It is a Han Fu
The text part is the romantic masterpiece "Fu on the Goddess of Luo" by Cao Zhi (Cao Zijian), a famous literary figure in the Three Kingdoms period. "Luo Shen Fu" was originally called "Gan Juan Fu". It is generally believed that it was written because Cao Zhi was granted the title of Juancheng; it is also written as "Gan Zhen Fu", "Zhen" refers to "Juàn", but some people think that its writing involves Cao Zhi. A complicated relationship with Zhen, the concubine of Emperor Wen of Wei Cao Pi.
According to "The Biography of Empress Wen Zhaozhen": Zhen was born in Wuji, Zhongshan, and was the daughter of Zhen Yi, Shangcai Ling. During the Jian'an period, she married Yuan Xi, Yuan Shao's son. In the seventh year of Emperor Xian's reign in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yuan Shao was defeated and died of illness in the Battle of Guandu. Cao Cao took the opportunity to send troops, and Zhen became a prisoner of Cao's army, and then married Cao Pi.
Cao Ang, the eldest son of Cao Cao’s wife Liu, died in Wancheng in his early years. The second wife, Bian, gave birth to four sons: Cao Pi, who was honest and respectful; Cao Zhang, who was brave but without any strategy; Cao Zhi, who was smart and alert but addicted to alcohol and indulgence; Cao Xiong, who was physically sick.
Cao Zhi was gifted with a profound knowledge and a strong memory. He was able to write poems and poems at the age of ten, which was highly praised by Cao Cao and his staff. At that time, Cao Cao was obsessed with his hegemony, and Cao Pi also had an official position. However, because Cao Zhi was still young and did not like fighting by nature, he was able to get along with Concubine Zhen day and night, and a relationship developed. After Cao Cao's death, Cao Pi ascended the throne in the 26th year of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty (AD 220) and made Luoyang his capital. He became Emperor Wen of Wei. The state of Wei was established. Zhen was made a concubine, fell out of favor due to her beauty, and finally died miserably. It is said that when she died, she stuffed her mouth with chaff and covered her face with her hair, which was very miserable.
In the year when Empress Zhen died, Cao Zhi went to Luoyang to meet his brother. Cao Rui, the prince born to Empress Zhen, accompanied the emperor's uncle to dinner. Cao Zhi looked at his nephew and felt extremely sad when he thought of Empress Zhen's death. After the meal, Cao Pi gave Cao Zhi the jade and gold pillow that was the relic of Empress Zhen.
Cao Zhi saw things and missed people. When he returned to his fiefdom, he stayed in a boat at night. In a trance, he saw Concubine Zhen coming in the wind in the distance. Cao Zhi woke up with a start. It turned out to be Nanke Yimeng. Back in Juancheng, Cao Zhi's mind was still churning with the scene of meeting Luoshui, Empress of Zhen, so his literary thoughts were aroused and he wrote a "Fu" about Zhen. Four years later (AD 234), Emperor Ming Cao Rui succeeded to the throne. He felt that the name of the original Fu was inelegant, so he changed it to "Luo Shen Fu".
Liu Kezhuang, a native of the Song Dynasty, said that the person who did the good deeds "created the affairs of Empress Zhen and carried them out." Wang Shizhen of the Ming Dynasty also said: "If Luo Shen sees it, he will laugh at Zijian (Cao Zhi's father)." In the Qing Dynasty, He Zhuo, Zhu Qian, Pan Deyu, Ding Yan, Zhang Yun and others gathered together to flog him. .
Putting their arguments together, there are probably the following points:
First, it is very unlikely that Cao Zhi fell in love with his sister-in-law. He did not have the courage to write "Gan Zhen Fu". The political struggle between brothers Pi and Zhi was already very tense. When Cao Zhi wrote "Gan Zhen Fu", wasn't he so bold that he was not afraid of losing his head?
Secondly, he plotted against his brother's wife. , this is the "evil behavior of an animal", "He has defiled his brother's wife and his brother Yan Ran, he has defiled the mother of his brother and son (specified emperor) and his brother and son Yan Ran, how much more can he be an emperor?"
Thirdly, Li Shan annotated and quoted from "Records" that Emperor Wen Cao Pi showed Cao Zhi the pillow of Empress Zhen and gave it to Cao Zhi. "There is nothing that an elder would do", let alone an emperor? Unreasonable and pure nonsense.
Fourth, "Gan Zhen Fu" does have its own text, but "Zhen" is not the "Zhen" of Empress Zhen, but the "鄄" of Juancheng. "鄄" and "焄" are connected, so it is "ganzhen". One year before he wrote this fu, Cao Zhi was appointed king of Juancheng.
Fifth, the article "Luo Shen Fu" is "an excuse for Concubine Mi to convey the feelings of Emperor Wen", "it also subverts the ambition of the son", "purely a word about love for the emperor and love for the emperor", that is to say As mentioned in the poem, "I always place my heart on the king." Later people denied that Gan Zhen was just repeating these views. If there is an increase, it is just that the 14-year-old Cao Zhi is unlikely to ask Cao Cao to marry a 24-year-old married woman.
Due to the influence of this Fu and the fact that people were moved by the love tragedy between Cao Zhi and Zhen, according to old legend, Empress Zhen was identified as the Goddess of Luo.
[Edit this paragraph] Original text
In the third year of Huangchu, Yu went to the capital and returned to Luochuan.
The ancients said: "The god of Si water is named Mi Fei." Song Yu was inspired by Song Yu's treatment of the goddess of the King of Chu, so he wrote this poem. The poem says:
I came back to Dongfan from the capital area, carried Yique on my back, crossed the furrow, passed through Tonggu and Lingjing Mountain. The sun is tilting to the west, and the carriages and horses are in trouble. Er is a tax driver in Henggao, a horse in Zhitian, a Rongyu in Yanglin, and a wanderer in Luochuan. As a result, his mind moved and his mind was horrified. Suddenly his thoughts were scattered. I saw a beautiful woman on the bank of a rock. He helped the emperor and told him, "Do you have anyone who can compete with him? Who is he? How beautiful is this!" The emperor said to him, "I heard that the god of Heluo is called Mi Fei, but what the king wants See, is it true? What does it look like? I would like to hear about it." I told him, "Its shape is as graceful as a startling giant, as graceful as a wandering dragon, and as bright as an autumn chrysanthemum. The lush spring pine trees seem to be like the moon covered by light clouds, and the fluttering snow is like the drifting wind. Looking at it from a distance, it is as bright as the morning glow; when looking at it, it is as bright as the flowers emerging from Lubo. The shoulders are short and well-cut, the waist is straight, the neck is long and elegant, the beauty is exposed, the hair is elegant, the eyebrows are trimmed, the lips are bright, and the teeth are bright. , The dimple is in charge of the power, the appearance is graceful, the body is quiet, the expression is charming, the clothes are unique, the bones are as bright as the picture, and the jade and jade are beautiful. Jewelry, adorned with pearls to dazzle the body. Walking on the shoes of a long journey, dragging the light skirt of mist and gauze, lingering in the corner of the mountain.
Then he suddenly stretched his body. I am wandering around, leaning on the Caiyan on the left, and the laurel flag on the right. I am picking up the Xuanzhi from the turbulent sea. Microwave and general speech. I hope that the sincerity will come first, and the jade pendant will be used to repair it. Qiang will practice etiquette and make poems. The money is real, I am afraid that I will be bullied by the spirit, and I feel embarrassed and doubtful. Migrating and wandering, the divine light is coming and going, and the light body is standing like a crane. If it is about to fly but has not yet soared, it is full of fragrance, and its steps are thin and fragrant, and its voice is mournful.
You are a group of spirits, and you are ordered to play with Qingliu, fly to Shenzhu, pick pearls, or pick up green feathers, and take the two concubines from Nanxiang with you. A wandering girl in the Han Dynasty laments the incomparable beauty of the melons, and sings about the solitude of the morning glory. She stretches out her sleeves and flutters, flying like a god, and her waves move slightly. Socks generate dust. The movement is impermanent, if it is in danger, if it is safe, if it is in trouble, if it is gone, then it will return.
Then the screen was covered with wind, and the waves behind the Sichuan were quiet. Feng Yi played the drum, and Nuwa sang a clear song. Rong Yi. The whale salamanders leaped to their nests, and the waterfowl flew to guard them. So they crossed over to the north, passed through Nangang, and returned to Qingyang. They moved their red lips and spoke in Xu words, describing the outline of the way to hate people and gods. Come, I regret that my prime years are too late, I wear my clothes to cover my tears, and my tears flow down my lap. The memorial service will never end. I mourn for the passing of a foreign land, and I have no tender feelings to express my love. I offer the brightness of the south of the Yangtze River. Although he was hiding in Taiyin, he had always placed his heart on the king. Suddenly he didn't realize what he was doing, and he was so sad that the light was blocked. Sorrowful. The spiritual body of Ji regains its shape, sailing up the river and forgetting about it. The night is full of sorrow and sleeplessness, and I order my servant to ride back at dawn. On the east road, I held the bridle to resist the policy, but I was lingering and unable to go.
[Edit this paragraph] Translation
In the third year of Huang Chu, I went to the capital to pay homage to the emperor and crossed the Luoshui River on my return. Legend has it that the name of the god of Luoshui is Mi Fei (Fuxi's youngest daughter drowned in Luoshui while playing, and was named the god of Luoshui after her death). Song Yu wrote the story of King Chu's encounter with the goddess as "Ode to the Goddess". I imitated him and wrote down this experience, as follows:
I returned from the capital to the eastern feudal city (Juancheng) . Crossed Yijue Mountain, crossed Sheyuan Mountain, passed Tonggu, and climbed to Jingshan Mountain. It was already sunset, and the carriages and horses were very tired. So we stopped the car on the river bank covered with herbs and let the horses freely graze and rest in the grass fields. I walked peacefully and leisurely in the woods, admiring the beautiful scenery of Luoshui.
Suddenly, I felt my mind was shaken, and my thoughts drifted into the distance. He suddenly looked up and saw a strange sight: a woman as beautiful as a fairy was standing beside the cliff. So he hurriedly grabbed the attendant and asked: "Have you seen that woman? Who is she? She is so beautiful!" The attendant replied: "I heard that the spirit of Luoshui is called Mi Fei. So, could it be that what the king saw was Mi Fei?" Is she? What does she look like? I want to hear it."
I said: "She is as light and graceful as a frightened wild goose, and her body is as strong and graceful as a flying dragon. ; The face is bright and radiant like the chrysanthemums blooming in autumn, and the youthful splendor is like the dense green pine trees in spring; the movements are as vague as the thin clouds gently covering the bright moon, and the image is wandering like the swirling snowflakes blown by the flowing wind; looking from a distance , bright and white like the sun rising in the morning glow. Looking closer, it is as bright and dazzling as the lotus standing in the clear water; plump and slender just right, tall, short, fat and thin conforms to the aesthetic sense; the shoulders are beautiful as if they were shaved, and the waist is slim Like a bunch of slender white silk; the neck is slender, the chin is beautiful, and the white and tender skin is slightly exposed; no perfume is applied, no makeup is applied; the thick cloud-like bun stands high, and the slender eyebrows are slightly curved; under the bright red lips Her white teeth are clearly displayed; her bright and moving eyes are full of gaze, and two beautiful dimples are hidden in her cheeks; her posture is strangely beautiful, bright and elegant, her appearance is quiet, and her figure is graceful; her expression is soft, broad and charming, which is difficult to express in words. Description: The clothes are strange and rare in the world, and the skeleton looks like a fairy in a painting. She is wearing clothes made of bright and clear silk, and earrings made of gorgeously carved jade. Gold and jade are used as matching jewelry, which is rare and embellished. Pearls illuminated her beautiful face; she walked on shoes embroidered with exquisite patterns and dragged on a veil as thin as mist, faintly exuding the fragrance of orchid, wandering slowly on the side of the mountain; occasionally jumping, walking and playing; There are colorful flags leaning against her on the left, and cinnamon branches on the right to provide shade; she is rolling up her sleeves and reaching into the Luoshui River to pick the black Ganoderma lucidum in the rushing river."
Me. I fell deeply in love with her virtuousness and beauty, and my mood was turbulent and unhappy. Suffering from the lack of a good matchmaker to convey my love, I expressed my love with loving eyes, hoping that my true feelings could be expressed to her before others, so I took off the jade pendant from my waist and gave it to her, expressing my intention to meet her. . She is so perfect, she not only understands etiquette but is also proficient in poetry. She raised a beautiful jade to answer me and pointed to the deep pool of water to agree on a date to meet. My heart is full of sincere attachment, fearing that the beautiful gods are deceiving me; legend has it that two goddesses once presented white jade to Zheng Jiaofu by the Han River to seal his life, but they broke their promise and disappeared instantly, so I was melancholy and hesitant, and restrained my joy. , calm down, and warn yourself to strictly abide by the etiquette between men and women to restrain and control yourself.
Then the Goddess of Luo was moved and wandered low. The colorful divine light flickered in and out, and raised its light body like a crane about to fly but still stay. She wandered on the fragrant path full of pepper orchids, lingered among the Duheng bushes that exuded the faint fragrance of flowers, and sang long and longingly to express her longing, her voice was sad and sad and lasting. Soon many gods and friends gathered together, some playing in the clear river water, some soaring on the sandbank where Luo Shen often swims, some picking pearls at the bottom of the river, and some picking up beautiful feathers on the bank. The Goddess of Luo was followed by E Huang and Nv Ying of the Xiang River, and was accompanied by the goddess of the Han River who roamed by the water. He lamented the loneliness of the Pao Gua star and sympathized with the lonely solitary life of the Altair star. She raised her arms and used her slender sleeves to shield herself from the sun and looked up, her thin top fluttering in the breeze. She moves as light as a bird, and as graceful as if she is unfathomable. She walks carefully on the water waves, with mist rising under her feet. Her whereabouts are uncertain, and her joys and sorrows are unknown. Her progress and retreat are unpredictable, and she still wants to go. Her eyes are tender and full of energy. , the joy of love moistens her beautiful face; it seems that there are many words in her mouth, and her breath exudes the faint fragrance of orchid; her face is shy and soft, attracting me deeply without knowing where she is.
At this time, the wind god stopped the wind, the water god stopped the waves of the river, the god Si Yin and Yang beat the sky drum, and Nuwa sang a clear song; the mandarin fish leaped around the car, and the jade luan was made. The bells jingled; six dragons went hand in hand, carrying the cloud chariot along slowly; whale salamanders jumped to protect the chariot, and water birds flew and flew diligently to protect it; so the Luo Shen crossed the islands in the water, climbed over the hills in the south, and turned white neck, looked at me with delicate and beautiful eyebrows, moved her red lips, and slowly stated the main story of the helpless separation, hating that humans and gods were in the same situation, complaining about the unsatisfactory youth love, raising sleeves to wipe away the tears, and the tears I can't help but roll down and wet my clothes; the sad and beautiful gatherings will be cut off forever, and the sadness will be separated from each other. There was no token of love to give, so he gave me the precious jade ring from the south of the Yangtze River. "Although I live in seclusion in heaven, I will always miss the king..." Before I could finish speaking, he suddenly disappeared and his divine light disappeared, leaving me feeling lost. .
So I went over the mountains and ridges, tracking up and down, looking for the footprints left by Luo Shen. Luo Shen has gone, but the scene is still there. Looking around adds to the melancholy. I hoped that the traces of Luo Shen would reappear, so I took a boat upstream and drifted on the Yangtze River without knowing how to return. I missed her endlessly, which made my longing even more intense. At night, I was restless and couldn't sleep. The thick crystal frost covered my clothes until daylight. Reluctantly, I ordered my servant to get up and continue my return journey. I grabbed the reins, raised the whip, and lingered on the spot, unable to leave for a long time.
[Edit this paragraph] Appreciation
Cao Zhi has made outstanding achievements in the creation of poems and poems. His poems inherit the tradition of lyrical poems since the Han Dynasty and absorb the romantic spirit of Chu Ci. , opened up a new realm for the development of Ci Fu. "Luo Shen Fu" is an outstanding work among Cao Zhi's poems. The author uses romanticism to describe the true love between humans and gods through the realm of dreams, but in the end they are melancholy and separated because of the inability to combine the "different ways of humans and gods".
talk". The second paragraph describes the beauty of "Mi Fei" Rongyi's clothing. In the third paragraph, "I" love Luo Shen very much. She is so good, she knows etiquette and is good at speaking. Although I have expressed my true feelings to her, given her tokens, and had a date, I am worried about being deceived, and I express my deep love for her. . The fourth paragraph describes Luo Shen's situation after feeling the sincerity of the "king". The following two sentences of the fifth paragraph, "The way to hate people and gods," are the meaning of this poem. The sixth paragraph describes "my" longing for Luo Shen after the farewell.
Outstanding Features
Feature 1: Rich imagination. Imagine: He set off from the capital city of Luoyang and returned east to the fiefdom of Juancheng. On the way, at the edge of Luochuan, I stopped to drink my horse. While strolling in Yanglin, I saw the Luoshen Concubine Mi. Her figure was swaying and erratic like a flying goose, and her tune was soft and graceful like a dragon swimming in the water. She was more delicious and gorgeous than autumn. The chrysanthemums and luxuriant pine trees are as beautiful as the morning glow, pure as hibiscus, and unparalleled in their elegance. Later, he fell in love with her and sent her a jade pendant to express his love. However, her sacredness prevented him from making any mistakes. Luo Shen was finally moved by his true feelings, met him, and fell in love with him. But in the end, due to different paths between humans and gods, there was no hope of their union, and they said goodbye. The imagination is gorgeous, the romantic and sad feelings are indifferent, which makes people sigh and feel sad. But this imagination is not bizarre. It was inspired by Song Yu's two poems, "Ode to the Goddess" and "Ode to the High Tang Dynasty".
Characteristic two: the words are gorgeous but not impetuous, and the freshness is refreshing. Pay attention to pairing, dialogue, rhythm, and language to be neat, concise, vivid, and beautiful. The selection of materials and conception of Han Fu are unparalleled.
Characteristic three: vivid descriptions and characterizations, combined with metaphors and contrasts, the intricate changes are clever and appropriate, giving people a sense of vastness but not irritation, beauty but not surprise, making people feel comfortable. It's like looking at a wonderful painting. The characters in it are flesh and blood, without making people feel a sense of emptiness. When describing Luo Shen's body shape, facial features, posture, etc., it conveys Luo Shen's appearance of sinking fish and falling wild goose. At the same time, there is the freshness and purity of "hibiscus comes out of clear water, and the carvings are naturally removed." The description and portrayal of Luo Shen's demeanor when meeting him makes people feel that this person appears in front of his eyes, graceful and graceful.
As for Luo Shen's description of the breakup with him, "The screen shades closed the wind, the waves behind Sichuan were quiet, Feng Lai played the drum, and Nuwa sang." The sincerity and purity of love. Everything is so beautiful that after parting, people will remain in their hearts and their feelings will continue. The beautiful image of Luoshen and the scene when they met each other are still vivid in their minds. They are romantic and bitter, and their hearts are restless and wandering between Luoshui and can't bear to leave. .
There are three reasons for depression
First, there are differences between humans and gods, and lovers cannot get married.
Secondly, "Luo Shen" is his spiritual sustenance, but she can only exist in imagination and is difficult to find in reality, causing endless loss.
The third reason is that he not only had no chance of becoming an emperor, but was also repeatedly persecuted by his brothers. He felt helpless and depressed.
[Edit this paragraph] The artistic value of "Luo Shen Fu"
Predecessors have highly praised the ideological and artistic achievements of "Luo Shen Fu", the most obvious one is It is often compared with Qu Yuan's "Nine Songs" and Song Yu's "Goddess" poems. In fact, Cao Zhi's poem is a combination of both. It has the strong lyrical content of "The King of Xiang" and "Mrs. Xiang", and at the same time it has the exquisite depiction of female beauty in Song Yuyi's poem. In addition, its plot is complete, its techniques are varied, and its form is timeless, etc., which are beyond the reach of previous works. Therefore it has a very broad and far-reaching influence in history. Wang Xianzhi, a great calligrapher of the Jin Dynasty, and Gu Kaizhi, a great painter, both described the spirit and style of "Luo Shen Fu" in calligraphy and ink, adding rare masterpieces to the calligraphy and painting circles. In the Southern Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties, some playwrights put it on the stage. Wang Daokun's "Chen Si Wang Bei Sheng Luoshui" is one of the more famous ones. As for the writers of the past dynasties, there are even more countless writers who have used this theme as a theme and chanted it in poems and songs. It can be seen that the artistic charm of Cao Zhi's "Luo Shen Fu" is enduring.
[Edit this paragraph] Introduction to Cao Zhi
Cao Zhi (192-232) was a poet of the Wei State during the Three Kingdoms period. His courtesy name was Zijian, and he was a native of Peiguoqiao (now Bozhou, Anhui). He is the third son born to Cao Cao's wife Bian. Cao Zhi has been smart since he was a child. When he was more than 10 years old, he recited hundreds of thousands of poems, essays, and poems. Cao Cao once believed that Cao Zhi was "the most capable of determining major events" among the princes, and wanted to make him the prince several times. However, Cao Zhi's behavior was laissez-faire and he repeatedly violated laws and regulations, which aroused Cao Cao's anger. However, his elder brother Cao Pi was very hypocritical and finally gained the upper hand in the struggle to establish the crown prince. In the twelfth year (217), he was established as the prince. In the twenty-fifth year of Jian'an, Cao Cao died of illness. Cao Pi succeeded to the throne of Wei and soon became emperor. Cao Zhi's life has fundamentally changed since then. He went from being a noble son who lived a life of leisure and entertainment to being the target of restrictions and attacks at every turn. In the seventh year of Huangchu (226), Cao Pi died of illness, and Cao Rui succeeded him as Emperor Wei Ming. Cao Rui still strictly guarded and restricted him, and his situation did not fundamentally improve. During the 12 years of the reign of Emperor Wen and Ming Dynasty, Cao Zhi was moved several times and his final fiefdom was in Chen County. He was given the posthumous title of Si, so later generations called him "King Chen" or "King Chen Si".
Poetry is the main field of Cao Zhi's literary activities. There is a big difference between the early and late content.
The early poems can be divided into two categories. One type expresses his leisurely life as a noble prince, and the other reflects his feelings of the era of "being born in chaos and growing up in the army". His later poems mainly express his sometimes angry and sometimes sad mood under oppression, expressing his unwillingness to be abandoned and his desire to make meritorious deeds in life. There are more than 80 relatively complete poems by Cao Zhi in existence today. Cao Zhi made many innovations and developments in the art of poetry. In particular, he made great contributions to the creation of five-character poems. First of all, most of the ancient Yuefu poems of the Han Dynasty are mainly narrative. Only in "Nineteen Ancient Poems" does the lyrical element play an important role in the works. Cao Zhi developed this trend and organically combined lyricism and narrative, making five-character poems capable of describing complex changes in events. It can also express tortuous psychological feelings, which greatly enriches its artistic function. As the master of Jian'an literature, Cao Zhi had a great influence on later generations. During the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, he was respected as a model of writing.
Cao Zhi compiled 78 works in the anthology "Qianlu" during his lifetime.
After his death, Emperor Ming Cao Rui collected more than 100 works for him, including 30 volumes of "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi", 1 volume of "Ode to Women", and 5 volumes of "Praise to Paintings". However, the original collection was lost by the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. There are 10 volumes of "Collected Works of Cao Zijian" published in the sixth year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty, which contain 206 poems, poems and essays. The "Collection of Chen Si Wang" engraved by Guo Yunpeng, Wang Shixian and Zhang Pu in the Ming Dynasty was slightly revised based on the Southern Song Dynasty edition. In the Qing Dynasty, Ding Yan's "Comments on Cao Jiquan" and Zhu Xuzeng's "Cao Ji Yi Kao Yi" revised each chapter in detail and added many lost sentences, making them two more complete and refined editions. Huang Jie, a recent scholar, has "Annotations on Cao Zijian's Poems", ancient Chinese has "Notes on Cao Zhi's Poems", and contemporary Zhao Youwen has "Annotations on Cao Zhi's Collection of Poems".
For specific articles about Cao Zhi, please see Cao Zhi.