Du Fu (712～770) was a poet of the Tang Dynasty. The words are beautiful. His ancestral home is Xiangyang (now part of Hubei), and he was born in Gong County, Henan. Because he lived near Shaoling in the south of the city for a time when he was in Chang'an, he called himself Shaoling Yelao. When he was in Chengdu, he was recommended as a Jiedu staff member and a member of the inspection and work department. Later generations also called him Du Shaoling and Du Gongbu.
Du Fu grew up in a family with a literary tradition of "serving Confucianism and guarding officials". His grandfather Du Shenyan was a famous poet during the reign of Empress Wu and a member of the official catering department; his father Du Xian was a former Sima of Yanzhou and Fengtian. County magistrate. He began to study poetry at the age of 7. When he was 15, his poetry attracted the attention of celebrities in Luoyang. It can be divided into four periods from the age of 20.
The wandering period lasted from the 19th year of Kaiyuan of Xuanzong (731) to the fourth year of Tianbao (745). Du Fu undertook two long-term wanderings. The first time was in the Jiangnan area. He visited Jinling and Suzhou, crossed Zhejiang, and boated on the Yan River to the foot of Tianmu Mountain. In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan, he returned to Luoyang to take the Jinshi examination, but was not admitted. The following year, he started his second tour in the Qi and Zhao area. He recalled the scene in his later years: "The debauchery between Qi and Zhao, the horses were quite wild." ("The Grand Tour") During these two tours, he saw The beautiful and majestic mountains and rivers of the motherland have absorbed the culture of Jiangnan and Shandong, broadening their horizons and enriching their knowledge. In the 29th year of Kaiyuan, he lived at the foot of Shouyang Mountain between Luoyang and Yanshi. He may have married his wife Yang at this time. In the third year of Tianbao's reign, he met Li Bai in Luoyang. The two traveled around Qilu, visited roads and found friends, talked about poems and essays, and sometimes discussed current affairs, forming a deep friendship. In the autumn of the following year, Du Fu was about to go west to Chang'an, and Li Bai was preparing to revisit Jiangdong. They broke up in Yanzhou and never met again. Du Fu wrote many touching poems in memory of Li Bai.
At this time, the Tang Dynasty was still strong and the warehouses were quite abundant. However, Xuanzong began to enjoy great achievements, open up frontiers, consume a lot of manpower and material resources, and there was already a crisis of instability lurking in the society. Du Fu had a premonition of this, but did not face it. He lived a romantic life of mountain climbing, wading, and singing about hunting. According to his own account, there may have been hundreds of poems written by him during this period, but only about twenty have been handed down, mainly five-character poems and five-character ancient poems. Although there are extraordinary works like "Wang Yue" among them, generally speaking, they have not surpassed the level of famous poets of Du Shenyan's period.
Chang'an period From the fifth year of Tianbao to the fourteenth year of Tianbao, Du Fu lived in Chang'an for 10 years, and his life, thoughts and creations underwent tremendous changes. The purpose of going to Chang'an was to seek an official position and make achievements. In the sixth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong ordered people with talents in literature and art to come to Kyoto to be selected. Du Fu took the exam. However, due to the conspiracy of Zhongshu Ling Li Linfu, who was known for his "sweet talk and sword", none of the candidates were selected. During the ten years of Tianbao, Xuanzong held three grand ceremonies to worship "Emperor Xuanyuan" Laozi, the Imperial Ancestral Temple, and Heaven and Earth. Du Fu wrote three "Da Li Fu" contributions, which were praised by Xuanzong. He ordered the prime minister to examine his articles and wait for distribution, but there was no follow-up. He kept writing poems and sending them to powerful people, hoping to get their recommendation, but to no avail. Finally, he got the position of right guard and led the governor to join the army. This was already the end of Du Fu's stay in Chang'an and the eve of An Lushan's rebellion.
In his later years, Xuanzong completely changed the good political style that he had worked hard to govern during the Kaiyuan period. The first prime minister was corrupt and arrogant, and his generals were militaristic, while he himself was enjoying himself in the palace. The people were increasingly cruelly exploited by taxes and levies. Du Fu was "starved for food and clothing". In order to make ends meet, he had to visit the nobles' mansions, act as a "guest", accompany them in poetry, wine and travel, and receive a small amount of funding. At the same time, he made some friends who were also poor like him and had relatively extensive contact with working people. His footsteps went from the poor alleys to the gardens of the nobles, from Qujiang, where the towers and pavilions competed with each other for luxury, to the Xianyang Bridge that must be passed by when recruiting people. The failure of his official career requirements enabled him to objectively understand the corruption of the ruling class. Personal hunger and cold forced him to appreciate the suffering of the people. These two completely different aspects of life are reflected in Du Fu's poems. Eleven years after Tianbao, he wrote such immortal masterpieces as "The Military Chariot", "The Beauty's Journey", "Out of the Fortress Before", "Out of the Fortress Behind", etc., and began to add new content and new expression methods to the poetry at that time.
In the winter of the 14th year of Tianbao, Du Fu visited his wife who was living in Fengxian and wrote "Five Hundred Words from Beijing to Fengxian County", expressing his deep feelings of "worrying about Li Yuan in his poor years and sighing for the heat in his intestines", using "Zhumen" "The wine and meat stink, and there are frozen bones on the road" summarizes the sharp contradictions in society, and also depicts the family situation of "when one enters the door and hears the whistle, the youngest son dies of hunger". This is a summary of his ten years of Chang'an life, and also marks the Tang Dynasty. The final summary of the prosperous age. There are about a hundred poems handed down from this period, and most of the outstanding poems are ancient poems of five or seven characters.
Serving Zuo Shiyi and the period of exile: from Suzong to De Yuanzai (756) to the second year of Qianyuan (759). After An Lushan raised his troops, he drove southward and quickly captured Luoyang and Chang'an. Du Fu was in □zhou at this time. He heard that Tang Xuanzong fled to Xishu and Suzong ascended the throne in Lingwu, so he placed his family in Qiang Village in the north of the city and went north alone to defect to Lingwu. Unfortunately, he was intercepted by the rebels and sent to Chang'an. . Du Fu was trapped by thieves for nearly half a year. He saw the stately and orderly capital city in desolation and the loss of life. Hearing the news that the Tang army had counterattacked twice and was annihilated in Chentao and Qingban, he was filled with grief and indignation and wrote "Sorrow for Chentao". , "Sad Qingban", "Spring Hope", "Aijiangtou" and other poems.
In April of the second year of Zhide (757), Du Fu risked his life and escaped from Chang'an and went to Fengxiang, Suzong's temporary residence, and was appointed Zuo Shiyi. Not long after, he offended Suzong because of his rescue of Fang, and he was interrogated. In August, he returned to □zhou to visit his wife, and completed the long poem "Northern Expedition" which is comparable to "Five Hundred Words of Ode to Fengxian County from Beijing", describing the desolate scene on the journey and the poverty of his family, and expressing his feelings for the country. Opinions on the current situation.
In September of this year, the Tang army regained Chang'an and Luoyang in October. Suzong returned to Beijing at the end of October, and Du Fu also returned to Chang'an at this time, still serving as Zuo Shiyi. In May of the following year, Du Fu was affected by the struggle between the new nobles of Su Zong and the old officials of Xuanzong in the court. He was transferred to Huazhou Sigong to join the army, and he never said goodbye to Chang'an.
In the spring of the second year of Qianyuan, Du Fu went to Henan to visit his old residence. On his way back, he saw with his own eyes the suffering of the people under the cruel oppression of the officials, and wrote the famous "Xin'an Officials", "Tongguan Officials", "Tongguan Officials" and "Tongguan Officials". "Shi Hao Li", "Newlywed Farewell", "Elderly Farewell" and "No Home Farewell" are composed of six poems, later generations referred to them as "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
It was early summer when Du Fu returned to Huazhou. At this time, there was a great famine in Guanfu, Li Fuguo had exclusive power in the court, and Xuanzong's old ministers, Fang and others were excluded. Du Fu felt disappointed with politics. After the beginning of autumn, he resolutely abandoned his official position and went west to Qinzhou. After spending less than four months in Qinzhou, he went to Tonggu in early winter; he stayed in Tonggu for one month, then embarked on the difficult road to Shu, and arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year.
The Anshi Rebellion was a turning point in the Tang Dynasty's rise and fall. Huge changes occurred in social politics and economy. Politically, the imperial court lost its centralized ruling power internally and could not resist the invasion of the Tibetan people externally; economically, due to years of war and natural disasters, the countryside was in depression, but the exploitation of the people by the ruling class only increased. Already, it has caused a sharp decline in population and reduced productivity. Du Fu also personally experienced very complicated changes: exile, being trapped by a thief, working as a scavenger for the emperor, being demoted to Huazhou, on the desolate Luoyang Road, living in Qinzhou, and his journey to Shu - whether it was human relations or the natural environment. , there are huge disparities. This kind of life experience was much richer and more difficult than that in the Chang'an period, which resulted in a variety of poems. More than 200 poems have been handed down, most of which are masterpieces of Du's poems.
The period of wandering in the southwest lasted from the first year of Shangyuan of Suzong (760) to the fifth year of Dali of Daizong (770). Within 11 years, Du Fu spent 8 years in Shuzhong and 3 years in Jing and Hunan. When Du Fu was in Kuizhou, he said that he was "wandering between heaven and earth in the southwest" ("Ode to Ancient Relics"). In fact, he lived in Chengdu for five years and his life was relatively stable. In the spring of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty, he built a thatched cottage on the bank of Huanhua River in the west of Chengdu, ending his four-year wandering life and getting a place to live. He left the Central Plains, which was turbulent with wars and plagued by mourning, and saw a pastoral scene in front of him. The flowers, birds, insects, and fish all seemed to show their hospitality to him, which gave him a temporary rest after many years of hard work and worry. He also wrote countless poems with infinite love. Sing less poetry about nature.
But he never forgot the people who were displaced and had no place to live. In "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", he sang the famous line "There are tens of thousands of mansions, and the shelter of the poor people all over the world will make them happy".
At the end of the second year of Shangyuan Dynasty, Yan Wu came to Chengdu to serve as Chengdu Yin and Censor Zhongcheng, and gave Du Fu a lot of help. In July of the first year of Baoying's reign (762), Yan Wu was summoned to the court. Xu Zhizhi, a Shaoyin and censor of Chengdu, rebelled in Chengdu, and Du Fu went into exile in Zizhou and Langzhou.
In the spring of the second year of Baoying, the Anshi Rebellion, which lasted for seven or eight years, ended. When Du Fu heard the news, he was so excited that he thought there was hope of returning to Luoyang, so he sang "Wen Guanjun Takes Henan and Hebei" The seven rhythms burst out inner joy. This is the happiest song in Du Fu's life. But the happiness was short-lived. The chaotic situation in the country had not yet been clarified. Tibetans from the West invaded again and once captured Chang'an in October. Du Fu expressed infinite concern about this: "Is Xijing safe? No one has come." ("Morning Flower") He wrote many poems stating his political thoughts.
In the spring of the second year of Guangde (764), Yan Wu was appointed as Chengdu Yin and Jiannan Jiedu Envoy. Du Fu also returned to Chengdu in March. Yan Wu recommended Du Fu as a counselor of the Jiedu and a member of the Ministry of Inspection and Engineering. Du Fu lived in the shogunate of the Jiedushi shogunate in Chengdu for several months. Because he was not used to the life of the shogunate, he repeatedly asked to return to the thatched cottage. Finally, Yan Wu allowed him. ask. In April of the first year of Yongtai (765), Yan Wu died suddenly. Du Fu lost his support and had to lead his family to leave the thatched cottage and sail eastward in May. "Five years of traveling to Shu County and one year of residence in Zizhou" ("Going to Shu") ended the first half of Du Fu's "wandering in the southwest".
Du Fu arrived in Yun'an in September and was unable to move forward due to illness. He did not move to Kuizhou until his illness subsided in the late spring of the following year. He lived in Kuizhou for less than two years and created very richly. He wrote more than 400 poems, accounting for two-sevenths of all Du's poems. The poems sung the praises of the poor working people in Kuizhou, described the dangerous mountains and rivers here, reflected the turmoil in Shu and the longing for Chang'an and Luoyang. There were also a large number of poems about remembering friends and remembering the past. However, his health is getting worse and worse, with malaria, lung disease, rheumatism, diabetes, etc. constantly bothering him.
Due to the harsh climate in Kuizhou and few friends, Du Fu set out to go out of the gorge in the first month of the third year of the Dali calendar (768). Arrive in Gangneung in March. I originally wanted to return north to Luoyang, but due to the military turmoil in Henan, transportation was blocked, so I couldn't make the trip. He lived in Jiangling for half a year, moved to the police station for several months, and arrived in Yueyang at the end of the year, where he wrote "Sui Yan Xing", which vividly reflected the suffering of the people in Hunan.
The fourth and fifth years of Dali were the last two years of Du Fu's life. He had no fixed residence and traveled between Yueyang, Changsha, Hengzhou, and Leiyang. Most of his time was spent on ships. . He died in a boat on the Xiangjiang River between Changsha and Yueyang in the winter of the fifth year of the Dali calendar at the age of 59. Before his death, he wrote a long poem of thirty-six rhymes, "Lying on the Pillow and Reading in a Wind-Speed ??Boat". There is a line in the poem, "The blood of the battle still flows, and the sound of the army continues to this day." He still thinks of the country's disaster. After Du Fu's death, his coffin rested in Yueyang. 43 years later, in the eighth year of Yuanhe reign of Emperor Xianzong (813), his grandson Du Siye moved it to the foot of Shouyang Mountain in Henan Province.
In these 11 years, Du Fu wrote more than 1,000 poems, accounting for more than 73% of all Du Fu's poems. Most of them are modern poems-quatrains and rhymed poems, as well as long-form rhythmic poems.
Poetry Creation The most notable feature of Du's poetry is the close combination of social reality and personal life, and the perfect unity of ideological content and artistic form. Du Fu's poems profoundly reflected the overall social picture of the Tang Dynasty for more than 20 years before and after the Anshi Rebellion, vividly recorded the journey he had traveled throughout his life, and reached the highest achievement of Tang Dynasty poetry in terms of art. His poems enable readers to "know people" and "discuss the world", and play the role of "enjoying, observing, grouping together and complaining".
Du Fu's poems are called "the history of poetry". However, as a "history of poetry", Du Shi's poetry is not an objective narrative, using poetic style to write history. Instead, it deeply reflects reality and expresses the author's mood through a unique style. Pu Qilong of the Qing Dynasty said: "Shaoling's poems reflect a person's temperament, and the affairs of the three dynasties will be reflected in him." ("Reading Du Xinjie·Shaoling Chronicle Poetry Catalog") Du Fu's poems are great Some of them involve major issues related to politics, economy, military and people's lives in the three dynasties of Xuanzong, Suzong and Daizong, but the poet's true feelings are permeated everywhere.
The five rhymes include "Looking at Spring", "Giving Li Bai at the End of the Day", "Back Tour", "Joyful Rain on a Spring Night", "Water Thrust to Heart", "Guest Night", "Nine Days to Climb Zizhou City", "Zhengfu", "Traveling at Night to Express My Feelings", "Staying in the Pavilion by the Riverside", "Climbing the Yueyang Tower", seven rhymes such as "The Prime Minister of Shu", "Ye Lao", "Hateful Farewell", "Wearing that the Government Army Takes Henan and Hebei", "Climbing the Tower", and "Sufu" , "Gate Night", "Five Poems on Ancient Relics", "White Emperor", "Five Poems on Generals", "Eight Poems on the Rise of Autumn", "Climbing High", etc. Very few Tang Dynasty rhythmic poems can surpass them. Du Fu also wrote many five-character rhymes and several seven-character rhymes, which greatly developed the rhymes. For example, "A Hundred Rhymes from Kui Mansion in Autumn to Zheng Supervisor Li Guest" is actually 1,000 words long. Except for a few relatively natural ones (such as "Send off Yan Gong to the Dynasty", "Send off the envoy to Lingzhou Road to take office" in the fifth row, and "Two Poems of the Qingming Festival" in the seventh row), most of them are piled with too many allusions and cover up. Inject rich emotions or fill the void in the content of social works. Most of the quatrains in Du's poems were written during the last 11 years of his wandering in the southwest. Due to Du Fu's great achievements in classical poetry and rhythmic poetry, his quatrains are often not noticed. However, Du Fu expresses emotions on the spot, discusses poems and cherishes friends, reflects the turmoil in Shu and people's lives, and absorbs the essence of folk songs. Du Fu still has great achievements in quatrains. Many contributions. Du Fu's Poetry Axis, Zhang □'s Works from the Qing Dynasty
Of course, Du Fu also wrote some relatively boring poems about giving gifts to the powerful and paying homage to the wealthy. When he was a "guest" of the nobles in Chang'an, begging for an official position from the princes and ministers, when he was wandering in the southwest, and had to deal with local officials for food and clothing, some of the poems he wrote, including many It is not in high style to use a large number of allusions to extol how wise the other party is, to describe how poor one is, and to beg for mercy and gifts. "Collection of Poems of Du Gongbu" engraved by Chunxi of the Song Dynasty
In general, Du Fu always cherished the ambition to help the world despite being hungry and cold, and lived in poverty without being world-weary; in terms of poetry art, he combined classical The culmination of poetry, innovation and development, has exerted a wide influence on future generations of poets.
When Du Fu was alive, his poetry was not taken seriously by people at that time. 40 years after his death, his poetry became more important than that of Han Yu, Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen and others. The New Yuefu Movement of Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen was obviously influenced by Du Shi in terms of literary and artistic thought. Li Shangyin's famous modern-style poems that allege current affairs have the essence of Du Shi's poems in both content and art. Famous poets in the Song Dynasty, such as Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You, etc., all highly praised Du Fu, and their poems inherited Du Fu's tradition from different aspects. In the late Song Dynasty, the national hero Wen Tianxiang was captured by the Yuan people and imprisoned. He collected 200 poems using Du Fu's five-character poems. In "Collection of Du Poems - Preface" he said: "Whatever I want to say, Zimei will speak for me first. "The influence of Du's poems is not limited to the scope of literature and art. More importantly, the spirit of loving the people in the poems has inspired readers for thousands of years, and it still has educational significance today.