Of all mammals, only human beings have the ability to realize their existence. They do not exist as egos related to the outside world, nor as ontologies interacting with other things in the world.
Man exists through the existence of the world, and the world exists because of man's existence. Heidegger expounded the meaning of "existence" in this way: the nature it already has.
In other words, you must have "you" before you can have "you"; If it doesn't exist at all, it will never exist. To solve the problem of "existence", we must trace back to a kind of "existence", which has been made clear when we don't know what it looks like.
During the Marburg period, Heidegger began to write his main work Being and Time. 1927 February, Being and Time was officially published, the first time in the eighth volume of the Yearbook of Phenomenology, and the second time as a separate book. This book laid the foundation of his life's philosophical activities and was regarded as an important work of modern existentialism philosophy, which made him famous.
Half a year later, Berlin awarded the title of full professor. 194 1 republished, Heidegger deleted the dedication to Husserl in Being and Time, and claimed that he was under pressure from the publisher Max Namr.
Heidegger is one of the founders and main representatives of existentialism philosophy in the 20th century. Born into a Catholic family in Meskirch near Freiburg in Baden, southwest Germany, he died in Meskirch, Germany.
Baidu encyclopedia-Heidegger.
2. Why does humanitarianism exist? These virtues are the basic virtues of human beings, not only the moral basis of human self-development and self-improvement, but also the important conditions and signs of social development and progress. In particular, humanitarianism is an important public morality, which advocates respect and trust, friendship, equality and mutual assistance among people, attaches importance to people's value and status, and emphasizes the promotion of human nature. In socialist society, only by establishing and developing a new relationship of equality, unity, friendship and mutual assistance between people can socialist humanitarianism be truly carried forward. Ignoring the education of humanitarianism and basic morality leads to the obvious decline of teenagers' basic moral literacy and the increase of uncivilized and indifferent behavior. Many students don't know how to talk about humanism. The existence of this situation requires strengthening the education of humanitarianism and social morality for young students.
The main points of humanitarianism and social morality education are to carry forward socialist humanitarianism, cultivate civilized behavior and cultivate good quality.
Outlook on life is the fundamental outlook on life. Different outlook on life will directly affect people's different thoughts and behaviors, and restrict people from choosing different life directions and paths. It is very important for everyone to form a correct outlook on life, especially for young students who have just stepped into society. In order to point out the correct life direction and path for teenagers and correct their views on the world and social development, we must organize them to study Marxism seriously and educate them to have a correct outlook on life and a scientific world outlook.
The focus of education on correct outlook on life and scientific world outlook is to improve theoretical cultivation, lay a good foundation for the formation of correct outlook on life and world outlook, correct one's understanding and attitude towards life at any time, and gradually learn to look at problems with Marxist viewpoints and methods.
3. The history of letters, another name of letters is "letter", which is only in modern times. In the long historical process, due to the evolution of books and materials, letters have many aliases and reputations. Here are a few examples.
Bamboo slips, Cambodian slips, Zagreb slips and iron slips are also called ancient books and bamboo slips, books and the like can be called Jane, and letters and the like can also be called Jane. There is a difference between a book and an abbreviated version. The length of the book is appropriate, while the abbreviated version is more than zero. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, "Cambodia" was also written in "Jian". It is still in use today. Zagreb is a small wooden slip used in ancient Chinese characters, which was later used as another name for letters. Letters written on silk in ancient times were called posts, such as some miscellaneous posts written by famous calligraphers Zhong You, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi, which were short letters with meaningful feelings.
Writing paper, plain paper and elegant paper are small and luxurious, and plain paper is white raw silk. Many ancient people wrote letters on writing paper and plain paper. John is a bird feather and was used as a pen in ancient times. Therefore, stationery, elements and letters are usually called letters. Later, with the development of written materials, people still like to use words such as elegance, plainness and Hua Han as the laudatory name of letters.
The envelope of a letter is called a letter, and each letter is called a letter. Later, letters were used instead of letters.
Footprint knee, book edition. Ancient envelops were about one foot long, so they were called letters, also known as "ruler element", "ruler Han", "ruler Jane", "ruler paper" and "ruler book", which generally referred to letters.
Yanzu, Yan Bo, Yan Shu and Luan Jian recorded the story of Su Wu in Hanshu, saying that Su Wu was detained by Xiongnu and herded sheep in Beihai. Later, Han Ting asked Xiongnu to return Su Wu, and Xiongnu lied that Wu was dead. The Han envoy said Khan, and the Han emperor got the goose of the Northern Song Dynasty in the forest garden. The goose was full of silk, saying that Su Wu and others were in a river, so Khan had to release Su Wu to Han. Thus, letters became synonymous with goose feet, goose silks and goose books. For another example, Shu in Song Dynasty was good at taking ten-color notes, and there were hidden lines of flowers and trees on the notes, so he gave the letters another name: Luan Notes.
Eight-part essay used to be vertical stationery, divided into eight lines with red lines, and the letters are also called eight-part essay.
In addition, such as letter, Jane, single, slide, knee, ruler, letter, news, audio, audio query, audio mail, audio letter, audio book, etc., are also used as pronouns of letters. For another example, handwritten letters are called calligraphy, short messages are called short messages, short books are short messages, short messages are called answers, Buddhist letters are called legal posts, letters that sever contact with people are called dear John, letters without names are called anonymous letters, and anonymous letters that slander are called flying books, flying articles and flying chapters, and so on.
4. The development and significance of modern medical humanitarianism. The meaning of medical humanitarianism: medical humanitarianism refers to the ethical thought of showing sympathy, caring for patients, respecting patients' personality and rights, safeguarding patients' interests and cherishing the value and quality of human life in medical activities, especially in the relationship between doctors and patients.
2. The historical development of medical humanitarianism;
(1) Simple humanitarianism in ancient times
(2) Modern medical humanitarianism
(3) Modern medical humanitarianism
3. The core content of medical humanitarianism:
(1) Respect the patient's life
(2) Respect the patient's personality
(3) Respect patients' equal medical rights.
(4) Respect the value of life and safeguard the overall interests of mankind.
5. With regard to Faust and his humanitarian development, Faust's self-improvement and pursuit of truth have gone through five stages: study life, love life, political life, pursuit of classical beauty and making contributions.
These five stages all have realistic basis, which highly condensed the spiritual course from Renaissance to1the early years of the 9th century when the bourgeoisie in Germany and even Europe explored and strived for the first place. Here, Faust can be said to be a symbolic artistic image, and Goethe shaped him into the incarnation of the fate of all mankind.
Of course, the so-called all mankind is actually an expansion of the typical image of an advanced intellectual during the rise of the bourgeoisie. It is no different from other bourgeois thinkers in the Enlightenment, and Goethe also regards this class as the representative of all mankind.
Faust out of the dark's study entered the natural and broad real life, which embodied the anti-feudal spirit from the Renaissance, the Religious Reform to the "Frontline" movement, awakened bourgeois ideology, denied religious theology and criticized the dark reality. The love tragedies in Faust and Margain's Tears reflect and deny the selfish philosophy of pursuing narrow personal happiness and hedonism.
The political failure shows the illusion of the political ideal of the enlightened monarch in the Enlightenment. The unfortunate ending of the combination with Helen declared the disillusionment of modern people's aesthetic education and humanitarian ideal of classical beauty.
In the end, Faust found the true meaning of life in the grand cause of mobilizing the masses to transform nature and create a paradise on earth. From this, we can easily see the shadow of the "rational kingdom" repeatedly described by the enlighteners in the18th century, and also vaguely hear the voice of utopian socialists calling for the future in the19th century.
6. Why do you say that existentialism, that is, humanitarian existentialism, focuses on self-awareness at this moment, emphasizes self-awareness and self-experience, expresses individual self-understanding of the world and others from the perspective of self-awareness, and advocates that all thinking judgments should be understood from the perspective of "I", and it is not necessary to easily agree with others and identify with others or even the whole world. Therefore, in the eyes of ordinary people, feelings such as pain, suffering and loneliness can be a way to express the meaning of "self-existence" from the perspective of self-existence cognition and understanding. Such existence is a way to prove one's independence and integrity. Therefore, no matter how different existentialists are in their respective ideological expressions, they have the same characteristics in realizing people's self-awakening, so existentialism is a kind of humanitarianism. That is, humanism with people's conscious behavior as the main thinking object. Marxist philosophy holds that man is a part of society, paying attention to his social behavior and social performance, talking about people, classes and individuals, and talking about "social socialism" rather than "individual socialism", so the two should be in conflict.
7. Ask for an argumentative essay in high school about promoting humanitarianism. On the humanitarianism in A Tale of Two Cities, Charles John Huffam Dickens (18 12- 1870) is the most representative, the highest literary achievement and the most influential novelist among British critical realism writers in the 19th century.
On the premise of being optimistic about British society, his works are bitterly satirized and mercilessly criticized. He attacked materialism, exposed the cruel exploitation of workers and laborers by capitalists, criticized various unreasonable phenomena in society, and expressed deep sympathy for the misfortune and suffering of working people.
He is known as "Shakespeare of the novelist" and "Balzac of England". As one of Charles Dickens' representative works, A Tale of Two Cities, published in 1859, is a long historical novel set in the French Revolution.
A Tale of Two Cities is a story that happened in Paris and London. Before the French Revolution, a surgeon named Mannath, who was practicing medicine in Paris, was framed by the Evremonde brothers who had aristocratic privileges for exposing to * * * the crime of persecuting a brother and sister to death in the countryside for no reason.
Dr Mannasz was thrown into the Bastille for no reason, where he was imprisoned for 18 years. Later, the Marquis of Evremonde fell out of favor, and Dr. Mannasz was released from prison.
While in prison, Dr. Mannasz managed to record his persecution and vowed to take revenge on the Evremonde family and their descendants. After Dr. Mannasz was released from prison, he lived in London with his daughter Lucy.
Lucy met a young French man, Charles Darnay. She didn't know that Charles Dyer was the nephew of the Marquis de Evremonde who sent Dr. Magnet to prison.
For the sake of his daughter's happiness, Dr. Mannasz put aside his personal grudges against the Evremonde family and agreed to marry Lucy and Darnay. 1789 When the French Revolution broke out, Gabriel, who was in charge of French affairs, was arrested by the revolutionary court.
In order to rescue Gabriel from prison, Darnay ventured to France regardless of his personal safety. Madame Defarge, the sister of the murdered brother and sister, recognized Darnay as a descendant of the Marquis of Evremonde and decided to guillotine him.
After hearing the news, Dr. Mannasz and Lucy immediately rushed to Paris to organize rescue, but at the critical moment of the court trial, Defarge and his wife presented the complaint of Dr. Mannasz hiding in the Bastille; So Darnay was sentenced to death. On the eve of the execution, Kalden, who was madly in love with Lucy, changed Darnay because she looked like Darnay.
When the carriage left Paris with Dr. Darnay and Dr. Mannasz, Kalden bravely walked to the guillotine and gave his life for his beloved woman. In A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens sympathized with the sufferings of the working people from the perspective of bourgeois humanitarianism and angrily exposed the evil deeds of feudal nobles. In his works, the countryside is a depressed place, and the cause of poverty is not the barren land, let alone the laziness of farmers, but the cruel exploitation of the ruling class: feudal nobles squeezed the blood and sweat of farmers with various exorbitant taxes.
The author said indignantly, "It would be strange if a village was not swallowed by whales." Not only in rural areas, but also in cities, people live an equally miserable life.
While the working people are living in dire straits, those noble lords live a luxurious life. Through comparison, the author shows that the reason of people's hunger and poverty is the oppression of nobles, which will inevitably cause people's hatred and resistance.
Dickens not only described the economic oppression of the working people by the aristocratic landlords, but also exposed the crime of the aristocratic oppression of the people. He once said to an American slave owner, "cruelty and tyranny are two major diseases of human nature."
In this novel, he seems to have deliberately explored this problem. The Marquis of Evremonde is an extremely dissolute man.
In order to steal the beautiful sister of Madame Favre, he tortured her husband to death, then stabbed her brother to death, and finally the young one died. Seeing the destruction of the family, Dr. Mannasz angrily wrote to the court minister to complain, but it was discovered by Evremonde.
So the doctor was locked up in the Bastille for eighteen years, and when he came out, he was a white-haired and haggard Promethean, a machine that only buried himself in making shoes, completely losing his reason and feelings. This shows that what feudal autocracy did to people was far from the pain of flesh and blood.
Dickens exposed the cruelty of the feudal ruling class to human nature from the psychological and spiritual levels. This shows Dickens' humanitarian thought of caring for people's sufferings and hating exploitation and oppression.
In A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens also described the French Revolution in detail. As a bourgeois humanist, he saw the social contradictions and very much hoped that the broad masses of people could get rid of oppression and live a happy life, but he opposed the violent revolution and pinned his hopes on some reforms of the enlightened rulers.
At the same time, he also realized that the French people's revolution was inevitable, the trend of historical development and just, so Dickens' attitude towards revolution was contradictory. 1848 in February, when he learned that the French people launched an armed uprising and overthrew the July dynasty, he wrote "Long live the glory of France! * * * Long live the Republic! Long live the people! Down with the kingship! Down with bourbon! Down with Kizo! Execute the traitor! Let our blood flow for freedom, justice and the cause of the people. "
However, when the revolutionary storm developed further, he remained silent because he was a little flustered in the face of the expanding revolutionary struggle. Similarly, so did his attitude towards the French Revolution. From a series of descriptions in A Tale of Two Cities, we can see the change of the author's attitude.
His description of 1789 French people's struggle against the Bastille was touching. He enthusiastically praised the great people who destroyed the stubborn feudal fortress in one fell swoop.
With the further deepening of the revolution, especially in 1792, the mass revolutionary movement entered * * *, and the furious people further demanded blood debts from the aristocratic class. Later, even the French king Louis XVI and queen were guillotined. The growing revolutionary storm frightened Dickens, and his attitude towards the revolutionary masses' large-scale suppression of counter-revolution changed. He regarded the French people as "attracted by terrible magic" and described the revolutionaries as murderous executioners and cannibals who ran wildly together.
8. Discuss humanitarianism.
Human * * *
Thoughts and theories about human nature, mission, status, value and personality development. It is a developing and changing philosophical category. Humanism came into being as human beings entered the civilized period, but as a trend of thought and theory of the times, humanitarianism was gradually formed after the15th century, initially manifested in literature and art, and then gradually penetrated into other fields.
The word "humanitarianism" comes from the Latin humanism. In ancient Rome, it was extended to an educational system with humanitarianism, which could promote the maximum development of individual talents. /kloc-the emerging bourgeois thinkers in the 0/5th century said that humanitarianism refers to the Renaissance spirit, that is, it requires that people's talents be fully developed by learning and carrying forward the ancient Greek and Roman cultures. In the process of bourgeois revolution, humanitarianism opposed feudal church autocracy and demanded the full development of human personality. Until the19th century, humanitarianism has been an important ideological weapon for the bourgeoisie to establish and consolidate the capitalist system. With the failure of the bourgeois revolution and the upsurge of the proletarian revolutionary movement, this humanitarian theory and ideological trend gradually lost its historical role of progress. In modern times, although western thinkers have not given up the banner of humanitarianism, their humanitarianism theory is more or less nihilistic or pessimistic.