Emperor Kangxi, the sage of Qing Dynasty, was born on March 18th in the 11th year of Shunzhi (1654). He ascended the throne at the age of 8 and reigned for 6 1 year at the age of 69. He is the longest reigning monarch in the history of China.
Emperor Kangxi's stepfather, Zu Hongye, opened up a peaceful future, got rid of the old system, implemented the New Deal, worked hard at state affairs, studied tirelessly, resisted the invasion of foreign enemies, unified mountains and rivers, ruled rivers and emphasized agriculture, and advocated culture and education, which laid the foundation for the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty and created a good situation of "prospering the country in prosperity".
Great figures at all times, at home and abroad, all have their own advantages and outstanding historical contributions. Kangxi is a rare emperor who loves books and is eager to learn in the history of China. When I was five years old, I entered the study room, regardless of cold and heat, studying hard day and night, and even forgetting to eat and sleep. I also like calligraphy. I write more than 1000 words every day without interruption. He read The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, and he was "careful in every word, not deceiving himself". Later, he asked the prince to read a book, read it a hundred times and recite it once, which inherited his early reading experience. After he succeeded to the throne, he studied harder, even overworked and hemoptysis. He studied not for recreation, but to "understand the pursuit of diligent governance of ancient emperors" and use it to govern the country and level the world. On the way out, he took a boat in the middle of the night, or stayed in the palace, and he became accustomed to talking about Zhouyi, reading Shangshu, reading Zuozhuan, reciting the Book of Songs, and writing poems and articles. I still couldn't put it down until I was in my sixties.
Emperor Kangxi was not only knowledgeable, but also made great efforts to benefit the people and promote agriculture all his life. With his talent, talent, wisdom and courage, he overcame many difficulties and completed the great mission in his life journey. He made great contributions to the consolidation of frontier defense and the expansion of territory in the Qing Dynasty. Its great achievements are enough to go down in history and remain immortal.
Emperor Kangxi's literary martial arts can be roughly summarized as follows:
Wu Sangui, King of the Day.
First, squeeze through the crowd and raze San Francisco to the ground:
San Francisco refers to three Ming generals who fell to the Qing Dynasty: Wu Sangui, king of the day, and Zhen Xuan Nan; Pingnan Wang Shangkexi (Zi Zhixin), the town of Guangdong; King Geng Jimao of Jinnan (father Zhong Ming, son Zhong Jing) was born in Fujian. San Francisco occupied an important position, supported troops and respected themselves, and became the three local separatist forces in the early Qing Dynasty, among which Wu Sangui was the most powerful. In their independent kingdom, San Francisco set up tax cards, minted money privately, occupied land, plundered and trafficked people. In those days, Wu Sangui also elected officials by himself, which was called "Western Election". After Emperor Kangxi got rid of Ao Bai, San Francisco became his biggest worry. He vowed to level San Francisco and strengthen imperial power.
At that time, the imperial court advocated that it was impossible to withdraw the vassal, and only a few officials supported it, such as the minister of war and the minister of household. The 20-year-old Emperor Kangxi strongly argued: "Sangui and others have been planning for a long time. If they are not removed as soon as possible, they will be seriously ill. Today's withdrawal is also reversed, and it is also reversed if it is not withdrawn. " So, ordered the withdrawal of Francisco! Kangxi read a stone and stirred up a thousand waves. "Southeast and northwest are buzzing now", with Yang Qilong as the capital and arni rebellion in Chahar. In addition, the earthquake in Shi Jing and the fire in the Hall of Supreme Harmony occurred one after another, and Hersai Rihara died after the love of Emperor Kangxi. In the face of internal and external, rebellion and internal change, thunder and fire and earthquake, natural and man-made disasters, and even hit the young Emperor Kangxi. At that time, many officials in Beijing even sent their families back to Jiangnan village.
Emperor Kangxi was calm at the critical moment. Wei Xiangshu, an assistant minister, put forward the proposal of withdrawing from the vassal state. Emperor Kangxi said sternly, "It was my intention to withdraw my vassal. What crime did they commit? " Strengthened the determination of the minister who advocated counterinsurgency. He cut Wu Sangui's rank by imperial edict and announced his crimes; Visit Jingshan every day, watch riding and shooting, have answers, stabilize the frightened army, and panic the people. Someone made an ironic suggestion, but Kangxi turned a deaf ear. After eight years of counter-insurgency war, San Francisco was finally razed to the ground. The ministers demanded titles, but Emperor Kangxi sternly refused. He believes that the eight-year war has caused people to waste charcoal, so it should be pragmatic and avoid false reputation.
Zheng Chenggong horseback riding statue
Second, recover Kaifu County, Taiwan Province Province:
In the fourth year of Ming Dynasty (1624), the Dutch occupied Taiwan Province Province. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan Province Province from the Dutch. After Zheng Chenggong's death, his son Zheng Jing inherited the orthodox position of Nanming. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi (1683), Emperor Kangxi seized the opportunity of Zheng Jing's death. At that time, his son Zheng Keshuang was young and his subordinates were infighting, and the political situation in Taiwan Province Province was unstable. He took Shi Lang as the prefect of Fujian Navy, led the army to recover Taiwan Province Province, and established the Taiwan Province government, which was subordinate to Fujian. Taiwan Province (now Tainan), Fengshan (now Kaohsiung) and Zhuluo (now Chiayi) are three counties under the jurisdiction of the Taiwan Province Government, and they have stationed/kloc-0 company commanders and 8,000 officers and men in Taiwan Province Province, which has strengthened the central government's jurisdiction over Taiwan Province Province and promoted the economic and cultural development of Taiwan Province Province.
Jaxa combat oil painting
Third, resist Russian invasion and conclude border defense treaties:
Heilongjiang belonged to the Qing Dynasty when Huang Taiji was there. After the Qing army entered the customs, Russia invaded the Heilongjiang River Basin in the Qing Dynasty, and occupied cities such as Jax (now Albazin), Nebuchadnezzar (now Nebuchadnezzar) and Huma (now Huma).
After Kangxi unified Taiwan Province Province, he sent troops twice to carry out jaxa's self-defense counterattack and won. In the 28th year of Kangxi (1689), the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty was signed with Russia, which stipulated the eastern boundary between China and Russia, and legally bounded by Ergon River, Gerbiz River and Waixing 'an Mountains. The whole south of the Outer Xing 'an Mountains, Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins (including Sakhalin Island) were all the territory of the Qing Dynasty. This is the first equality treaty signed with foreign countries in China's history.
Four, gentle and stern, personal expedition Shuomo:
Nurhachi and Huang Taiji only solved the problem of desert south Mongolia, while Kangxi further solved the boundary problem between desert west Mongolia and Mobei Mongolia. From Xiongnu in Qin and Han Dynasties to Mongolia in Ming Dynasty, ethnic problems were not solved until Kangxi. Kangxi said, "In the past, Qin pushed earth and stone to build the Great Wall. I am kind to Krka so that it can guard against the north and be stronger than the Great Wall. " In this way, Mongolia became a solid Great Wall in the north of Qing Dynasty.
Build irrigation projects
Five, emphasize agriculture and river management, water conservancy:
Emperor Kangxi once dug a paddy field in the west wall of Changchun Garden and tried to cultivate excellent rice seeds by himself. From Wuyizhai Tushan to the north to Daximen, which is located in the northwest of the garden, there are about hundreds of acres of fields, which is the "experimental field" for Kangxi to grow imperial rice. According to the record of Kangxi's Miscellaneous Collection, the rice seed is the early rice selected and cultivated by Kangxi himself, named "Imperial Rice". Because the rice awn is lavender, the rice grains are reddish and long, the smell is fragrant and the taste is poor, and it can be cooked twice a year, so it is also called "rouge rice".
In the fifty-third year of Kangxi (17 14), the royal rice at the foot of Yuquan Mountain grew to 600 mu, with Liulangzhuang, Wanquanzhuang, Heilongtan, Gaoliangqiao, Shijingshan and Nanyuan, nearly 10,000 mu. The planting area of imperial grain not only further expanded, but also increased several times, becoming the main source of imperial grain. "Yongxian Lu" said: When Kangxi was "serving imperial food, he said that he would serve imperial rice and go out to the western hills of the capital". Changping Prefecture produced rice everywhere, but Yuquan Mountain was better than Yuquan Spring, so he had to eat rice. "Qinghui Hall" also records: "The jade grains on it are taken from the rice fields of Yuquan Mountain."
After the Eight Banners Qing army entered the customs, the biggest drawback was that it occupied land, raced horses, occupied fields and seized them at will. The emperor shunzhi once banned enclosure, but it was banned. Emperor Kangxi ordered the enclosure to be stopped to attract reclamation and resume production. In order to promote agricultural production, Emperor Kangxi made six southern tours, managed the Yellow River, Huaihe River, Canal and Yongding River, and built water conservancy projects, and achieved brilliant results.
Six, build three mountains and five gardens, and lay the foundation of classical garden art;
Kangxi successively built Changchun Garden, Summer Resort and Mulan paddock, and completed the construction of "Three Mountains and Five Gardens" during his reign. The three mountains refer to Wanshou Mountain, Xiangshan Mountain and Yuquan Mountain. There are Jingyi Garden, Jingming Garden and Qingyi Garden (later renamed the Summer Palace) on the three mountains, and there are Changchun Garden and Yuanmingyuan nearby, collectively referred to as the five major gardens. (See History of Ancient Architecture in China. These garden buildings have pushed the classical garden art in China to a peak.
Kangxi dictionary
Seven, advocate literature, attach importance to education, and compile classics:
Kangxi loves not only reading, but also compiling books, and compiling and publishing books is a major feature of his literary ambition. Kangxi paid special attention to the traditional culture of China. During his stay in Jingxi Garden, he presided over or organized the compilation of several series of books, which made great contributions to the inheritance of traditional culture in China.
On August 10th, the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), when Kangxi was stationed in Yuquan Mountain, he approved the compilation of "Taizong Gao, Taizong Wen and Shizu Zhang Shengxun" by Fujian Daoyushi Dai, and thought: "It is of great significance that Taizong, Taizong and Shizu Shengxun should be compiled. In the twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth years of Kangxi, four volumes of Emperor Taizong's Gaoshengxun, six volumes of Emperor Taizong's Wenshengxun and six volumes of Emperor Taizong's Shengxun were successively completed.
He presided over the compilation of Kangxi Dictionary, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books, Origin of Fa Li, Complete Works of Tang Poetry, Wen Qing Jian and Panorama of the Forbidden City, totaling more than 60 kinds and more than 20,000 volumes.
Western medicine
Eight, learn western science and technology, the introduction of western medicine:
Emperor Kangxi was very interested in medicine and studied it. At the age of 40, he contracted malaria, which could not be cured by traditional Chinese medicine. Jesuits Hong Ruohan and Liu took quinine cream. After Kangxi took over, he recovered, so he summoned Hong Rehan and Liu Ying. He gave a house in front of Xi 'an Gate, which later became the North Church of Catholicism. Cao Yin suffered from malaria, and Kangxi gave him Cynthia cream.
Since then, Kangxi became interested in western medicine, ordered the refining of western medicine in Beijing, and set up a laboratory in the palace to try out drugs and observe them for himself. He broke away from convention and advocated vaccination to prevent smallpox. He ordered his children and maids to be vaccinated first, and then he also vaccinated the Mongolians in the 49th Banner of Mongolia and Halka. One of the reasons why the Qing Dynasty built the summer resort and Mulan paddock outside the Great Wall was that Mongolian nobles could not go to Beijing for pilgrimage, which reduced the chance of smallpox.
In addition, Emperor Kangxi ordered Jesuit Dominique Parrenin to translate the western book Human Anatomy into Manchu and Chinese. He once ordered the dissection of a hibernating bear and personally participated in it.
Throughout the life of Emperor Kangxi, he ascended the throne at the age of eight and lost his mother at the age of nine. With the support of his grandmother sourdrang queen, he secured the throne, outwitted Ao Bai, pacified San Francisco, unified Taiwan Province Province and cleared Mobei. His diligent governance laid the foundation for the prosperity of the Qing dynasty and created a good situation of prosperity. He can be called a rare monarch and British Lord for hundreds of years, and his glorious deeds will always be remembered by future generations.