? Zhu Xi devoted his life to scholarship and education, and left many valuable assets to future generations in terms of reading and teaching. He summed up an effective method of reading and passed it on to his disciples. His disciples summarized it as "Zhu Xi's method of reading".
"Zhu Xi's method of reading" refers to the six principles of reading: step by step, read carefully, think deeply, be humble, observe oneself, work hard, and be respectful and persistent.
1. Step-by-step
Step-by-step means that reading should follow the inherent rules of the learning content and the learner’s own psychological characteristics to reasonably arrange the order and progress of learning; gradual means mainly It means not to seek speed, but to move forward steadily. Although the principles and methods of step-by-step learning have been around for a long time, the term "step-by-step" was first proposed by Zhu Xi. He elaborated on "step-by-step" for the first time in "The Essentials of Reading". The step-by-step reading method he emphasized mainly requires learners to have a sequence of reading content, a beginning and an end in the reading chapter, and the order of reading. The order of priority is strict and cannot be ignored. That is to say, when reading, do it: from small to large, from near to far, from shallow to deep, from known to unknown. The same is true for reading, and the same is true for teaching. It must be progressed, steadily, and moderately. It is necessary to seize the time without rushing for success. This reading method is very useful for teaching and guiding students to read, and it is also a principle that we must follow. When teaching a new course, only after students are familiar with the article can they conduct in-depth analysis and understanding. If students do not know the main idea of ??the article before analyzing it, the students will be confused. In actual lectures, we often encounter this situation. Students do not preview well and do not understand the new words and main ideas of the article. However, we give up the new words for the so-called wonderful teaching design later. Studying and reading, as a result, the classroom effect is greatly reduced. It seems that teaching and reading should not be rushed, but should be done step by step.
2. Read well and think deeply
The so-called familiar reading means reading more and reciting it, and thinking carefully means thinking carefully about the meaning of the book. Zhu Xi said: "In general, when reading a book, you must first read it thoroughly so that all the words come out of my mouth; then think carefully so that all the meanings come out of my heart, and then you can gain something." "Read thoroughly. "To be able to recite it, "if it comes from my mouth"; "contemplation" requires that the knowledge learned becomes a part of one's own thoughts. Familiar reading can lay the foundation for careful thinking, because "as long as you recite it a few times, it will become catchy and you won't forget it for a long time." Read the book a hundred times, and its meaning will become apparent. "If you are familiar with it, you don't have to explain it. You know its meaning." "Zhu Xi emphasized that the more times you read, the better. This old-fashioned reading method is primitive and monotonous, and is of little help to modern reading guidance. The only advantage is that it can cultivate learners' will and endurance. We are instructing students When reading, we should abandon this rigid method of reading over and over again, and adopt a variety of reading methods to stimulate students' interest in reading and avoid boring reading.
Zhu Xi provided some specific ideas for careful reading. Method guidance, firstly, the familiarity must be accurate. Secondly, the familiarity must be based on three aspects, that is, "the heart, the eyes, and the mouth." "Third, careful thinking requires understanding. When reading, you must be good at questioning and solving doubts in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of knowledge. Fourth, familiarity and careful thinking promote each other. Only by thinking while reading can you memorize it, remember it deeply, and never forget it. . These specific methods of guidance are not outdated. Combining reading and thinking, allowing students to think while reading and ask questions they do not understand are good teaching ideas left to us by the ancients.
3. Be open-minded and ponder
? The so-called "humbly" means to be humble and calm, not to be preconceived, but to calmly understand the connotation of the book. The so-called "humbly" means to ponder over and over and carefully. When chewing, you should not just follow what others say and echo what others say. Zhu Xi also advocated being creative based on repeated pondering.
When Zhu Xi mentioned "humility", he had two meanings. One is to maintain a quiet mood, be calm, quiet and at ease; the other is to keep nothingness in the heart and forget about the past before learning new knowledge. Put all the things you have learned behind your mind. You must not let the old knowledge you have learned interfere with the new knowledge you want to learn. I also have a deep understanding of the second meaning he meant here. In the past, when I was preparing a lesson, I got a new text and opened the teaching book to read it without saying anything. As a result, I read the teaching material first, lacking personal thinking and judgment. Many education experts suggest that you first read the text yourself and have your own unique understanding of the text, and then combine it with the teacher's help, compare it with your own ideas, filter them, and choose a plan that suits you and your students.
4. Observe personally
Zhu Xi advocated that after reading, you should be good at personally experiencing what you have learned and practicing the theories you have learned, and never just stay on the surface of written words. Only by learning and practicing can you deeply understand the meaning of the book.
? Zhu Xi's reading method is consistent with his teaching principle of "knowledge and action must complement each other". He said: "When it comes to order, knowledge comes first; when it comes to importance, behavior is important." Because practice can test the authenticity of knowledge. In teaching, if students only know but do not do it, their knowledge will be shallow; if they only do it but do not know, their knowledge will be limited. As Zhu Xi said: "The clearer the knowledge, the more earnest the practice; the more earnest the practice, the clearer the knowledge." In the teaching process, students should be guided to learn, know, and act while promoting each other.
5. Press hard
First of all, we emphasize the need to work hard and cheer up, and do not be tired or procrastinate. At the same time, reading requires a spirit of hard work and forgetting to eat and sleep. Learning is like sailing against the current. If you don't advance, you will retreat. Therefore, you must persevere and fight to the end. Ten thousand years is too long. We must seize the day and work hard to achieve anything.
6. Respect and maintain ambition
? "Respect" means to maintain a serious attitude when studying, to achieve a high degree of concentration, concentration, and single-mindedness. "Holding one's ambition" means to hold aspirations and set goals. Yes, as long as you set clear goals, have a rigorous attitude, and persevere with tenacious perseverance, you will definitely gain something while studying. For primary school students, this reading attitude and reading habit must be cultivated from an early age, so as to lay a good foundation for students' lifelong learning.
? Zhu Xi's "Zhu Xi's Reading Method" is based on the summary of his own educational experience. The essence of his thoughts has great guiding significance for our teaching and learning. Choose the right one and use it for yourself.