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Xiao Zhuan (Qin Zhuan) is a simplified character evolved from Da Zhuan, and it is also the product of large-scale standardization of characters by administrative means for the first time in the history of China.
Xiao Zhuan was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and was gradually replaced by official script. After Qin Shihuang destroyed the Six Kingdoms, Qin's Biography was taken as the standard to unify the writing. China characters developed to the stage of Xiao Zhuan, and gradually began to finalize the design (outline, strokes, structure), and the pictographic meaning weakened, making the characters more symbolic and reducing the confusion and difficulties in writing and reading.
After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he felt that the national writing was complicated and the style of writing was different, so he put forward the idea of "the same language is not named" and unified the writing and style. Qin Shihuang asked Lisi, who was good at calligraphy, to write a ghost. Therefore, Xiao Zhuan is also called "Qin Zhuan".
Another reason is to change the original winding stroke lines and sort out a new font with even strokes and convenient writing.
The formulation of seal script is the first time in China to systematically standardize the writing of Chinese characters.
Xiao Zhuan is a well-known script compiled by Prime Minister Li Si after the reunification of Qin. Before the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, due to the long-term regional separatist regime, "different sounds and different characters", the writing form was very inconsistent, and the phenomenon of more than one character was very serious. For example, there are more than twenty ways to write "sheep", which brings great inconvenience to the development of economic and cultural exchanges.
Therefore, while unifying the system of money, rail and weights and measures, we also strive to implement the policy of "book peers". The preface to Shuo Wen Jie Zi records that "Prime Minister Reese played with it and didn't cooperate with it. The secretary wrote "Cang Xie", Che Fu ordered Zhao Gao to write "Calendar", and the Taishi ordered Hu Wujing to write "erudition", all of which were based on the great seal of history, or existed quite well, so-called small seal. "
It can be seen that the system of Xiao Zhuan evolved from Da Zhuan. On the basis of prose writing, Li Si simplified the complicated and abolished the variant characters, and created Qin Zhuan with unified national characters. This kind of book is relatively simple, with horizontal lines and vertical characters. This is a great progress of Chinese characters and an important milestone in the development history of Chinese characters.
It opened up a broad road for the changes of later books such as Kai, Li, Xing and Cao. Some of them are cast on iron, and some are carved on stone tablets and stone tablets. There are large and small characters, natural composition, dignified words and neat branches, which are the essence and representative of Xiao Zhuan.
The characteristics of Biography:
1 is a rectangle, with a semi-square character as the degree, a straight character and the other half as the vertical foot, and the approximate ratio is about 3:2.
2. The strokes are horizontal and vertical, round and even, and the thickness is basically the same. All horizontal and vertical paintings are equidistant and parallel, and all strokes are mainly round, and the circle is round and square, which makes the circle lively and interesting.
3. Balance and symmetry. The division, balance and symmetry of space are the unique charm of seal script. Symmetry exists not only in left-right symmetry and up-down symmetry, but also in local symmetry of characters and left-right oblique symmetry of circular strokes.
4. The top is tight and the bottom is loose. Most of the characters in Biography are in the upper part, and the lower part is telescopic feet. Of course, there are also characters with no feet below. The main strokes are in the lower part, and the upper strokes can be raised.