2. During the Warring States Period, after the Spring and Autumn Period, that is, the second half of the Zhou Dynasty, it entered the era of hegemony of the seven countries, which was recorded in the Warring States Policy edited by Liu Xiang at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, so people called it the Warring States Period. Historical records? According to the Chronicle of Six Kingdoms, the Warring States began in the first 475 years (the first year) or from the division of the Han, Zhao and Wei tribes into Jin (the first 403 years) to the first 22 1 year (the 26th year of Qin Shihuang), and Qin joined the Six Kingdoms. During the Warring States Period, the seven vassal states of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin fought for years, and their struggles in military, political and diplomatic fields were extremely fierce. Because Shang Yang's reform of Qin played an important role in this rich country, Qin eventually came from behind and wiped out the other six countries one by one, completing the great cause of reunification of "Qin Wang swept Liuhe" and forming a unified country of "unifying laws at home, counties and counties". In the Seven Heroes, the reform is to enrich Qiang Bing. The reforms carried out by Li Kui of Wei, Wuqi of Chu and Shang Yang of Qin all promoted social progress to some extent. Military strategists represented by Su Qin and Zhang Yi are very active in the diplomatic struggle. During the Warring States period, the development of commerce and transportation promoted each other, and some famous cities appeared. Famous water conservancy projects such as Dujiangyan, Zheng Guoqu and Gap not only promoted agriculture at that time, but also benefited future generations. In terms of cultural, ideological and academic development, during the Warring States period, a hundred schools of thought contended and debaters rose, creating a splendid pre-Qin culture, which had a great influence on later generations.
3. During the Chu-Han period, after the Dune coup, CRRC ordered Zhao Gao to kill Meng Tian Reese and other heroes, and the empire went from bad to worse. Ten years of tyranny set off an uprising in Daze township and the six countries revived. The millipede is dead but not stiff. After Chen Sheng and the peasant uprising failed, the Chu Rebels attacked Qin in two ways. Xiang Yu crossed the rubicon, assembled Qin Jun's main force outside Julu City in Kanto (east of Hanguguan), and killed 200,000 Qin Jun, which shocked the world. At the same time, Liu bang took advantage of the gap to attack Xianyang, and Qin died. According to Chu Huaiwang's "Wang Zhi, the First Ruler of Guanzhong" (Historical Records, Biography of Emperor Gaozu), Liu Bang wanted to call Wang Guanzhong (referring to the area west of Hangu Pass) and send troops to Hangu Pass (now north of Nanbeizhai Village in the northeast of Lingbao Old Town, Henan Province, named for being in the valley to prevent the princes from entering the Pass). At the same time, he announced the abolition of the tyranny of the Qin dynasty and concluded "three chapters of the contract" with the elders in Guanzhong: "The murderer dies, and the wounded rob the crime" (Historical Records, Biography of Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty). However, Xiang Yu has gone through all kinds of hardships and fought bloody battles as the master of Qin Jun Tiger and Wolf, and victory is in sight. However, Liu Bang picked peaches and snatched the fruits of victory. Natural anger, ignoring the Covenant of the righteous emperor, became the overlord of Chu and changed Liu Bang to Hanwang. Liu Bang accumulated his strength in Hanzhong and Bashu areas, which opened the curtain of the Chu-Han War in August 206 BC.
4. The Three Kingdoms Period (220-280 AD, starting with 184, 190 or 2008) was a period of division and confrontation between the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty in China history, with three regimes: Cao Wei (Wei State), Shu State and Wu State. The Three Kingdoms period is magnificent and full of vitality, which often evokes the memory of future generations.
5. The Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589 AD) was a split period in the history of China, which began in 420 AD when Emperor Wu usurped the Eastern Jin Dynasty to establish the Southern Song Dynasty and ended in 589 AD when the Southern Chen Dynasty perished. During this period, he inherited the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Sixteen Countries of Wuhu, and then the Sui Dynasty. Although the Northern and Southern Dynasties changed dynasties, they maintained confrontation for a long time, so they were called the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The Southern Dynasty (420-589 AD) included four dynasties: Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. The Northern Dynasties (439-589 AD) included the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi and the Five Dynasties.
6. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were many achievements in laws and regulations, such as the system of three provinces and six departments, the imperial examination system, and the two tax laws, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations. Sui and Tang Dynasties adopted a relatively open policy and frequent economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. Tang poetry is the greatest achievement in literature. Chen Ziang in the early Tang Dynasty, Li Bai and Du Fu in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen in the middle Tang Dynasty, and Li Shangyin and Du Mu in the late Tang Dynasty are outstanding representatives. The ancient prose movement advocated by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan had a great influence on later generations. Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy, Yan, Wu Daozi, Wang Wei's paintings, music and dances such as "Dancing in Dress and Feather", and numerous grotto arts are all passed down to later generations. In terms of science and technology, printing and gunpowder, two of China's four great inventions, appeared in this period.
Political chaos in the late Tang Dynasty, from the dispute between Niu and Li to the eunuch's autocracy. During this period, peasant uprisings continued, and finally the Huang Chao Uprising broke out. Zhu Wen was one of the leaders of the uprising. He began to rebel against the Tang Dynasty, and later replaced the Tang Dynasty as emperor, establishing the first dynasty of the Five Dynasties-Hou Liang.
7. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms refers not to a dynasty, but to a special historical period. The Five Dynasties refers to the regime change in the later Liang Dynasty, the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the last Friday. The Ten Kingdoms refers to the ten separatist regimes that appeared one after another outside the Five Dynasties: Pre-Shu, Post-Shu, Wu, Southern Tang, wuyue, Fujian, Chu, Southern Han, Nanping (namely Jingnan) and Northern Han, collectively referred to as the Ten Kingdoms. As for the fixed number of years of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, it is said that the Northern Song Dynasty perished in 979 AD, so the historical period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is 907-979 AD. On the other hand, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms existed from 907 to 960.
8. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, in the first year of Jingkang, Jin Jun took only 40,000 people south, and all the way, like nobody's business, even broke the 27 States of the Northern Song Dynasty. Soldiers pointed at the capital of song dynasty, and the north bank of the yellow river fell into song dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty imperial court wanted to use the natural barrier of the Yellow River to resist the enemy of the nomads from the Yellow River, but Song Jun, which was guarding the south bank of the Yellow River, was short of soldiers for a long time. Occasionally, most of the soldiers in the camp are lazy and can't fight at all. At that time, although Song Jun burned the Yellow River pontoon bridge, the ferries on both sides of the strait were not completely confiscated due to the delay of subordinates' dereliction of duty. In just a few days, 8 Jin Jun assembled enough ferries on the north shore, and in October Ding Mao crossed the Yellow River. When the defenders of the Northern Song Dynasty saw that the nomads were defeated without fighting, they fled in all directions. The next day, eight 8 Jin Jun soldiers occupied Zhongmou post, a military stronghold north of the capital of song dynasty, without bloodshed. In the Northern Song Dynasty, from the emperor down to the petty officials, all panicked and messed up, and the Jin army besieged the capital of song dynasty for more than a month. Before Tokyo was broken, the royal family in the Northern Song Dynasty was ready to surrender, but the lower military and civilians in Kaifeng persisted in resisting, and 300,000 people were determined to participate in the war. Qinzong personally went to Jinying to beg for surrender, and surrendered in a grovelling manner. He also ordered Wang Bing to stop marching towards Kaifeng, and even suppressed the soldiers and civilians who spontaneously organized themselves to prepare for resistance. The people in Kaifeng suffered a great disaster because of the extensive search by the Jin army. In February of the following year, 8 Jin Jun wiped out the people of Song Huizong and Song Qinzong, and made Zhang Bangchang, the former prime minister of the Song Dynasty, a pseudo-emperor. In April, Jin Jun began to evacuate more than 3,000 captured emperors and queens, princes, royalty and nobles, together with a large number of precious seals, clothes, utensils, ritual vessels and armymen. Song Dynasty left this shameful and humiliating "Jingkang Change" in history.
9. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, 1235, the Mongolian army invaded the south for the first time and was repelled. Unwilling to fail, the Mongolian army invaded south twice in September of the following year and in the third year, and the front almost approached the north bank of the Yangtze River. Because Song Jun fought bravely and defeated the Mongols, he once again foiled the Mongols' attempt to cross the river. Subsequently, under the command of anti-Mongolian generals Meng Gong and Yu Jie, the soldiers and civilians in the Southern Song Dynasty defeated the Mongolian army many times, forcing it to make a detour. 1259, Mongo Khan of the Mongol Empire was wounded by Song Jun's arrow in zhanhe and died in the army. His brother Kublai Khan fought Song Jun in Ezhou. When he heard the news, he immediately prepared to withdraw his troops in order to seize Khan's position. At this time, Jia Sidao, the powerful minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, sent someone to make peace with Kublai Khan to ensure peace. In this way, Kublai Khan directly returned to the north to stand on his own feet.
1267, Kublai Khan ordered an attack on Xiangyang, an important town in the Southern Song Dynasty, for the battle of Xiangfan. Song Jun used the Hanshui River to continuously transfer funds to the city to save the city. ShouJiang, Lv Shoucheng six years, Jia Sidao sent fan, assistant, two people. Jia Sidao blocked all the news of Mongolian invasion to the south, and the emperor didn't know about it. 127 1 year, Kublai Khan was founded in the Central Plains with the title of Yuan. 1272, volunteers from Zhang Shun and Zhang Gui fought bloody battles with the Yuan Army. 1273, fancheng fell, Xiangyang city was broken, Song Jun street fighting continued, Lu finally surrendered, and the six-year Xiangyang defense war ended.
1276, the Yuan army captured Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and captured the 5-year-old Emperor Gongzong of the Southern Song Dynasty. The Southern Song Dynasty (manifesto of the main political power) perished.
Later, the remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty, such as Lu Xiufu, Wen Tianxiang and Zhang Shijie, successively established two young emperors (Duanzong and You Zhu) and set up a small court. The Yuan army pursued the little emperor and fled to the south. After passing through Hong Kong, Duanzong died of illness and set up another young master, and fled to Xinhui to the South China Sea. Wen Tianxiang was defeated and captured in Haifeng, and the Zhang Shijie warship sank. The desperate remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty finally perished with the defeat of the Yashan naval battle and the death of Lu Xiufu, the little emperor who just turned eight in March 1279, and the competition with the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties for more than 40 years came to an end.
10. The Red Scarf Army Uprising broke out in the eleventh year (135 1), and it was mainly divided into two branches, one from Qi and Huang, headed by Xu Shouhui (that is, Monk Peng).
In May of the same year, Liu Futong led the peasant army to capture Yingzhou. For a long time, Liu Futong used the White Lotus Sect to organize farmers to resist Yuan. He was first promoted to Han in Yongnian, calling him the grandson of Song Huizong VIII, and "the people of the great river, Huaihe River, Xiangjiang River and Shaanxi will follow with a loud voice". Unexpectedly, Han was arrested and his son fled to Wu 'an. Fortis came to Yingzhou, captured Zhu Gao, and opened a warehouse in Zhu Gao to help the poor, with hundreds of thousands of followers. Later, they successively occupied Luoshan, Zhenyang, Queshan, Runing, Xizhou and Gwangju.
In August, Xu Shouhui and Peng Yingyu captured qi zhou. Peng Yingyu is a "Zhuang" in Yuanzhou. He became a monk in his early years and treated others with clear springs. People in Yuanzhou are as good as gods. He used White Lotus to organize peasant uprisings for a long time. In the fourth year of Yuan Dynasty (1338), the uprising failed, and the people in western Huaixi fled, and the people in western Huaixi "fought for refuge" [12]. At this point, Xu Shouhui, the cloth dealer, fought bloody battles in the Qi and Huang Uprising, made peace with Jianyuan, and finished his title, and soon occupied Wuchang, Anlu, Mianyang, Jiangzhou and Raozhou. These two peasant armies are called the Red Scarf Army or the Red Army. They all believe in Maitreya Buddha and burn incense to gather people, also known as the "incense army." In addition, with the Red Army as the number, there are sesame plums in Xiaoxian, Wang San in Nanyang, Meng Haima in Fan Jing, Guo Zixing in Haozhou, and farmers in Huaibei, Fengpei, Xuru and Han Jing all rose to respond. The basic masses of the Red Scarf Army are poor peasants. Ye, a scholar at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, said that at that time, "the wealth of the characters was uneven, and the fun was chaotic" [13]. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, also said that there were "more than 10,000 people who abandoned agriculture and held knives" in Haozhou area [14]. The fundamental reason for farmers' resistance to the Yuan Dynasty was the inequality between the rich and the poor and the intensification of class contradictions at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. But the cruel national oppression of Mongolian rulers is also an important reason. 1235, the Mongolian army invaded the south for the first time and was repelled. Unwilling to fail, the Mongolian army invaded south twice in September of the following year and in the third year, and the front almost approached the north bank of the Yangtze River. Because Song Jun fought bravely and defeated the Mongols, he once again foiled the Mongols' attempt to cross the river. Subsequently, under the command of generals Meng Gong and Yu Jie, the soldiers and civilians in the Southern Song Dynasty defeated the Mongolian army many times, forcing it to make a detour. 1259, Mongo Khan of the Mongol Empire was wounded by Song Jun's arrow in zhanhe and died in the army. His brother Kublai Khan fought Song Jun in Ezhou. When he heard the news, he immediately prepared to withdraw his troops in order to seize Khan's position. At this time, Jia Sidao, the powerful minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, sent someone to make peace with Kublai Khan to ensure peace. In this way, Kublai Khan directly returned to the north to stand on his own feet.
1267, Kublai Khan ordered an attack on Xiangyang, an important town in the Southern Song Dynasty, for the battle of Xiangfan. Song Jun used the Hanshui River to continuously transfer funds to the city to save the city. ShouJiang, Lv Shoucheng six years, Jia Sidao sent fan, assistant, two people. Jia Sidao blocked all the news of Mongolian invasion to the south, and the emperor didn't know about it. 127 1 year, Kublai Khan was founded in the Central Plains with the title of Yuan. 1272, volunteers from Zhang Shun and Zhang Gui fought bloody battles with the Yuan Army. 1273, fancheng fell, Xiangyang city was broken, Song Jun street fighting continued, Lu finally surrendered, and the six-year Xiangyang defense war ended.
1276, the Yuan army captured Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and captured the 5-year-old Emperor Gongzong of the Southern Song Dynasty. The Southern Song Dynasty (manifesto of the main political power) perished.
Later, the remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty, such as Lu Xiufu, Wen Tianxiang and Zhang Shijie, successively established two young emperors (Duanzong and You Zhu) and set up a small court. The Yuan army pursued the little emperor and fled to the south. After passing through Hong Kong, Duanzong died of illness and set up another young master, and fled to Xinhui to the South China Sea. Wen Tianxiang was defeated and captured in Haifeng, and the Zhang Shijie warship sank. The desperate remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty finally perished with the defeat of the Yashan naval battle and the death of Lu Xiufu, the little emperor who just turned eight in March 1279, and the competition with the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties for more than 40 years came to an end.
1 1. After Emperor Li Yong was killed in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, only thirteen Kuidong families and Zheng Chenggong began to strangle him in the golden hall of Taipeng in 1662. 1664, thirteen Quidditch families failed to resist the Qing Dynasty, and the leader Li Laiheng's family set themselves on fire. Li Yong/KLOC-After Zheng Chenggong's death in May, June, Zheng Jing came to Taiwan from Xiamen to take over and continued to use the Li Yong number. On the surface, he still regards Zhu Shugui, the king of tranquility, as the official Xinyue family, and welcomes Zhu Shugui to Taiwan from Fujian the following year. 1663, Manchu and Holland jointly attacked Jinmen and Xiamen, and the two islands fell one after another. The Ming and Zheng forces retreated to Taiwan Province, and with their help, they helped the local people, contacted vendors, promoted learning, recruited talents, established systems and ruled the territory. When the San Francisco Rebellion broke out in A.D. 1673, Zheng Jing accepted the request of Geng, king of Jingnan, and led his army westward to March on Fujian. After recovering Xiamen, Zheng Jing took over Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and Chaozhou, and then captured Huizhou, Guangdong. Later, Shang Kexi, the king of Pingnan, Guangdong, and Geng, the king of Jingnan, Fujian, were successively pacified by the Qing army, and Wu Sangui, the king of Pingxi, Yunnan, was also defeated. Zheng Jing troops rout, can only hold Xiamen. 1680, Wan Zhengse, the general of the Qing army, sent people to lobby Zhu Tiangui, the deputy commander of Zheng Jun's navy (formerly Geng Department), to lead 300 warships, and more than 20,000 soldiers were cleared. 168 1 year Zheng Jing gave it to Zheng Jing, who was critically ill and named Zheng Kecang as his successor. Feng Xifan poisoned Zheng Kecang, took her husband Zheng Keshuang and monopolized the power. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty took advantage of the civil strife of the Zheng regime in the Ming Dynasty, and took Shi Lang, the rebel, as the prefect of the navy, and began to conquer Taiwan Province Province. 1683, Shi Lang defeated Liu Guoxuan to conquer Penghu, which caused great military pressure on Taiwan Province. As a result, Zheng Keshuang shaved his hair, Zhu Shugui, the quiet king, committed suicide with his five concubines, and the last anti-Qing force in the country was destroyed.