da Legend:' The world is consistent without worry, and all roads lead to the same goal. "Yang Fuyin, Confucianism, Mohism, fame, law, morality, this is also a ruler" ("Historical Records Biography of Taishigong"). Liu Xin's "Seven Views" in Hanshu can be divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Law, Ming, Mohism, Vertical and Horizontal, Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Novel. In addition to novelists, they are called "nine-legged and full".
Philosophers are the general name of political schools because the basic purpose of their schools is to provide political strategies for monarchs. Confucianism advocates reforming the people with morality; Taoism advocates governing by doing nothing; Legalists advocate that credit must be punished; Mohism advocates universal love for Shang Tong; Famous scholars advocate respecting soldiers and restraining generals. After the Han Dynasty, Mohism and famous scholars became juexue, farmers became a technical discipline independently, and Yin and Yang schools evolved into metaphysics. Therefore, only Confucianism, Taoism and law have an influence on the politics of the later unified dynasty.
Many thoughts of a hundred schools of thought have left profound enlightenment to future generations. Such as Confucian "benevolent policy" and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you"; Mencius' ancient democratic thought; Dialectics of Taoism; Mohist scientific thought; Legalist materialism; The military thoughts of military strategists are still shining today. Even the sophistry master initiated the logic field in the history of China's philosophy. We can and should learn from the vigorous and promising spirit of Confucianism, and encourage ourselves to be full of vitality and work hard; Learn the Confucian spirit of loyalty to the country and cultivate their patriotic feelings; Learn from the Confucian spirit of "controlling benefits with righteousness" to enlighten yourself to treat material interests correctly, and learn from the Confucian spirit of benevolence to cultivate their noble sentiment of loving the people; Learn from the Confucian concept of honesty and cultivate their own independent personality with self-respect and self-improvement; We should also learn from Mohism's "universal love", "Shang Xian" and "frugality"; Taoism's "less selfish desires" and "Taoism is natural"; Legalists' thought of "abolishing private interests" and so on.
Talking clearly: Celebrities in Wei and Jin dynasties took talking clearly as the main way, and made in-depth discussions on many philosophical propositions, such as nature and purpose, existence and non-existence, movement, unity and multi-existence, body and use, speech and meaning, nature and famous religion. There is a set of established procedures for speaking, and there is usually an opponent who causes controversy when speaking. An argument is either a rebuttal or a discussion. In general, the two sides of the debate are divided into subject and object, and the number is unlimited, sometimes two, sometimes three or even more. The seat of conversation is called Tan Zuo, the language of conversation is called Tan Duan, the quotation of speech is called Tan Zheng, and the language of conversation is called Tan Feng. In the process of conversation, one party puts forward his own opinions on the subject content to establish his own argument, while the other party overturns the other party's conclusion and establishes his own theory through dialogue "questioning". In the process of discussing difficulties with the other party, others can also express their opinions for or against the topic discussed. At the end of the discussion, it is called "talking about help". Either the subject and the object are in harmony, shaking hands and making peace, or holding their own words, so someone comes out to mediate and temporarily end the discussion. This is called "once", and there may be "four times" and "three times" in the future, until it is concluded that the winner is king and the loser is kou.
Content and form of "talking clearly" in Wei and Jin Dynasties
During the Wei and Jin dynasties, the wind of "talking clearly" prevailed in society. "Talking clearly" is relative to talking about common things, also known as "talking clearly". When the gentry and celebrities meet, they don't talk about the country or the people's livelihood. Who wants to talk about how to govern the country, how to make the people of Qiang Bing rich, who has made remarkable achievements and so on. Be sneered at and satirized for talking about worldly things. Therefore, talking about Laozi, Zhuangzi and Zhouyi instead of worldly matters is called "making it clear".
This kind of "talking clearly" was very popular at that time, especially for the ruling class and educated people, and it was regarded as a noble thing and a romantic move. They discuss and debate together, express their different opinions, put forward their own opinions and support their arguments, thus refuting others. Because of the universal participation of the upper class, "making it clear" has become a fashion.
The way to "make it clear" is mostly oral. As far as spoken English is concerned, there are several ways. One is the dialogue between two people, which is the so-called subject-object answer. A person who puts forward his own views on a problem is called a "master"; People who raise different opinions and questions are called "guests". The main form of "making it clear" is that the subject and object ask and answer each other, so it is difficult to go back and forth. Second, one host has many guests or one guest has many guests. However, the subject and object are all dominated by one person, and the rest can be interrupted. The third is "both subject and object". When others have no superior opinions to express, someone can set their own doubts and answer them to express their superior opinions. Once, everyone argued about a problem, and in the end they were all inarticulate. Xie An, the prime minister at that time, "narrated his meaning and wrote more than 10,000 words", which Kan Kan talked about very insightful. After that, I was full of self-satisfaction, and there was nothing to admire about four seats.
At that time, people took * * * as a good opportunity to express their feelings, and many celebrities and idlers were keen on it. But its purpose is not to discuss politics, but to entertain and show their lofty, officials and literati do not talk about secular things. "Preface to the Lanting Pavilion" said, "In the ninth year of Yonghe, at the end of spring, I will repair things in the Lanting Pavilion in Huiji Mountain. A group of talented people have arrived, but few of them are long and salty ... ""Shaving "was originally an activity of bathing and descaling, splashing water on orchids and praying for good luck on March 3, but" there are many talents, but few of them are long and salty "is obviously more than ordinary" shaving "; It is a large-scale talk show of scholars in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
"Make it clear" is a debate speech, which is similar to modern speech in that it requires a new and different point of view and needs to "see what people have not seen, say what people have not said, and explore the subtleties of justice in order to reach the realm of beauty". If you follow in others' footsteps and learn from others' wisdom, and there is nothing new, it will be very annoying. Sun Sheng went to Yin Hao's house to "make it clear" and refused to leave until he forgot to eat and sleep. If they all talk about the same old story, they won't be attracted to each other.
A good "talk" certainly requires unconventional theoretical ideas and superb language expression skills. On one occasion, Liu Ba went to Wang Meng's house to "talk". After Liu left, Wang Meng's son asked his father, "Who won, you or Liu Ba?" Wang Meng said: "Although rhyme is not as good as mine, it beats me when it comes to breaking." Rhyme and rhyme are very beautiful, very pleasant to listen to, "to break" is theoretically, an instant hit. The former includes intonation, harmony and accurate and sharp words, which is the form of "speaking clearly"; The latter is the content of the conversation. It can be seen that Wang Meng keeps pace with the content and form of "making it clear".
In a "conversation", the atmosphere is generally casual. When excited, it is usually assisted by gestures, body movements and even dancing. When I get drunk, I have no scruples and some rude words.
"Speak clearly" also has sophists. Of course, sophists need to have quick thinking and eloquence. Wang Gouzi and argued that Wang Gouzi could not win, but on the other hand, "Xu Fu holds, Wang Peng Xu Li" (actually exchanging propositions), Wang Gouzi still lost. This shows how clever Xu Xun's sophistry is.
Qing Tan was developed to meet the needs of the feudal literati class at that time. It inherited the atmosphere of leisure in the Eastern Han Dynasty and debated some metaphysical issues repeatedly. Wang Bi and other metaphysical scholars are famous representatives. As a result of the development of metaphysics, Qing Tan is inevitably nihilistic, and later generations hit the nail on the head: "Talking about nothingness is like listening to Qiu Chan, a frog in spring."
As a historical and cultural phenomenon, "please speak" corresponds to the political phenomenon of aristocratic system and feudal hierarchical privilege in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Its corresponding economic foundation is the powerful landlord economy and gentry manor economy since the end of Han Dynasty. With the collapse of the gentry system, the gentry's political and economic privileges are lost, which is bound to decline.
Literary interpretation
Also known as "Qing Tan". 1. Elegant speech. The second song of Liu Hanzhen's "Giving Five Senses to a Corps Commander": "Talk about the same day and evening, and hope to talk about my worries." Tang Du Fu's poem "Send Gauss to Find Langzhou Seal": "Talk about a good sentence to comfort the old lady." Wei Zhuang, a poet of the former Shu Dynasty, wrote a poem: "Don't ask for a bunk shop, just talk about protecting Han and Chu." Qing Zhaolian's "Xiao Ting Zalu Yin Wen Duangong": "Gong Qing talks about dry clouds, especially playing it right."
2. Still a clear discussion. The content of the talk is mainly the criticism of people and current events. Biography of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi and Xu Jing: "Although Jing is over seventy years old, he is a philharmonic figure, and he never tires of talking after being lured." Jin Bao Pu Zi Ji Miao: "Shu Ren has the law of playing with women ... but if people have been doing it for a long time, they can't feel their mistakes, or they can't ban it, they can't stop it unless they are severely punished." Biography of Liang Shu Shen Yue: "I'm conceited and talented, but I don't know honor or profit. I'm tired of taking advantage of the world and talking about it. "
3. It is said that in Wei and Jin Dynasties, people advocated Laozi and Zhuangzi and talked about Hyunri. Also known as metaphysical conversation. The focus of the conversation is the difference between existence and termination. It began with He Wei, Yan, Wang Bi and so on in the Three Kingdoms. It flourished in the Jin Dynasty and extended to Qi Liang. Wei Yingkun of the Three Kingdoms wrote "Book with Assistant Minister Cao": "Fortunately, I am neck and neck with Jade Toe, and I am in no hurry to say anything." "Book of Jin, Recluse Biography, Lu Bao": "Jing Yi is dressed in clothes, and he is tired; I'm tired of talking and sleeping. " Wang Anshi's poem "Xie An" in the Song Dynasty: "Xie Gongcai is beyond his power and talks about helping the world by mistake." Wei Qingyuan's "Fourteen Chapters of Raiders": "People who talked in the Wei and Jin Dynasties were also people in the Eastern Han Dynasty." Lu Xun's collection of Wei and Jin demeanor and the relationship between articles and medicine and wine: "After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, you can see from the book Shi Shuo Xin Yu that you should not make a fuss."
4. Later generations also refer to general unrealistic comments. Taiping Tianyu Hong Rengan's "Military Discipline": "So far I have been committed to the eight-part essay and the six laws, making things clear and leaving the facts behind." Sha Ting recalled Comrade Shao Quanlin and said, "Some people falsely claimed that Comrade Quan Lin likes to be' straight'. Don't! Although we talked a lot, he never talked empty talk. "
5. It refers to general gossip. Preface to Shen Qingtao's "Talk in Meditation": "Or talk with Su." Wang Kaiyun's Preface to the Records of Guiyang County: "The ghosts and gods outside Guiyang can clear the capital of Tan and are indispensable." Sha Ting's "trapped beast" XI: "The main pastime here is talking.
People-oriented: in the development history of the Chinese nation for thousands of years, under the basic national conditions of a large population, people's support is not only related to national security, but also restricts the overall situation of society. This has formed a unique cultural phenomenon, which is the Confucian people-oriented culture. Confucian people-oriented culture is a people-oriented culture. The central idea is that the governance of a country should be people-oriented. This is a basic idea about politicians governing the country and a culture about social center of gravity and the country.
About people-oriented, some important ancient books have long been recorded. For example, in the Spring and Autumn Annals written by Yan Zi, I asked: "People-oriented", in Guan Zi Eight Lords, "People-oriented", and in the pseudo-ancient book Song of Five Sons, I said: "People only care about the country, and the country is peaceful". Since then, as a unique cultural phenomenon in the history of China, Confucian people-oriented culture is not a thinker's personal ideology and culture, but is generally concerned and expounded by most Confucianism and politicians in history. It is not the ideology and culture of a certain historical period in the history of China, but a long-standing ideology and culture that runs through the whole ancient China society. Confucian people-oriented culture has a solid theoretical foundation, perfect ethical norms and outstanding core values.
The relationship between ceremony and law;