Fu Shan claimed to be a Taoist, saying that "people who learn from Laozi and Zhuangzi don't know anything about human kindness and righteousness, even if they speak forcefully." The Collection of Frosty Red Little Students (volume 1 7) shows that he disdains to praise Confucian "benevolence and righteousness" and openly pretends to be "different". In Xiao Sheng Ji of Frost Red, Fu Shan repeatedly mentioned "I am a teacher of Zhuang", "I am a disciple of Meng Zhuang", "I am a painter" and "an old man learns from Zhuangzi". No matter from the lifestyle, ideological temperament or artistic pursuit, Fu Shan deliberately learned from Zhuangzi. There are two sentences in his poem: "Since the mountain can't be leveled, I will add another green peak", which shows his noble character and maverick spirit.
The word "Xuanyuan" in Taoist Xuanyuan first refers to Huangdi, one of the two great founders of the study of Huang Lao. The Records of the Five Emperors records: "The Yellow Emperor is the son of Shaodian, surnamed Gongsun and named Xuanyuan." Huangdi's surname is Gongsun, and he was named Xuanyuan because he lived in the hill of Xuanyuan. He defeated Emperor Yan in Hanquan and Chiyou in Zhuolu, and was honored as the son of heaven by the governors. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the thoughts of Huangdi and Laozi were greatly developed by Qi and Chu, so that by the end of the Warring States Period, Mr. Meng said that "Huang Lao alone overwhelmed a hundred schools" and the founding of the early Han Dynasty also advocated this kind of "pure inaction" Huang Lao thought. The influence of Huang Lao Xue in Han Dynasty was very extensive. The rulers believed in the theory of Huang Lao, and Huang Lao's thought was fully applied to politics in the early Han Dynasty, achieving the prosperity of "the rule of culture and scenery". From an academic point of view, many viewpoints in Huai Nan Zi, Yan Zun's Lao Zi Gui Zhi and He Shanggong's Lao Zhang Clause all reflect the influence of Huang Lao's ideological trend. Influenced by reality, Taoism in the Western Han Dynasty criticized politics and discussed the country on the basis of Laozi's thought. For example, Dou Taihou, the mother of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, said in Historical Records that both emperors and vassals should read Huangdi and Laozi to respect their skills. "Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty" took Huang Zi and Laozi as examples, and changed the classics into Taoism before establishing Taoism. Make the ruling and opposition, learn to ridicule. Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty honored the Six Classics, the book of Huang Lao was upgraded to a classic. All these laid the foundation for the later development among the people. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, "cultural governance" was regarded as another successful political practice of Huang Lao Xue. Metaphysics, represented by the four true classics, is the only theory designated as the official school except Confucianism.
From the legendary ancestor of the Yellow Emperor to the founder of the new China in the 20th century, from the unprecedented active contention of a hundred schools of thought in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the romantic generation under the influence of modern thought, culture and technology today-in the long and glorious history of Chinese civilization, how many outstanding figures have emerged in various fields and how many fruitful achievements have been created! They are like peaks after peaks on the rolling mountains, adding infinite scenery to the Chinese nation standing in the east of the world! Toyama, which lived in the17th century, is one of these peaks.
Fu Shan, formerly known as Shan; The original word was green bamboo, and later it was changed to green master. China people's names often have the color of the times, and contain their parents' or their own ideals and sentiments. If the name "Chen Ding" has a strong feudal political ideal and traditional ethics, then changing its name to "Mountain" is more in line with Fu Shan's ideological and personality characteristics-in the evaluation of Yuan Jixian, a teacher in Fu Shan, it is a kind of "forest breath", while changing the word "green master" highlights Fu Shan's creative spirit of self-improvement and transcendence. Fu Shan has two poems, which are the footnotes of "Green Master": "Since the mountain can't be flat, I will add another peak to the green!" Judging from his life's practice, creation and achievements, it is no exaggeration to say that he was indeed a spectacular and colorful peak in China's ideological and cultural circles at that time!
Fu Shan was born in the thirty-fifth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1607) and died in the twenty-third year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1684). He lived tenaciously for 79 years, spanning two dynasties. What kind of era does he live in, and what kind of life is this era? These two poems are Fu Shan's personal feelings about his own life, vividly and generally describing an era of intertwined contradictions, fierce turmoil and landslides and the painful soul of a sober intellectual! The first half of Fu Shan's life was the last 37 years of the Ming Dynasty, which ruled China for nearly 300 years. In the Central Plains and Southwest China, the contradiction between the peasants and the landlord class intensified, and the bonfire of peasant uprising burned all over the country. In the northeast, ethnic struggles have intensified and ethnic wars have continued year after year. Within the Ming Dynasty, the Yen Party and Lindong Party fought one after another. As the superstructure of feudal society, ideological and cultural circles are full of empty talk, retro pedantry, stale stereotyped writing and gentle and charming artistic style. When Fu Shan was 39 years old, that is, A.D. 1644, a great event in the history of China-the change of Shen Jiazhi took place. First, the flag of Li Zicheng peasant uprising army was planted in Chengtou, and Emperor Chongzhen was hanged in Wanshou Mountain. Later, the Manchu iron rode through Shanhaiguan and immediately traveled all over the Central Plains. For Fu Shan, it's like the sky is falling-although it's expected. "You can die at the age of 38, and you won't die again!" (Shen Jiaji, Shen Jia Shousui) With Shen Jia as the turning point, Fu Shan's later life caught up with the first 40 years of the Qing Dynasty's nearly 300 years of rule over China. The Qing army brutally suppressed, massacred and plundered, the Han people generally resisted, stubbornly resisted the Qing army, the southern Ming dynasty lingered, the Qing court ruled by ideology, the literary inquisition, and the Han intellectuals ... This was another bloody period. Great contradictions and turmoil contain great pain of blood and tears, but they also breed and temper great talents! In such an era, a large number of outstanding talents such as Gu, Huang Zongxi, Wang Fuzhi, Fu Shan, Yan Yuan, Qu Dajun, Pan emerged in the ideological and cultural circles. Although they have their own characteristics, they all care about the sufferings of the people and the rise and fall of the nation, and they all have preliminary democratic thoughts and materialistic philosophical tendencies to varying degrees, which set off a progressive trend of thought in the second half of the17th century. Among them, Fu Shan, Gu, Huang, Wang, Li and Yan were called "six masters in the early Qing Dynasty" by Liang Qichao, only in terms of academic achievements and ideological influence. Judging from the degree of ideological emancipation, the breadth of academic fields, the achievements of artistic creation and the attainments of medical ethics, Fu Shan is even more "a mountain with many talents, many achievements and dazzling brilliance, which is really beyond the reach of others."
On the political and social stage, Fu Shan had three great events in his life: in his early years, as a student leader in Shanxi, he led the students from the whole province to Beijing to petition Yuan Jixian to redress the unjust case, and opposed corrupt officials and dark tyranny, which lasted for half a year and became the forerunner of the early student movement in modern China. By middle age, he had been engaged in secret anti-Qing activities for more than 20 years. He was arrested and imprisoned for more than a year at the age of 49. After repeated warnings, he was still extremely arrogant and refused to give up. He fasted for nine days, determined to die, persisted in the struggle and was finally released. In his later years, he mainly engaged in writing. He has received or visited a large number of scholars in opposition, such as Gu of Kunshan, Sun Fengqi of Rongcheng, Li Yindu of Fuping, Zhou Zhiyu, Dai of Hechuan, Yan of Pengcheng, Qu Dajun of Panyu, Zhu Yizun of Xiushui, Wang Shizhen of Xincheng, Yan Ruoqu of Taiyuan and other people who were not yet officials at that time. In fact, he became one of the leaders and representatives of the opposition in the ideological and cultural circles. These feats were really unique in his time, and they were the most prominent among the intellectuals at that time.
Fu Shan is not only on par with Gu, Huang and Wang ideologically and academically, but also more liberated than them. He has stronger fighting spirit and originality in opposing neo-Confucianism preaching and breaking through the shackles of Confucian traditional thought. He studied a subset of the history of Confucian classics, opened a hundred schools of thought, was proficient in phonology and nephrology (logic), and was good at epigraphy and epigraphy, which really deserved the evaluation of his contemporaries: "The pedant is a heaven and man, and the Tao is a fairy" (Liu Ya Wai Bian), and "Learning from the past and learning from the present is called learning the sea" (Biography of Guo Fushan).
In terms of literature and art, Fu Shan's poems are very ideological and realistic, and his writing style is informal, willful and straightforward, and his old friends are like me, generous and desolate, which forms his unique artistic style. Cursive calligraphy is exquisite, bold, unique and famous all over the world. At that time, it was evaluated as "Above Wang Duo" (Dai and Zhang Ergong); The painting style is quaint, fascinating and enjoyable. "Pictorial Treasure" commented: "Its talent is unparalleled in the sea, and people cannot know everything."
In medicine, he is proficient in medical meridians and is good at gynecology and internal surgery. At that time, it was called "medical sage" (Cai Huang's biography of Fu Shan).
In his works and inscriptions, Fu Shan often signs Gong Yi, which is also Gong Yi, also known as Stone, Taoist Stone, Old Stone Man, Xielu, Nianli, Liuzhi, Danyazi, Danyaweng, Zhuotang Old Man, Qingyang Temple Master, Sleepless Old Man, Fu, Old Man, Taoist yi zhu, Taoist Drunken Man and Taoist Drunken Man. In modern terms, Fu Shan may be regarded as one of the writers with the most "pen names" in the world, and all these pen names reflect the experience, thoughts and character of Qifeng.