Qin Shihuang was the first emperor in the history of China. He unified the six countries, unified weights and measures, and built the world-famous Great Wall. He has made outstanding achievements in his life. But on the other hand, he is also a tyrant who practices tyranny. Qin died in the second year, and he had an unshirkable responsibility.
First, the vague life experience
Qin Shihuang, surnamed Yan, was the son of King Xiang of Qin. However, there is another story about Ying Zheng's life.
In 259 BC, Qin attacked Handan, the capital of Zhao, and Ping Yuanjun of Zhao asked Wei Xinling and Chun Shen Jun of Chu for help. With the help of Wei and Chu, Zhao defeated Qin. According to the convention, the State of Qin must send a prince and grandson to Handan as a hostage. In this way, Qin gave the stranger to Zhao. Many people were watching when the stranger arrived in Handan. One of them saw a stranger and said, "This strange goods can live!" " This sentence was said by Lv Buwei, a famous businessman in the Warring States Period.
Lv Buwei is a patriotic man. Later, he made a fortune doing business in Korea, and his family was well off. This time, he came to Handan from Yangzhai and met a stranger. Therefore, Lv Buwei took the initiative to make friends with strangers and donated 500 yuan to meet the needs of strangers.
At this time, there was a beautiful woman in Lv Buwei Palace, Evonne, who was deeply loved by Lv Buwei and was pregnant. At a dinner party, Evonne danced and made a toast, which attracted the attention of different people. Lv Buwei reluctantly gave up what she wanted and gave Evonne to a stranger.
After marrying a stranger, Zhao Ji was deeply loved by him, but he never revealed his pregnancy. Until later, Evonne gave birth to a son for Ying Zheng.
This statement mainly comes from Historical Records and Biography of Lv Buwei written by Sima Qian, a historian of the Han Dynasty. However, many scholars, such as Tang Pinyin, Wang Shizhen and Guo Moruo, have questioned this view. So the life experience of Qin Shihuang is still a mystery.
Second, the reunification of China.
In 247 BC, King Zhuang Xiang, who had been king of Qin for three years, died, and Ying Zheng, who was 13 years old, acceded to the throne. Because of the dual relationship between Zhuang Xiang and Wang He, Lv Buwei held a pivotal position in North Korea at that time. Because Ying Zheng is young and can't handle political affairs, Lv Buwei is the authoritarian prime minister, and he is honored as "Guan Zhong". Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, is in a puppet position.
1 quell civil strife
In 239 BC, Ying Zheng ordered his brother Cheng to lead an army to attack Zhao, and Cheng took the opportunity to launch a mutiny. So Ying Zheng sent troops to pacify and put Cheng and his men to death. Ying Zheng initially consolidated the throne.
In 238 BC, Ying Zheng was 22 years old and had grown up, so he should be crowned as a leader. However, the situation in North Korea is extremely unfavorable to Ying Zheng.
When Ying Zheng ascended the throne, his mother Evonne was only about 30 years old, when Lv Buwei was in power. Coupled with Ying Zheng's youth and ignorance, Lv Buwei and the Empress Dowager Zhao Ji revisited the old love and went in and out of the palace.
However, his ultimate goal is to steal the throne of Qin, which will be doomed once his affair with Qin is exposed. In this way, after careful consideration, Lv Buwei came up with a plan to find someone who can replace Evonne. So, Lv Buwei found a street hooligan named the Queen Mother and dedicated him to her.
Strong and skilled in sex, the queen mother is extremely lucky to him. Soon, the Queen Mother became pregnant. In order to avoid people's eyes and ears, the queen mother moved to Dazheng Palace on the pretext of avoiding disaster. The queen mother's power is also increasing because of her favor, and she was named as a long-term letter Hou.
Over time, Ying Zheng also learned about the lewdness of the Empress Dowager. Before the coronation ceremony, it was reported in Ying Zheng that Ying Zheng followed closely, and the result was true.
Many eyes and ears, after learning that Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, was eyeing himself, he quickly launched a rebellion in an attempt to set up a new king instead of Ying Zheng. But Ying Zheng came prepared and soon put down the rebellion, and he was crowned pro-DPRK.
Lv Buwei was implicated in the incident. In 237 BC, Ying Zheng dismissed Lv Buwei as prime minister and deprived him of his military and political power. The following year, Lv Buwei committed suicide by drinking zhenniao. At this point, Ying Zheng has completely consolidated its power and prepared for the unification of the six countries.
Sweep the six countries
After Ying Zheng took office, it took him about nine years to establish his absolute authority. The struggle against the six countries has also changed from previous encroachment to annexation. According to Reese's suggestion, the strategy of "taking North Korea first and then fearing other countries" was established. Since 230 BC, Ying Zheng launched a unified war and annexed six countries.
In the late Warring States period, only Zhao was a country that could barely compete with Qin, but in the battle of Changping in 262 BC, Zhao was defeated and 400,000 troops of Zhao were raped and killed. Zhao's strength was greatly damaged, and other countries were even more unable to resist the attack of Qin.
Ying Zheng took weakening Zhao's military strength as an important step for reunification, and attacked Zhao twice in 236 BC and 232 BC. However, due to the wise command of Li Mu, the general of Zhao, it failed, but it also greatly weakened the strength of Zhao.
In 230 BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, ordered Nestor to lead an army to attack South Korea. South Korea hardly offered any resistance, so Qin Jun quickly occupied its capital Xinzheng and occupied Wang Han. After the demise of Korea, the State of Qin established Yingchuan County here.
In the second year, in 229 BC, Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, sent Wang Jian, a general, to attack Zhao from Shangdang, but Zhao was still resisted by Li Mu, and the two sides were deadlocked for a year. So Qin bribed Guo Kai, the courtier of Zhao, and framed Li Mu as Zhao. As a result, Li Mu was arrested and later executed. In this way, there was no one in Zhao Can to unite against the enemy, so Wang Jian captured the king of Zhao in 228 BC and invaded Handan, the capital of Zhao. Zhao perished.
In 226 BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, sent Wang Jian and Wang Ben to attack Yan State, captured Ji, the capital of Yan State, and the prince fled to Liaodong County.
In 225 BC, Ying Zheng sent Wang Ben to lead the troops to surround the girder of the capital of Wei. Wang Ben adopted the strategy of water attack to introduce the water from the Yellow River and Dagou into the girders. Three months later, the girder wall collapsed, Wang Wei went out of the city to surrender, and Wei perished.
In 224 BC, the King of Qin sent Wang Jian to attack the State of Chu and captured him alive. Xiang Yan, the general of Chu, named Chang Wenjun as the King of Chu. The following year, Wang Jian and Wu Meng defeated the Chu army again, killing Chang Wenjun, and Xiang Yan committed suicide.
The successive demise of the five countries in Shandong means the demise of Qi. In 22 1 year BC, Wang Ben, the general of the state of Qin, had just wiped out the class of Prince Xi and returned to Korea, and he was ordered by Ying Zheng to lead an army to attack the State of Qi. Similarly, Qin Jun occupied Linzi, the capital of Qi, almost without any resistance, and Qi perished.
In just ten years, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, wiped out the other six countries, ended the division since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and established the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China.
Third, establish imperial power.
1 claiming to be the first emperor
Before the Qin Dynasty, the highest title of a ruler was Wang. In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the monarch was called the king. Later, the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty declined, and the princes and kings became kings one after another. However, after ten years or so of merger, the kings of the other six countries became prisoners. Facing his own achievements, the King of Qin deeply felt that the title of "King" was not enough to show his position. So the king of Qin ordered: "I am a terrible person. dispatch troops punishes the riots and relies on the spirit of the ancestral temple. The six kings are worried, and the world will be settled." Today's name, if not more successful, should be passed on to future generations. It is about the emperor. "
So Wang Wan, Feng Jie, Li Si and others, after consulting the well-informed doctors, said to Ying Zheng, the king of Qin: "In the past, the five emperors only ruled a piece of land thousands of miles away from Fiona Fang, and the surrounding tribes just migrated from time to time, but the son of heaven could do nothing. Now, your majesty's Xingyi soldiers have pacified the world. This is a feat that has never happened since ancient times. Three emperors and five emperors are inferior to your majesty. Therefore, please call your majesty Qin Huang and yourself me, and this command is called the imperial edict. " However, Ying Zheng thought that the ancient throne number should be adopted, called "Emperor", and immediately ordered the world. In the system hit, Ying Zheng decided to call himself the first emperor, and later generations succeeded to the throne according to the number of people, that is, the second and third generations, until eternity, which spread endlessly. In this way, Qin Shihuang became the title of Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, and the emperor became the exclusive title of the supreme ruler of feudal society in China.
In order to deify the imperial power, Qin Shihuang stipulated the imperial seal system after agreeing on the imperial title. The imperial seal, written by Li Si and Qin Shihuang, was made by craftsmen. There are five dragons hooked on it, four inches square, and the words "ordered by heaven, live forever" have become a symbol of imperial power.
Establish three public officials and nine ministers.
After Qin Shihuang confirmed the title of emperor, in order to strengthen centralization, the original central and local management systems were reformed. Three nine officials were set up in the central government, and the county system was implemented in the local government. Officials were appointed by the emperor.
The three fairs in Qin Dynasty refer to the prime minister, the imperial censor and Qiu. The prime minister is the head of a hundred officials, and his duty is to assist the emperor in handling the political affairs of the whole country. The prime minister of Qin set up more people around him. At the beginning of Qin Dynasty, Wei Xiao and Wang Wan were left and right prime ministers respectively, followed by right prime minister Feng Quji and left prime minister Li Si. During the reign of Qin Shihuang, not only the appointment and removal of the prime minister was entirely decided by the emperor, but also the handling of various political affairs was entirely decided by the emperor, and the prime minister had no decision-making power.
The suggestion is responsible for supervision, and at the same time, it also helps the prime minister to handle political affairs. Before the Qin dynasty, there was a post of suggestion, but it was only a very humble official position. In order to contain the relative power and strengthen supervision, Qin Shihuang changed to be an ancient scholar, ranking third.
Qiu's duty is to assist the emperor in handling military affairs. He is the highest military official of the central government. Qiu had the right to take the troops during the war, but did not have the right to transfer them. The power to dispatch troops belongs only to the emperor.
Under the "Three Fairs", there were no nine ministers in the Qin Dynasty (but the number was not only nine), and they were led by the Prime Minister, Yushi and Qiu respectively, who were in charge of different administrative affairs of the court and the state and directly obeyed the emperor. Qin Jiuqing mainly has the following functions: serving the ancestral hall etiquette, the doctor in charge of the palace, the guard stationed in the palace, the servant in charge of the war horse, Ting Wei in charge of the punishment, the guest in charge of the barbarians, Zong Zheng in charge of the relatives, the millet history in charge of the grain and goods, the Shaofu in charge of the taxation of the mountain and sea pond, Zhong Cheng in charge of the fierce queen's family.
The central administrative organization, with three officials and nine officials as the main body, is the core of the feudal autocratic political system in the Qin Dynasty and the highest authority absolutely subordinate to the emperor.
3 implement the county system
Qin Shihuang's local rule mode is to implement the county system, and no longer implement the enfeoffment system.
At the beginning of reunification, there was a dispute between the enfeoffment system and the county system in Qin Dynasty. Ministers all agreed to rule by enfeoffment, but Reese disagreed. He pointed out: "Zhou's disciples shared the same surname, but later they became estranged and attacked each other like enemies, and even the princes attacked each other. Zhou could ban them. Today, your majesty's gods are unified in the sea, all of which are counties and counties, and heroes of all factions are rewarded with public taxes, which makes it easy to make the world indistinguishable, so the art of harmony is also. It is not convenient to establish princes. " Qin Shihuang decided to implement the county system according to Lisi's suggestion. The whole country is divided into 36 counties, including Shang Jun, Baxian, Hanzhong, Shu, Heshan and Longxi. Later, with the development of the frontier, Nanhai, Guilin and Xiang Jun were added. Until the demise of Qin dynasty, there were 48 counties in Qin dynasty.
Counties and counties are the highest administrative organizations established in the Qin Dynasty, and the main officials include the history of county guards, county guards and supervision. The county magistrate is the highest chief executive of a county, whose duty is to take charge of the civil affairs, justice, supervision, finance and military affairs of a county and maintain the local ruling order. The county commandant assists the county magistrate and is in charge of the military affairs of a county, and the supervision history is responsible for supervising the people and local officials.
Counties are the second-level administrative organizations set up below the county level in the Qin Dynasty. County officials mainly include county magistrate, county magistrate, county commandant and "history" of the household department. The county magistrate is the chief executive of a county and is responsible for governing the whole county. Counties with more than 10,000 households have county orders, and counties with less than 10,000 households have county officials. Xiancheng is mainly in charge of justice, and county commandant is in charge of military affairs. Ling Shi, Shi Cheng, and Wei Shi, including county magistrate, county magistrate, and county commandant, are all their subordinate clerks.
The implementation of the county system further strengthened the centralized feudal monarchy, and the appointment and removal of county orders and county orders still had to be decided by the emperor.
The first part Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng Section 2 Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng (2)
Fourth, burning books and burying Confucianism.
In order to strengthen imperial power and ideological control, the most important measure of Qin Shihuang was to burn books to bury Confucianism.
In 2 13 BC, Qin Shihuang held a grand banquet in Xianyang Palace to celebrate his birthday. Seventy civil and military officials and doctors attended the banquet.
At the banquet, all the doctors celebrated the birthday of Qin Shihuang, and Zhou Xianhe, the servant, said, "He is only a thousand miles away from Qin. Thanks to your majesty's great power, he settled the sea and exiled barbarians, and the sun and the moon will shine, so he will definitely take it." Taking princes as counties and counties, everyone is happy, and there is no war, which has been passed down from generation to generation. Not as good as your majesty wade since ancient times "Qin Shihuang was very satisfied with Zhou's eulogy. At this moment, Dr. Yue of the State of Qi said, "I heard that Yin Zhou Wang is over 1,000 years old. He has made contributions to his son and helped himself. Now, although your majesty has a family, his children are ordinary people, and his soldiers are ministers of Tian Chang and Liu Qing. How can he save you without help? No one listens to those who can not learn from the past for a long time. Today, the young minister paid tribute to your majesty. This is not a loyal minister. " In this way, Chun Yuyue once again raised the issue of enfeoffment. So Qin Shihuang ordered his ministers to discuss Chun Yuyue's point of view. At this time, Li Si, who has served as prime minister, said: "The five emperors will not be unified, and the three generations will not attack. "I think that different times have different methods of rule. These Confucian scholars borrow the past and return it to the present, which confuses people's thoughts. Therefore, Li Si suggested to Qin Shihuang: "I asked historians to burn all the records of Qin State. "If you are not a doctor, people who dare to collect poems, books and hundreds of languages in the world will learn to keep them and burn them. Some people who dare to speak "poetry" and "books" abandon the market. Think of the past as a family that is not the present. Those officials are all guilty of the same crime if they don't mention it. If it doesn't burn for the next 30 days, it will be a city. Those who don't go, the book of planting trees. If you want to learn the law, take the official as the teacher. " On the advice of Li Si, Qin Shihuang ordered "burning books" all over the country. The next year, Qin Shihuang once again cheated Confucianism.
Qin Shihuang imprisoned Confucianism because several alchemists fled.
With the completion of the great cause of reunification, Qin Shihuang's desire to pray for a long life became stronger and stronger. As early as 2 19 BC, Qin Shihuang toured the east and came to the hometown of Qi. Xu, the alchemist of Qi, went to Qin Shihuang and told him that there were three fairy mountains in the East China Sea: Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou, and claimed that as long as thousands of boys and girls were selected, dozens of big ships and enough gifts were brought, they could go to the sea to seek immortality. Qin Shihuang actually believed it and immediately did as Xu said. As a result, Xu led a boat to the East, but never came back.
Later, in 2 15 BC, Qin Shihuang sent alchemist Lu Sheng to look for the elixir of life, but Lu Sheng returned empty-handed. Lu Sheng lied to Qin Shihuang and said, "I often can't meet you when I seek the elixir of life, because there are obstacles. As long as the emperor often travels in secret and no one knows where he lives, real people will come and the medicine of immortality will be available. " Qin Shihuang believed Lu Sheng and said, "I admire real people!" Do as Lu Sheng says. But Lu Sheng and others still haven't found the elixir of life. Knowing that it is impossible to hide cheating forever, they spread rumors everywhere, saying that they could not get the elixir of life because Qin Shihuang was arbitrary and tyrannical. Then Lu Sheng and others secretly fled Xianyang with the money they cheated.
Qin Shihuang saw Lu Sheng and others looking for the elixir for a long time, but he still hoped to find the elixir, because it is well known all over the world that Qin Shihuang called himself a "real person". But the flight of Lu Sheng and others made Xianyang people talk about it. When Qin Shihuang knew it, he was furious and said, "I collected all the books that were not used in the world before and destroyed them;" Then, we called the alchemists and Confucian scholars from all over the world to treat them well, so as to achieve peace and refine the elixir. But Xu and others are gone forever, and Lu Sheng and others are still slandering me behind my back and misleading the public. I want to ask Lu Sheng's associates in Xianyang one by one. " So Qin Shihuang ordered the interrogation of Confucian scholars, who informed on each other, and found that 460 people were buried alive in the Wen Gu Valley of Lishan outside Xianyang. Therefore, Mount Li in Wen Gu is also known as the Pit of Confucianism. It is said that the soil in this place is red up to now.
Although Qin Shihuang's "burning books to bury Confucianism" strengthened ideological control, it seriously damaged China culture and marked the arrival of feudal cultural absolutism.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) unified supervision
Qin was unified by eliminating the other six countries. However, due to the long-term coexistence of the seven chivalrous men, there are great differences in writing, currency and weights and measures among countries. After Qin unified the six countries, in order to strengthen the rule and maintain the unity, measures were taken to unify the writing, currency and weights and measures.
1 unified text
After the appearance of Chinese characters, after a long period of development and evolution, in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the social turmoil and rapid changes, the forms and pronunciations of characters in different places were different, and the phenomenon of "variant characters and variant characters" appeared. At that time, different countries often wrote the same word in different ways. A typical example is the numerous glyphs of "horse": Qi has three ways of writing; There are two other ways to write Chu Ci and Yan Wen. In Korea, Zhao and Wei, there are two different ways of writing. This is not only not conducive to the development of culture and the communication between people everywhere, but also caused great difficulties in the writing, reading and dissemination of various documents and files in the Qin Dynasty.
Faced with this situation, Qin Shihuang accepted Lisi's suggestion, and in 22 1 BC, he promulgated the imperial edict of "similarity in writing", which stipulated that the small seal script of Qin State should be unified and everything different from it should be abolished. In order to popularize Xiao Zhuan in other six countries, Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si, Zhao Gao and Hu Wujing to write three articles, Xiao Yan, Ji Li and erudition, using Xiao Zhuan as a template.
The model of seal script written by Li Si and others is actually a summary of the natural development of Chinese characters in China for thousands of years. Although the above three models have long been lost, Xiao Zhuan was widely used in the historical stone carvings during Qin Shihuang's tour. According to records, most of these stone carvings were written by Li Si, among which Taishan stone carvings contain nine characters. Yishan stone carving has a copy of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and Taiwan Province stone carving has 86 characters. The structure of these small seal scripts has changed greatly: the fonts are unified, the layout is compact, and the strokes are symmetrical, which obviously corrects the shortcomings of the six countries' complicated writing structure and illegible writing.
In the Qin Dynasty, apart from Xiao Zhuan, a simpler official script was popular than Xiao Zhuan. This font used to be thought to be created by Cheng Miao, but in fact it was gradually created by people who used irregular cursive script in a hurry when copying official documents. This kind of "grass seal" was originally used by the prison officials in Deli, so it was called official script. Qin Shihuang also sorted out official scripts. The sorted official script has straight strokes, flat structure and convenient writing. Not only is it widely used by the people, but official documents of governments at all levels also use official scripts, except for a few important letters.
Qin Shihuang's unification of characters is conducive to the development of a unified multi-ethnic country. Since then, the structure of Chinese characters has been basically stereotyped.
2 Unified currency
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China's commodity economy developed rapidly, and different countries often minted different coins. However, copper coins have become the main currency in the circulation field at that time, but there are great differences in the shape, size, weight and calculation unit of copper coins in different countries. From the shape point of view, the copper coins of various countries at that time can be divided into four categories: cloth coins, knife coins, round coins and copper shells. Cloth coins are similar in shape to metal farm tools (cloth) and are mainly used in countries such as Zhao, Wei and North Korea. Knife coins are shaped like knives and mainly circulate in Qi, Yan and Zhao. Circular coins, the outer circle of which is divided into square holes and round holes, were mainly used in the areas along the Yellow River during the Qin, Eastern Zhou, Western Zhou and Zhao Wei Dynasties. Copper shell, shaped like seashells, commonly known as "ant nose money", is mainly used in Chu State.
The disunity of the monetary system has seriously hindered the circulation of commodities throughout the country and unified the country's fiscal revenue and expenditure. Therefore, after Qin Shihuang unified Qin, he ordered the unification of the national currency, and mainly adopted three measures: First, the right to coin was reverted to the state, and local and folk coins were prohibited. For those who minted coins privately, not only their coins were confiscated, but also those who minted coins privately were arrested and severely punished; Secondly, clearly define the types of money. The legal tender of Qin Dynasty is gold and copper coins, the metal belongs to the upper currency, and copper coins belong to the lower currency. Copper coins are round square-hole coins with the words "half Liang" cast, each weighing twelve baht; Third, the currencies used by the six countries, such as cloth coins, knife coins and copper shells, are abolished, and turtle shells, pearls and jade, silver and tin are not allowed to be used as currencies.
Qin Shihuang unified the currency and eliminated the disunity of the monetary system in different regions. The circular square hole currency formulated by Qin Dynasty became the basic currency form of feudal society in China, which has been used for more than two thousand years.
3 unified measurement
Before the unification of Qin dynasty, the weights and measures of various countries were very chaotic, and the units of measurement were not unified. As far as the length is concerned, there are several kinds of copper rulers handed down from generation to generation as evidence. For example, the two sides of Changsha Chu copper ruler are 22.7 cm and 22.3 cm respectively; The length of Chu copper ruler in Shouxian County, Anhui Province is 22.5 cm; Luoyang Jincun copper ruler is 22. 1 cm long. The length of 1 foot differs by as much as 0.6 cm. In the quantitative system, countries differ even more. Since Tian's reign, the State of Qi has implemented the unit system of "five liters of beans, five pots of beans and ten pots of seeds". Wei is based on profit, struggle and welcome. As for the balance system, it is even more confusing, and the names of units are even more different. Chu's weighing instrument is a balance weight, with baht and two pounds as the unit; Zhao takes yi as the unit; In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty, Fu was the unit.
Weights and measures are essential in commodity exchange and an important standard for national tax collection. After Qin Shihuang unified the State of Qin, he ordered that the weights and measures of the other six countries be unified based on the weights and measures of the State of Qin. The specific measure is to engrave the full text of unified measurement letters on the newly formulated standards of weights and measures. This can not only provide more standard devices, but also publicize the achievements of Qin Shihuang. After reunification, the weights and measures system of the Qin Dynasty took inch, ruler, ruler and quotation as units, and took ten as the carry system. In terms of measurement system, it is based on decimal system, such as drum, combination, liter, bucket and barrel (welcome); In the weighing system, baht, taels, gold, jun and stone are used as units, with a carry of 24 baht as one tael, 162 as one catty, 30 catties as one jun and four jun as one stone.
The unification of writing, currency and weights and measures plays an important role in the history of China, and has become an important basis for maintaining the unification of China's feudal state.
The first part Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng Section 3 Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng (3)
Sixth, expand the territory.
China is a multi-ethnic country, and there were many ethnic groups in the pre-Qin period. After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang invaded the Yue nationality in the south, attacked the Huns in the north, and connected with the southwest, constantly expanding its territory and creating a unified multi-ethnic country.
1 South Expedition and Baiyue
In today's Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and other regions, there has always been a huge ethnic group, that is, the Yue nationality. There are many subordinates of the Yue nationality, and there are great differences among tribes, also known as "Baiyue". According to the different distribution areas, it can be divided into eight parts: Yuyue, Fujian and Guangdong, Ouyue, Nanyue and Ouyue.
After reunification, Qin Shihuang immediately launched a large-scale military action to conquer Lingnan. Qin Shihuang appointed Tu Youyou as the commander-in-chief, divided into five groups and led 500,000 troops to attack south. When the soldiers arrived in Nanling, they met with stubborn resistance from South Vietnam and Xi 'ou. The Vietnamese army took advantage of its familiarity with the terrain and fled into the forest to deal with Qin Jun. Qin Jun was used to fighting in the open areas of the Central Plains, but he was not used to fighting in the dense forests, resulting in heavy casualties.
More serious than this is the logistics supply in Qin Jun, where rivers crisscross in the south. Faced with this situation, Qin Jun was at a loss, which caused great difficulties in the supply of grain and grass.
In order to solve the problem of grain and grass transportation, Qin Shihuang appointed Yu Shilu as the supervisor in 2 14 BC, and dug the Lingqu, which was also called Xing 'an Canal in present-day Guangxi Autonomous Region. Lingqu is composed of estuary, stone dike with balanced size, south beam and north beam. The spout is made of huge stones, and the dam built in Xiangjiang River is the key to Lingqu. The north-south beam is 34 kilometers long and is the main part of Lingqu. The excavation of Lingqu connects the Yangtze River water system with the Pearl River water system, which is the crystallization of the wisdom of the ancient working people in China.
In about 2 19 BC, the Lingqu was built, thus solving the problem of Qin Jun's rations transportation. Qin Jun violently attacked and quickly captured Lingnan in 2 14 BC, and set up Guilin, Nanhai and Hunan counties here, which basically unified Lingnan.
In 2 13 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered 500,000 criminals from the Central Plains to be exiled to Lingnan to live with the Vietnamese. In addition, a large number of prisoners and mainlanders have been resettled in Lingnan again and again, which is of great positive significance to the development of Lingnan and the promotion of ethnic integration.
2 attack Huns in the north.
Xiongnu is a powerful nomadic people in ancient China, brave and good at fighting. They are mainly nomadic in the vast areas from the Mongolian Plateau to Yinshan Mountain in the south and Lake Baikal in the north. During the Warring States period, with the gradual strength of Xiongnu and the dispute between the seven heroes in the Central Plains, Xiongnu nobles often led troops south to invade and plunder property. By the time the Qin Dynasty was established, the Huns had occupied a vast area from Yangshan to "Henan land" and continued to invade the south. This was a serious threat to the Qin Dynasty.
After the war to unify the six countries was completed, the Qin Dynasty was newly established, and its national strength was insufficient to cope with a large-scale war. Therefore, Qin Shihuang took an active defensive strategy and ordered Meng Tian and Wang Li to strengthen their garrison in the north. In 2 15 BC, after five or six years of preparation, Qin Shihuang ordered Meng Tian to lead 300,000 troops to attack the Xiongnu in the north. At that time, Tou Man Khan was the leader of the Huns. Meng Tian's first goal is to recover "Henan land". He quickly recovered the "Henan land" and Yuzhong by concentrating his forces and making a quick decision. In 2 14 BC, Meng Tian led an army across the Yellow River and attacked the Huns on a large scale. Tou Man Khan was irresistible and had to move northward. Meng Tian took the opportunity to lead the army to occupy Gaoque, Yangshan and Beifak. On the one hand, the Qin government set up 44 counties in these areas to implement effective administration, on the other hand, it also moved a large number of prisoners and encouraged ordinary people to move to border areas.
The Qin Dynasty's victory over the Xiongnu was the first heavy blow to the Xiongnu nobles, which made the people in Hetao area have a stable environment for a long time. This will play an important role in promoting the formation of a multi-ethnic unified country and the economic development of remote areas.
In order to consolidate the victory over the Huns, Qin Shihuang ordered Meng Tian to build the Qin Changcheng.
Build the Great Wall
The Great Wall was originally built in the Warring States Period. At that time, Zhao, Wei, Yan, Qi, Qin and other countries built the Great Wall as fortifications. Qin Shihuang had a profound understanding of the defensive function of the Great Wall. So in order to prevent the Huns from invading the south again, he decided to continue to build a bigger Great Wall.
Qin Changcheng was built on the basis of the Great Wall connecting Qin, Zhao and Yan. In 2 14 BC, after Meng Tian recovered "Henan Land" and Yuzhong, it began to build the Great Wall on the northern edge of the Yellow River. Since then, large-scale construction has been in full swing. After hundreds of thousands of migrant workers worked day and night for several years, the Great Wall was finally built.
Qin Changcheng is mainly composed of three parts. The northwest section starts from Lintao in the west, which is now Minxian County, Gansu Province, and ends in Jiuyuan in the east, which is now the northwest of Baotou City. The northern section, from Gaoque to Dai Jun, is now Yuxian County, Hebei Province. The northeast section, from Dai Jun to Jieshi in Liaodong, is more than 5,000 kilometers long.
As a masterpiece of ancient military construction engineering, the Great Wall is the crystallization of wisdom and sweat of working people in ancient China.
The construction of the Great Wall caused heavy corvee and burden to the working people at that time. Therefore, there is a folk legend that Meng Jiangnu cried the Great Wall.
At that time, Meng Jiangnv's husband Qi Liang was forcibly dragged by the Qin government to repair the Great Wall. Qi Liang couldn't bear the heavy labor torture and risked his life to escape. As a result, he was arrested and beaten to death, and the body was built in the wall of the Great Wall. Meng Jiangnu found her husband all the way, and when she heard that her husband had died, she cried bitterly for ten days. As a result, the wall of the Great Wall collapsed, exposing countless bones. Meng Jiangnu couldn't recognize it, so she pricked her finger and dropped blood on the bone, saying, "If it is the bone of Qi Liang, the blood will seep down." In this way, Meng Jiangnv found her husband's bones and brought them back for burial. The legend of Meng Jiangnu crying over the Great Wall reflects the profound disaster brought by the construction of the Great Wall.
Seven, the first emperor tyranny
The powerful Qin dynasty lasted only a few decades from its establishment to its demise. The fundamental reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty lies in the tyranny of Qin Shihuang, which is mainly reflected in tribute and punishment.
1 There are heavy tributes.
During Qin Shihuang's reign, taxes were very heavy. Taxes in Qin dynasty can be divided into two types: field tax and mouth tax. According to Dong Zhongshu of the Han Dynasty, the taxes of the Qin Dynasty were "twenty times that of ancient times".
In addition, the corvee of the Qin Dynasty was very heavy. The Qin dynasty stipulated that ordinary people began to serve at the age of 65,438+05, and reached the age of 60. You must be in charge for one year, be stationed in the army for one year, and die for one month every year.
Qin Shihuang built palaces in Xianyang and other places, among which Epang Palace was the most important. In 2 12 BC, Qin Shihuang still felt that the existing palace was too small and decided to build Epang Palace. Epang Palace is huge, 500 steps from east to west and 50 feet from north to south. It can hold 10 thousand people, and its palace is very high, and a 50-foot-high flagpole can be erected in it. At the top of Nanshan, a city gate was built in front of the palace. Besides, we need to build many roads. Therefore, the Tang Dynasty poet Du Mu later described the scale of Epang Palace in detail in his "Epang Palace Fu": "Shu, Epang went out. Overpressure exceeds 300 miles, isolated from the sun. Mount Lishan bends in the north and reaches Xianyang, melts into Erchuan and flows into the palace wall, five steps to the first floor and ten steps to a pavilion; Cloister waist slow back, eaves teeth high peck; Each holds the terrain and intrigues. " Epang Palace, as the place where Qin Shihuang held court meetings, celebrations and discussed state affairs, its design should naturally reflect its dignity as an emperor.
Qin Shihuang not only lived to enjoy the wealth of the world, but also died for luxury. He built a large-scale mausoleum for himself in Lishan Mountain. At the beginning of his reign, he began to build a mausoleum for himself. After the reunification of the six countries, hundreds of thousands of people continued to build. Its tomb is120m high and 2167m in circumference. Under the tomb is "wearing three springs to drop copper, passing through the tomb, and the palace is full of treasures." Let the craftsman make a crossbow, and the person who wears it will shoot it out. Take mercury as a hundred rivers and seas, instill machines, there is astronomy on the top and geography on the bottom. Taking mermaid cream as a candle will last for a long time. " In addition to the main body of the mausoleum, there are many burial projects. The unearthed terracotta warriors and bronze red horses can be used as evidence. So far, three pits of Qin Terracotta Warriors have been excavated. The terracotta warriors and horses unearthed are almost as big as real people, with vivid shapes and realistic expressions, and are recognized as the eighth wonder of the world by UNESCO.
According to statistics, the population of Qin Dynasty is about 20 million, and the corvee is more than 2 million every year, which shows the importance of corvee in Qin Dynasty.
2. Severe punishment.
After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, the nobles and people in Shandong, especially the old nobles of the original six countries, had a particularly strong anti-Qin sentiment.
In order to consolidate his rule, Qin Shihuang adopted severe repression and harsh laws. Its names are numerous.