Song dynasty (960? 1279) is a dynasty in the history of China that inherited the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and started the Yuan Dynasty. It is divided into two stages: Northern Song Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty. * * * calendar eighteen emperors, enjoy the country for 319 years.
In 960, the generals of the later Zhou Dynasty launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, and established Songzhou as the emperor of German Zhao Kuangyin, thus establishing the Song Dynasty. In order to avoid the chaos of the regime and eunuch's authoritarian power in the late Tang Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin adopted the policy of emphasizing literature and restraining military power, strengthened centralization and deprived military commanders of their military power. After Song Taizong succeeded to the throne, the whole country was unified, and after forming a single-source alliance with Liao, he gradually stepped into the rule of the world. 1 125, the state of Jin invaded the south on a large scale, which led to the shame of Jingkang and the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. Zhao Gou, King of Kang, ascended the throne in Yingtianfu and established the Southern Song Dynasty. After the Shaoxing peace talks, the Qin Mausoleum-Huaihe River was the boundary with the State of Jin, which was jointly destroyed by Mongolia in 1234, song and yuan war broke out in 1235, Lin 'an was captured by the Yuan Dynasty in 1276, and the Southern Song Dynasty perished after the sea battle at Yashan.
The Song Dynasty was an era of high prosperity in commodity economy, culture, education and scientific innovation in the history of China. In the third year of Xianping (1000), China's total GDP was $26.55 billion, accounting for 22.7% of the world economy, and its per capita GDP was $450, exceeding that of Western Europe at that time. Although later generations thought that the Song Dynasty? Poverty and weakness? However, the people's wealth and social and economic prosperity in the Song Dynasty far exceeded that in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
There were 18 emperors in the Song Dynasty, namely:
I. Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin (Northern Song Dynasty)
Song Taizu (927-976) is Zhao Kuangyin. The founder of the Song Dynasty (960? 976)。 Zhuozhou (now Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province) people. It turned out to be an inspection in front of the Hou Zhou Temple. Chen Qiao mutiny was launched in the first year of Stegosaurus (960). Yellow robe plus body? , seized the Zhou regime, proclaimed himself emperor in Kaifeng, and established the Song Dynasty, known as the Northern Song Dynasty in history. Since the third year (963)? South first, then north? The unification strategy is to attack and destroy the separatist regimes in the south such as Jingnan and station troops in the north. He also used a glass of wine to release the military power and other strategies to cut off the military power of imperial generals and buffer regions. Reform the official system, and civil servants serve as state and county governors. The central government has added a deputy minister (to participate in politics), and let the Tang dynasty and the three divisions divide the army and money to share power. When he was in office, he strengthened centralization, which ended the separatist situation in the buffer region, but he valued literature over martial arts. Keep the inside out? Song dynasty's policy? Poverty and weakness? Have a greater impact.
The collective leadership of the early Song Dynasty, headed by Song Taizu, made great efforts to make the social economy of the early Song Dynasty prosperous rapidly. Song Taizu made a series of wise decisions, such as reducing corvee, collecting taxes exclusively, governing the country according to law, building water conservancy, developing production, managing officials well, encouraging farming and mulberry, and changing customs. This not only healed the wounds of the 200-year war as soon as possible, but also quickly pushed the Song Dynasty to unprecedented prosperity and produced a famous? Stegosaurus rule? .
165438+9761On June 4th, Zhao Kuangyin died at the age of 49, and he was in office for sixteen years.
Second, Song Taizong Zhao Huan.
Song Taizong Zhao Xuan (939? 997)。 Mao's younger brother, formerly known as Kuang Yin, later changed his name and changed his name to Guan after he acceded to the throne. He took part in the mutiny in Chen Qiaoyi and made his younger brother emperor. He inherited Mao's policy of "breaking the separatist regime one by one", forced Yue to cede territory, and personally conquered the Northern Han Dynasty, trying to recover sixteen states of Youyun. However, after two defeats against Liao, they adopted the policy of passive defense. Internally, we will further strengthen centralization, expand the system of taking scholars in imperial examinations, and build Chongwen Academy to compile Taiping Yulan. He paid attention to building water conservancy projects and reclaiming wasteland, which intensified the exploitation in the later period of his rule and aroused the uprisings of Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun. He turned around? Golden Chamber Alliance? After Fei Qidi was killed, he and his eldest son left Chu for the country and the people.
Song Taizong's political plan in his later years followed these rules and gradually formed the Song Dynasty? Poverty and weakness? This situation also brought adverse effects to the social development of the Song Dynasty. The ruling measures have to start from his succession. According to the eldest son inheritance system of feudal dynasty, Zhao Guangyi had nothing to do with the throne of Dasong, but he finally inherited his brother's inheritance. This special inheritance result had a very important influence on the politics of the Great Song Dynasty, even reflected in Taizong's personal character and life.
He died in Bianjing Wanshoutang in 997 at the age of 59.
Third, Zhao Heng, Song Zhenzong
Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng (968? 1022), formerly known as Zhao Dechang, the third son of Taizong. He was once named Hanwang, Xiangwang and Shouwang. Later, he became a prince. During the early reign of Xianping and Jingdezhen, due to their diligence in political affairs and economic development, they were known as ruling the world. However, in the first year of Jingdezhen (1004), Liao invaded Zhou Qiguo, and the battle of Qiyuan established an alliance under the city, which set a precedent of seeking peace and exchanging things for peace in that year and increased the burden on the people. In the later period, Qin Wang was ordered to be auspicious, sealing Mount Tai in the east and worshiping Fenyang in the west, and extensively building Buddhist temples, which led to the intensification of social contradictions.
Song Zhenzong is a famous proverb? The book has its own golden house, and the book has its own Yan Ruyu? Its purpose is to encourage scholars to study the imperial examination and participate in governing the country, so that the Song Dynasty can recruit wise men to govern the world.
1022 died in Yanqing Hall of Yujing Palace at the age of 55 and was buried in Yongding Mausoleum for twenty-five years.
Fourth, Song Renzong Zhao Zhen.
Song Renzong Zhao Zhen? 1063), formerly known as Yi. When Zhen Zongzi acceded to the throne, he was only thirteen years old, and the empress dowager Zhang Xian listened to politics. Ten years later, he came to power and his rule began to be more frugal. But after repeated battles and defeats in the Xixia War, he was forced to? Years old? Silver, silk and tea compromised, and Liao also made peace by increasing the annual currency. Land annexation, redundant palaces, redundant soldiers, and redundant expenses are becoming more and more serious. Although Fan Zhongyan and others were used for reform, the result failed. According to the History of Song Dynasty, his mother Shi Li was stolen as her own son by Liu Defai after giving birth to Renzong. After Injong acceded to the throne, he still recognized Queen Liu as his biological mother, and Li dared not recognize mother and son when he died. After the death of Queen Liu, Injong knew the inside story and made Li the Queen Mother. Later generations wrote "Civet cats for princes" according to this history.
Poetry in the Northern Song Dynasty is very famous. After Su Shi and Su Zhe were admitted to the Jinshi, Song Renzong was amazed after reading their articles, saying that his descendants had found two talents as prime ministers. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the most brilliant moments of poetry, ci and literature were basically during his reign. All this is bound to be closely related to the kindness and generosity of Emperor Injong.
1063, Injong died in Funing Hall in the palace at the age of 54.
Verb (short for verb) Song Yingzong Zhao Shu
Song Yingzong's name is the great-grandson of Taizong and the son of Pu. Injong had no children, and Injong was raised by Injong in the palace when he was young, and was named Zongbao. /kloc-in 0/050, he was appointed as the ambassador of Yongyue State, and later as the defense ambassador of Qin Zhou. 1055 made him an heir. During the reign of Emperor Yingzong, Han Qi, an old minister, was unwilling to reform, but there was no war with Liao and Xixia.
Only half a month after the British suzerain was in power, Prime Minister Han Qi and others asked the relevant departments to discuss the birthright of Yingzong's father. At that time, it was 14 months since Injong died. Yingzong instructed that it should be reconsidered after Injong Daxiang, that is, 24 months later. This is obviously a gesture made by Yingzong in order to reduce the resistance of Feng. On April 9th, the second year of Zhiping, Han Qi and others raised this question again. Therefore, Emperor Yingzong sent the bill to Taichang Court for discussion by officials from more than two departments. This led to a great debate lasting 18 months, which was famous in the history of the Northern Song Dynasty. Puyi? .
1067, died in Funing Hall in the palace. He was buried with Gao Hou, Di Qing and Yang in Yu Ling for four years.
Sixth, Song Shenzong Zhao Yong.
Song Shenzong Zhao Xu, the eldest son of Yingzong. Also known as Zhong Zhen, he was deeply dissatisfied with political weakness after he acceded to the throne, and he always appreciated Wang Anshi's talents. So he ordered Wang Anshi to carry out political reform after he acceded to the throne, with a view to revitalizing the Northern Song Dynasty. History called Wang Anshi's political reform, also known as Ning Political Reform. Because the reform was too hasty and failed, Zongshen still maintained the new law for nearly 20 years. During the reign of Xia Emperor, the mother party, Liang, was dictatorial, while Xixia Kingdom was in decline. Song Shenzong ordered the soldiers to attack Xixia, intending to annihilate Xixia in one fell swoop. In Qingzhou (now Qingyang, Gansu), Song Jun defeated Xia Jun and occupied the land of Xixia for two thousand miles. However, it was defeated in the battle of Yongle City, and the move to destroy the summer failed to be realized. Afterwards, Song Shenzong cried in public in North Korea. He was ambitious and made great efforts to destroy Xixia, with unfinished ambitions.
After Zong Shen ascended the throne, he was deeply worried about the poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty. After he ascended the throne, he ordered Wang Anshi to carry out political reform and revitalize the Northern Song Dynasty. For Wang Anshi, it was also called Xining Political Reform.
Yuanfeng died in eight years at the age of 38. After his son Song Zhezong came to power, he tried his best to fulfill his father's wishes. Posthumous title's body elements show the filial piety of Taoism, the ancient constitutional emperor Wang Gong, the Qin people of Yingwu and the emperor.
VII. Song Zhezong Zhao Xu
Song Zhezong Zhao Xu, formerly known as Med, is Zongshen's sixth son. He was once named King of Yan 'an County. Zongshen was made a prince when he died. After Zhezong ascended the throne, he was only nine years old and was ruled by the empress dowager. 1093 after taking office, he appointed ministers who advocated political reform to crack down on the old school and the middle school. Chasing Sima Guang, and putting people from Su Like in Lingnan. Restoration of exemption law, garbo law, young crops law, etc. Terminate the negotiations with Xixia, strengthen the border defense, and repeatedly defeat the West, forcing them to make peace.
Song Zhezong was a successful emperor in the Northern Song Dynasty. However, because the party struggle between the new party and the old party was not resolved, it was further intensified during Song Zhezong's administration, which laid the foundation for the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. Song Zhezong's tragedy lies in the huge gap between his ideal and his practical ability. He is more like an armchair strategist in theory and has many ideas, but he lacks the ability of flexibility and obedience in practical application, so it is difficult to deal with all kinds of complicated contradictions and relationships.
15 years, 24 years old. Posthumous title, who succeeded Dao Mingde and Qi Xiao, was buried in Yongtai Mausoleum, Gongxian County, Henan Province.
Eight, Song Huizong Evonne.
Evonne, Song Huizong (1082? 1 135)。 During his reign, Cai Jing, Tong Guan and other treacherous officials were given the power of castration, violently embezzled and plundered people's wealth. He also respected Taoism and claimed to be the founder of Daojun Emperor. Daxing wooden soil, widely built palace courtyards, set up a bureau to collect exotic flowers and stones, and said? Flower stones? . Built in Shi Jing? Genyue? Waste people and money, leading to peasant uprising. In the seventh year of Xuanhe (1 125), he was transferred to Emperor Zhao Huan. Engaged in calligraphy and painting, painting flowers and birds and? Thin gold book? Calligraphy is world-famous. Xue Ji, a beginner in calligraphy, and Huang Tingjian, a calligrapher. Regular script is thin, vigorous and beautiful, is it? Break iron and break gold? Reputation, self-discipline, the world? Thin and golden? . Handed down from ancient times are True Grass Thousand Characters and Xie Lin Lanting Silk Edition.
1 127 at the end of March, Hui Di and Qin, together with thousands of empresses, royal families and officials, as well as musicians, skilled craftsmen, French drivers, robes, ritual vessels, astronomical instruments, treasures and toys, imperial books and maps of state capitals around the world, were escorted to Beijing North and Beijing Central. So it happened in the known Jingkang period in history? The change of Jingkang? .
Song Huizong was imprisoned for nine years. 1/kloc-0 died in Wu Guocheng on Jiazi Day in April, 35. Jin Xizong buried him in Guangning, Henan Province (near Luoyang City, Henan Province).
Nine, Song Qinzong Zhao Huan (the last emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty)
Zhao Huan, Song Qinzong (1 100? 1 156)。 Song Huizong, the last emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty and the eldest son of Evonne. Born on April 13th in the third year (1 100), and in the seventh year of Xuanhe (1 125), the Jin people invaded the south on a large scale, and Hui Zong Zen was in his place, and he was in office for 1 2 months. He is indecisive, capricious and lacks judgment on political issues. During the Jingkang Rebellion, he was captured by the Jin people and went north.
In the 26th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 156), he died in Yanjing at the age of 57 and was buried in Yongxian Mausoleum (located in Baoshan, southeast of Shaoxing, Zhejiang).
X. Song Gaozong Zhao Gou (Southern Song Dynasty)
Zhao Gou, Song Gaozong (1 107? 1 187)。 Huizongzi. In the second year of Jingkang (1 127), after Jin Bing captured Hui and Qin, he ascended the throne in Yingtianfu, Nanjing (now Shangqiu, Henan) and rebuilt Yan. Rejecting the anti-gold claim of the main war faction, he fled south to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province) as the capital and established the Southern Song regime. During his reign, although forced by the situation, Yue Fei, Han Shizhong and other generals resisted the Jin people, but Qin Gui, the capitulator, was reused. After that, he made peace with the Jin people under humiliating conditions such as ceding land, paying tribute and surrendering, and took over the military power of three generals, including Han Shizhong, and killed Yue Fei. In 1 16 1 year, Di Chin Yan Hongliang tore up the peace talks and invaded the south again. Gaozong's national policy of seeking peace through humiliation was strongly opposed. In the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1 162), Xiaozong was established, calling himself the emperor's father.
1 187, died in Deshou Hall, Lin 'an Palace, at the age of 8 1, and was buried in Yongsiling. He is the author of Mo Hanzhi.
Xi。 Zhao Shen, Song Xiaozong
Zhao Shen, a native of Song Xiaozong, was born on October 22nd, the first year of Jianyan. The sixth ancestor was Zhao Kuangyin's fourth son, Qin Wang Fangde. Father is An Xiu Wang Nuo Zhao Ziluo. Because Prince Yuan Yi, the only son of Emperor Gaozong, died without an heir, he had to choose an heir from the imperial clan. Therefore, Song Gaozong adopted Mao VII's grandson as his adopted son and made him a prince.
Shaoxing for three years (1 133), in February, he was appointed as the defense envoy of Hezhou, sealed Zhao Yuan and changed to Guizhou. In the twelfth year (1 142), the king of Pu 'an County was awarded in the first month. In thirty years (1 160), he became a prince, renamed Zhao Wei, and became a feudal king. Thirty-two years (1 162), in May, he became the Crown Prince and changed his name to Zhao Shuo. In June, Emperor Gaozong acceded to the throne, and Xiao Zong acceded to the throne, and decided to restore the Central Plains and recover the rivers and mountains. Then he restored the famous Ebony of Yuefei posthumous title, made Yuefei the Duke of Hubei, wiped out the remnants of Qin Gui, and ordered veteran Zhang Jun to explore the Central Plains in the north. However, in Fuli, it was defeated by the 8 Jin Army raid.
On June 9th, the 5th year of Shao Xi (11June 28th, 1994), Xiaozong died in Zhonghua Hall in Lin 'an.
Twelve. Zhao Dun, Song Guangzong
Zhao Dun, Song Guangzong (1 147- 1200). 1189-1194 is king. Filial piety's third son. 1 162 Feng Gongwang. After seven years of trunk roads (1 17 1), he became a prince. In the sixteenth year of Xichun (1 189), he accepted inner meditation. In the year of Shao Xiyuan (1 190), Li Taihou requested that Prince Jia Wangzhao be expanded to crown prince, but filial piety refused. He confused Li and said that filial piety had given up and he would never do it again. Five years later, after the death of Xiaozong, he said that he could not get rid of the mourning and the DPRK was in turmoil. Empress Wu was invited by Zhao Ruyu and others to serve as the emperor Jia Wang, and was honored as the emperor's father.
In the spring of the sixth year of Qingyuan (1200), Guangzong died of depression and was buried in Yong chongling (now Baoshan, 35 miles southeast of Shaoxing, Zhejiang).
Thirteen. Song Ningzong Zhao Kuo
Song Ningzong Zhao Kuo, the fourth emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, was named Qingyuan. After Ningzong acceded to the throne, Zhao Ruyu and Han Shuzhou were appointed. The struggle between Zhao and North Korea is fierce. Zhao Ruyu, the prime minister, advocated Neo-Confucianism and introduced Zhu in an attempt to organize Han Tuozhou to participate in politics. Ningzong ousted Zhao Ruyu, an authoritarian party in North Korea. Theorem is also pseudo-science, and Zhao Ruyu, Zhu and others are forbidden to hold official positions and take the imperial examinations. so this is it？ Qingyuan party ban? . 1202 to announce the ban. Ningzong also made Yue Fei king of Hubei and stripped Qin Gui of his title, which cheered the people and hit the capitulators. 1206, Han yazhou ventured north, was defeated, and was victimized by Queen Yang, so the pacifists took control of state affairs. 1208, made a humiliating agreement with Kim? Jiading peace talks? .
1224, died in the palace. He reigned for 30 years, aged 57, and was buried in Maoling.
Fourteen Song Lizong Zhaoyun
Song Lizong Zhao Yun. Ningzong adopted son. After Ningzong died of illness, the Prime Minister named him Emperor and title. After the Japanese Sect acceded to the throne, it had a history of authoritarian power, only indulging in debauchery, and its political affairs were as dark as ever. 1233, Shi died and took charge of the clan. 1234, the gold was destroyed jointly with the Mongolian army. Li Zong advocated Neo-Confucianism and appointed treacherous officials. 1259, the Mongolian army attacked Ezhou, and the traitor Jia Sidao paid tribute, taking the Yangtze River as the boundary of national mourning.
After the death of Rizong, posthumous title was the emperor who built a road to prepare morality, revived valiant warriors, Renwu, Ming Sheng and Xiao 'an, and the temple name was Rizong. According to Qi Dong Yu Ye's detailed records, it was originally written by. Scene? Spring? Become? Is it allowed? A gift? Five characters for the alternative temple number, the final positioning? Ethical school? But some people say? Ethical school? Same as posthumous title proposed by Jin Aizong, renamed as? Japanese Sect? People think that according to the fact that Li Zong advocated Neo-Confucianism, this homonym is also worthy of the name.
From 1264 to 10, Li Zong died in Lin 'an, reigned for 40 years, aged 60, and was buried in Yongmuling.
15. Zhao Qi, Song Duzong
Zhao He Bingzi, formerly known as Meng Qi, also known as Zi He Chang Yuan. Song Lizong had no son, so he was adopted as his adopted son. He was named Jian 'an King, Yongjia King and Zhongjun successively. 1260, he was made a prince. Li Zong died on June 5438+00 in the fifth year of Ding Jing (1264). He ascended the throne on the same day and changed his title the next year. Hyun-chun . Song Duzong's IQ is lower than normal. He ascended the throne at the age of twenty-five and died at the age of thirty-five. He is a barren, ignorant and incompetent emperor in history. When he ascended the throne, the ruler had been extinct for many years, and the Mongolian and Yuan armies in the north went south on a large scale, which was a national disaster. However, he handed over the power of the country to the traitor Jia Sidao, leaving the beautiful mountains and rivers in the south of the Southern Song Dynasty in darkness. At that time, the government politics was very corrupt and the people's lives were very poor. However, Zhao Qi himself is still poor and extravagant, and he has no choice but to indulge in debauchery for a long time. The Southern Song Dynasty was terminally ill, and there was no cure, only waiting for extinction.
In the tenth year of Xianchun (1274), Duzong died of drinking too much, and the testamentary edict was succeeded by Prince Zhao Xian. In August of the same year, Wu Jingxiao, the civilized emperor of posthumous title, was named Du Zong. In the first year of Deyou (1275), he was buried in Shao Yong Mausoleum at noon.
Sixteen. Zhao Xian of Song Gongdi
Song Gongdi Zhao Xian, the eldest son of Du Zong. He was only four years old when he acceded to the throne. 1276, Yuan soldiers invaded Lin 'an, and Emperor Gong was captured. 1274, Song Duzong died of alcoholism and alcoholism. Four-year-old Song Gongdi became emperor with the support of treacherous court official Jia Sidao, and was named Deyou. Grandmother Xie and mother all listen to politics, but the military power is still in Jia Sidao's hands.
1288, Kublai Khan forced him to become a monk in Tibet. 1323, was given death.
Seventeen, Song Duanzong Zhao Yun
Emperor Zhao Yun of the Song Dynasty (1June 276 14? 1278) He ascended the throne on May 8th, and reigned for 2 years, when he was 1 1. He took the temple number as the end Sect, posthumous title Yuwen Zhaowu as the filial piety, or filial piety, benevolence, benevolence, St. Wen Rui Wu Ying and Emperor Qin, also known as the cloud. He is the eldest son of Song Duzong and the eldest brother of Song Gongdi. Used to be Gong Jianguo, Ji Wang and wangyi.
In the third year of Jingyan (1278), in March, Duanzong got on a boat to avoid the pursuit of Liu Shen, a general of the Yuan Dynasty. The "Dragon Boat" capsized and Duanzong was rescued from drowning, so he got sick. As the pursuers of the Yuan army approached, they had to cross the ocean and flee to Weizhou Island (now Lantau Island, Hong Kong). This little emperor, who was less than 10, was repeatedly bumped, frightened and ill. He died in Weizhou State a few months later (1May 8, 278) and was buried in Yongfu Mausoleum (now Lantau Island, Hong Kong).
Eighteen, Song Wang Wei Zhao Min
Zhao Min, king of Wei Song, Han nationality, was also the last emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty (ninth, 1278? In office 1279), in office for 2 years, at the age of 8. Zhao Min, the youngest son of Du Zong of Song Dynasty, was once named Xin Wang, Guang Wang and Wang Wei. 1February, 276, the Yuan army captured Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), the capital of the Song Dynasty, and captured five-year-old and his mother, Empress Xie, the grandmother of Emperor Gong, and temporarily lived in Lin 'an because of physical discomfort. He and his brother Zhao Yun fled south with the support of Wen Tianxiang, Lu Xiufu, Zhang Shijie, Chen and his mother Yang, and the commander-in-chief of the Mongolian army wanted to uproot the royal family in the Southern Song Dynasty, so he sent Zhang Hongfan and others to pursue them. At that time, he was worshipped as the deputy marshal of the military forces in the world and sentenced to Quanzhou.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/276, Zhao Min became emperor for Song Duanzong, and continued to flee south with Zhao Min. Under the constant pursuit of the Yuan Army, 1278, Duanzong died of illness due to falling into the water, and Zhao Min proclaimed himself the emperor and changed to Yuan Xiangxing. When he was in office, he took Jianshan (now Guangdong Xinhui yamen) as his stronghold, worshipped Zhang Shijie and Lu Xiufu as prime ministers, and used Zhang Shijie to fight against Yuan and Lu Xiufu to rectify the internal affairs. However, due to various reasons, the Southern Song Dynasty was finally defeated by the Yuan Army in the Yashan naval battle in March 1279, and the whole army was wiped out. Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea at the age of 8 and died. Zhang Shijie, Yang and others also drowned in the water. The last emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty died and the Song Dynasty perished.