King Xuan of Zhou granted his younger brother Ji You to Zheng and established the last vassal state of the Western Zhou Dynasty. After Ji You's death, his posthumous title was Duke Huan. Therefore, he was called Zheng Huangong in history. During the reign of King You of Zhou Dynasty, Duke Huan of Zheng served as the Situ of the Zhou Dynasty and was in charge of enlightenment. He saw that King You of Zhou favored his concubine, favored treacherous ministers, intensified the conflicts in the royal family, and intertwined internal and external troubles. He had a premonition that trouble was about to happen, so he asked Tai Shibo for advice on how to avoid disaster. According to Tai Shigong's suggestion, Duke Huan of Zheng settled his family and important property in a place called "Jing" between Guo and Ho, which was known in history as "Guo and Ho". The following year, the "Quin Rong Rebellion" broke out in the Western Zhou royal family. Duke Huan died for the country, and his son dug up the throne and became Zheng Wugong. Later, Duke Wu of Zheng took the opportunity to escort King Ping of Zhou to move eastward, and successfully destroyed Guo and He successively, and established the new Zheng State. The Zheng Kingdom was destroyed by South Korea in 375 BC, and its descendants were spread between the Chen and Song Dynasties. Their surname was the Zheng family after the original name of the country. 2. Migration and distribution
The earliest birthplace of the Zheng family is Xinzheng County in present-day Henan Province. During the Warring States Period, due to the destruction of Korea, they dispersed and moved to eastern Henan, Shandong, Anhui and other places. During the Qin Dynasty, the 19th generation Sun Zheng moved Sizhou to Luoyang, Henan. The 27th generation grandson Zheng Qi moved his family back to Xingyang. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, people with the Zheng surname have moved into neighboring areas, mainly in today's Shandong, Anhui, Shaanxi, Shanxi and other areas. Later, the 29th generation grandson Zheng Bin lived in Gaomi, Shandong. An Shi, son of the 31st generation grandson Zheng Zhong, moved to Xianyang. Because Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered that "big clans with strong clans are not allowed to live together", 24 generations of Sun Nan moved to Shanyin in Kuaiji, Zhejiang. The large-scale migration of the Zheng family to the south began during the "Yongjia Rebellion". In the second year of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty, "the Central Plains were shaken, and the clothes and clothes of the eight tribes began to enter Fujian", among which the fourth surname was Zheng. In the early Tang Dynasty, another member of the Zheng family from Henan immigrated to Fujian with Chen Zheng, Chen Yuanguang and his son. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Zheng family from Henan Province followed Wang Chao and Wang Shenzhi into Fujian. The ancestors of the famous national hero Zheng Chenggong during the Ming and Qing Dynasties entered Fujian this time. The Zheng family's immigration to Taiwan began with Zheng Chenggong; its migration overseas began in the Qing Dynasty. It is now distributed in Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Canada, the United States and other countries. 3. Junwangtang No.
1. Hall No.
"Bo Jing Tang": Zheng Xuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, who was a well-read in the classics, and thousands of people came from far away to worship him as their teacher. Most of the scholars in the Western Han Dynasty specialized in one classic, but Zheng Xuan alone advocated broad reading.
"Anyantang": During the reign of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, Zheng Ji was the minister. At that time, foreign aggression came frequently. Zheng Ji defeated the charioteer and forced the Japanese to surrender. So the emperor appointed him as Sima. For the security of the western borders, he was appointed as the Protector of the Western Regions and granted the title of Marquis of Anyuan.
2. County Hope
Xingyang County: A county was established during the Three Kingdoms period, and the administrative seat was Xingyang.
Luoyang: one of the ancient capitals of my country. The ancient cities of the Han and Wei Dynasties were located on the north bank of the Han River east of Baima Temple in present-day Luoyang City; the ancient cities of the Sui and Tang Dynasties were 18 miles west of Han City.
Gaomi County: A county was established in the Western Han Dynasty, and its governance was in Gaomi. Comparable to today's Gaomi area in Shandong.
Yongzhou: A county was established during the Eastern Han Dynasty, and its administrative seat was Chang'an.
Longxi County: A county was established during the Warring States Period, and its administrative location was Didao.
Nanyang County: A county was established during the Warring States Period and the Qin Dynasty established Wan County as its administrative seat.
4. Family genealogy
Jiangsu: One volume of Zheng family genealogy, twenty volumes of Yunyang Zheng family genealogy, four volumes of Fufeng Zheng family genealogy, thirty volumes of Lanling Zheng family genealogy, Dongshan The first volume of the eight volumes of the Zheng family genealogy, the twelve volumes of the Zheng family genealogy of Xiaoshan
Zhejiang: the first two volumes of the fourteenth volume and the last two volumes of the Zheng family genealogy of Longshan, Zhenbei, Cixi and Anshan attach great importance to the reconstruction of the genealogy twenty Four volumes, Cixi Guandong Zheng family genealogy in ten volumes, Lanxi Zheng family genealogy in nineteen volumes
Anhui: Fengyang Zheng family genealogy is not divided into volumes, Qimen Qifeng Zheng family genealogy in four volumes, Thirteen volumes of the Zheng family genealogy, Tongcheng Zheng family genealogy, Tongxi Zheng family genealogy, Litang Zheng family genealogy, Zheng family genealogy in one volume
Fujian: Nanhu Zheng family genealogy, Shijing Ben Zheng family tree, Ishii Ben family tree, Zheng family genealogy, two volumes of Taoyuan Zheng family tree, Taoyuan Zheng family tree, Sicheng Zheng family tree, Xingyang Tang Zheng family tree, Xingyang Zheng family tree, Yanzhen Zheng family tree One volume of moved out genealogy, Zheng family genealogy, continuation of Baihua Zheng family genealogy, Zheng family genealogy, Zheng family genealogy without separate volumes, Zheng family genealogy in one volume and five, historical celebrities
Zheng Banqiao: a calligrapher and painter of the Qing Dynasty. He was good at painting orchids and bamboos. He was beautiful and vigorous. He was also good at calligraphy. He created the "Banqiao style" with a unique style, known as the "Three Wonders", and was one of the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou".
Zheng Chenggong: A famous general in the late Ming Dynasty. The king of Tang Dynasty gave him the surname Zhu Chenggong.
Zheng He: A navigator of the Ming Dynasty. His surname was Ma, and his nickname was Sanbao. He was from the Hui ethnic group. He entered the palace as a eunuch in the Ming Dynasty, and later joined the army of King Yan. Due to his meritorious service, he was given the surname Zheng. He was ordered to lead a fleet on seven voyages to the Western Ocean, passing through more than 30 countries and reaching as far as the east coast of Africa, the Red Sea and the Islamic holy land of Mecca.
Zheng Guo: A hydraulic conservator during the Warring States Period, a Korean. He served as the historian of Guanzhong and dug an irrigation canal, which was called "Zheng Guo Canal".
Zheng Guangzu: A famous playwright of the Yuan Dynasty. He, Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, and Bai Pu are known as the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera". Their representative work is "A Chinese Ghost Story".
Zheng Qian: Tang Dynasty scholar and painter. He was excellent in poetry, calligraphy, and painting, and was especially good at landscape painting. Emperor Xuanzong inscribed "Zheng Qian's Three Wonders" for him.
Zheng Dan: A heroine in the Wu and Yue periods in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Zheng Dan was Xi Shi. After training, he was sent to Wu as an internal response. Gou Jian, the king of Yue, was able to "gather in ten years and learn lessons in ten years" and finally destroyed Wu.
The Zheng family is similar to the aforementioned Fan family in terms of family wealth, but there are also differences: one is in the land ownership and subdivision, and the other is in the land. The Fan family is Provided by one person, the Zheng family is owned by the whole family. The Zheng surname has the "Zheng Family Code", which describes his family life in great detail.
The Zheng family of Yimen lived in Renyili, Gande Township, Pujiang, Zhejiang. Their distant ancestor Zheng Qi, a member of the same clan, married Cuan in the early Southern Song Dynasty. The brothers Zheng Degui and Dezhang, their fourth descendants, were framed by their enemies, and the brothers fought. After being thrown into prison, Degui finally died in prison. Dezhang treated his brother's son Zheng Wensi as his own son, and was known to the world as a filial friend ("Song History·Zheng Qi Biography"). When Zheng Wensi took charge of the family, ten generations had lived together for two and a half centuries. The clan members did not dare to hide a penny or a foot of silk privately. Yuan Wuzong (reigned from 1308 to 1311) declared it a "righteous gate". When Wen Si's cousin Wen Rong (Taihe) was in charge of housekeeping, he established 58 clan rules and made management more strict. The Yuan Dynasty government therefore exempted the clan from taxes and servitude ("Yuan Shi Biography of Zheng Wen Si"). By the Ming Dynasty, the Zheng family had hundreds of people, and some entered politics. When Zheng Lian grew up in Nanjing, he was summoned by Zhu Yuanzhang (reigned from 1368 to 1398) and asked about his methods of running the family, showing his strong interest in the family. After the Hu Weiyong case was discovered, the Zheng family was implicated, and brothers Zheng Lian and Zheng Shi rushed to jail. When Zhu Yuanzhang found out, he said that there would be no rebellion in such a benevolent family and there was no need to interrogate him. He further appointed Zheng Shi as the Zuo Councilor. When there was a shortage of officials in the East Palace, the Ming Dynasty appointed Zheng Ji as Chunfang Zuo Shuzi, recruited Zheng Yi in white as the Minister of Rites, Zheng Xi Qing and Wu Youru painted "Zheng Family Yimen" as the censor, and Zheng Tang was reviewed by the Hanlin Academy. Emperor Jianwen Zhu Yunwen (reigned from 1399 to 1402) inscribed a plaque "Xiaoyi Family" on the Zheng family. During the Ming Dynasty Xianzong (reigned from 1465 to 1487), he again commended the Zheng family as the family of filial piety and righteousness ("History of Ming Dynasty·Zheng Lian Biography") ). The Zheng family has lived together in the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties.
Zheng Wenrong's family rules were revised and supplemented by Zheng Qin, Zheng Xuan, Zheng Tao, Zheng Shi and others, and there were 168 items in total. They were named "Zheng's Rules" and were published in the world. Later, it was included in "Xue Hai Lei Bian". We now mainly use this standard to examine the living conditions of the Zheng clan.
The parents of the Zheng family are produced through the method of descending from elder brother to younger brother. The eldest son is not necessarily the patriarch. According to the "History of Ming Dynasty·Zheng Lian Biography", starting from Zheng Wensi, the patriarch's teachings are as follows:
Zheng Wensi→Zheng Wenrong
↓
Zheng Qin→ Zheng Ju→Zheng Ming→Zheng Xuan
↓
Zheng Wei→Zheng Lian→Zheng
You can tell by looking at the name that Zheng Wensi ranks among the best in his generation The character "文" is placed next to the character "金" for the names of Zheng Qin's generation, and the character "水" is used for the names of the younger generation. The law of inheritance is that elder brother succeeds younger brother and respects seniority and seniority.
The Zheng family has a lot of land. 150 acres of land are dedicated to fund sacrifices, and as many as 1,500 acres of land are used to fund weddings. I don’t know how much land they have in total. From the above two items, it can be seen that it must be a lot. . Land rent is the main source of Zheng's economy. In addition, the Zheng family also has income from shops, forestry, and animal husbandry. With these profits, the Zheng family was able to realize a simple life, including food, clothing, housing, transportation, funerals, marriages, education, entertaining guests, and helping neighbors. All funds came from this.
The clothing of the Zheng clan is controlled by a specially designated head of shame. The clan members receive summer clothing materials in April and winter clothing materials in September to facilitate the change of seasons. Men and women of the Zheng family began to receive clothing materials when they turned one year old. Men under 16 years old received cloth. Those under 40 years old received part of the silk fabric in addition to the cloth. Those over 40 years old received all silk cloth. All people received clothing fees at the same time. When a man reaches the age of being crowned, he is given a special dress. In addition, they receive new headscarves and shoes every year. Women received clothing in the same way as men, but they could only receive it once every two years. When a girl reaches the age of hairpins, she can get a pair of silver jewelry. In addition to receiving clothes from the tribe, women also receive materials for making shoes, hair oil, powder, needles, flowers and other needlework and cosmetics from the chief of the dress on the day after the four o'clock sacrifices. When women need to dye cloth, they also ask the head of the shameless dress to arrange it, but the amount of dyeing in each room must be consistent to avoid competing for the longer and shorter.
The Zheng family has two chefs who are responsible for everyone's meals, arranging and supervising the kitchen staff to prepare meals in time so that the clan members can eat on time. When people are over 60 years old, they are taken care of and eat meals that are individually prepared by the dining hall to suit their tastes. If the person in charge of the meal does not do it carefully, he will be punished. Men under the age of 30 are not allowed to drink, and men over the age of 30 can only drink less. If they drink too much and make a noise, they will be punished with a slap in the face. Women are not allowed to drink, and only those over 50 years old are allowed to drink a little. If the tribesmen cannot satisfy their appetite by eating the same meal, they want to make their own meals. If they do, they will be reprimanded for the first time and punished if they do it again. Confinement women and patients can make their own diet because this is a special need. When a person's relatives and friends come, meals are prepared in the dining hall, but the banquet must be dispersed early and not until the first watch. If there are more than 10 people, no banquet is allowed at night. It's not that I can't prepare meals, but I'm afraid of ruining the simple customs. Young people who are still in school are not allowed to eat meat in order to develop the habit of enduring hardship, knowing that food, rice, oil and salt are not easy to come by.
Daily necessities other than food and clothing are also purchased by the general manager of the court and distributed evenly to each room. Of course, if an individual wants to use good and pleasing things, he cannot do it. If he entrusts someone to buy them privately, he is not allowed to do so, because this will cause unevenness among the houses and easily lead to jealousy and competition.
Because daily necessities come from the court, individuals cannot have any private wealth. If a tribesman buys land privately and keeps gold and silver money privately, and his parents find out, he will be called to the ancestral hall to be punished, and all private property will be confiscated. If the clan members disobey, they will be taken to the government and executed for the crime of unfilial piety. As for descendants accepting gifts from relatives and friends,
they must be handed over to the court and cannot be kept privately. Gifts in return naturally do not require personal responsibility and will be handled by the court. The daughters-in-law's natal families are rich and poor, and their dowries and daily gifts are also different. Therefore, the clothing and supplies between the sisters-in-law will be different. In order to prevent the poor from complaining, the parents will give only to the poor family according to the situation. Something owned by someone else.
The Zheng family attaches great importance to ancestor worship, and worshiping in ancestral halls is an important part of their lives.
There are many days for public sacrifices by the clan members. They go to the ancestral hall to worship on the first and fifteenth day of each month, New Year's Day, and the birthday of the ancestor who moved on the first day of April. They go to the tombs to sweep the tombs on New Year's Day, Cold Food Festival, and the first day of October. The grandsons of each house hold memorial ceremonies on their own on the anniversary of the death of their ancestors. The sacrificial vessels and sacrificial robes are for special use and may not be used for other purposes. When the tribesmen participate in sacrifices, they dress neatly, do not laugh or talk, salute respectfully, do not leave the table casually, cannot stretch, yawn, or even sneeze or cough. On the anniversary of the death of an ancestor, one should not drink alcohol, eat meat, listen to music, or have sex with his wife. In commemoration of the birth of the ancestor, the family tree is recited, and women are not allowed to participate in the tomb sweeping. After Shuowang paid homage to the ancestral hall, a ceremony was held to instruct his children. The patriarch sat in the hall, and the men and women of the clan stood under the hall, beating drums 24 times. One of the children sang: "Listen, listen, listen! Anyone who is a son must be filial to his parents. A wife must respect her husband, a brother must love his brother, and a brother must respect his brother. Listen, listen, listen! Do not seek personal gain to hinder the great righteousness, do not indulge in extravagance and commit heavenly punishment. , Don’t use women’s words to harm the harmony, don’t be arrogant to disturb the family, don’t delay the tillers and cause chaos and death. One of these is that when virtue is destroyed, Eryun is restored, and the ancestral precepts are followed, which is really related to the rise and fall. I have said it again and again, you should take a deep warning!" After hearing this, everyone bowed to each other, sat down, and listened to a story about filial piety before leaving.
Children and young people must receive ethical and cultural education and training in work abilities. Children begin to learn rituals at the age of 5 and participate in Shuo Wang's ancestral rituals. They enter a private school at the age of 8 and work as a foreign teacher at the age of 12. They can be educated until the age of 21. If they obtain fame, they have the right to continue learning, otherwise they will engage in family management activities. During the school period, students must be disciplined and must live in the school dormitory at night and are not allowed to enter the middle school. After the age of 16, if you can recite the Four Books and Five Classics and explain the great righteousness, you can hold a crown ceremony. If you cannot, you have to be 21 years old. If the younger brother reaches the standard, the crown ceremony will be held for the younger brother first to humiliate his brother and promote his learning. Those who have been crowned and are studying will take turns to recite the words once every 10 days. If they cannot memorize it once, they will take off their headscarves. If they fail three times, it will be treated as if they have not been crowned as a punishment. The purpose of studying Confucian classics is first to understand etiquette and meaning, and secondly to understand the diction. It is not allowed to read indecent books. Any books containing obscene words or magical spells will not only not be read, but also burned. Young people who participate in housework activities strive to learn the ability to do things, such as following the steward to the government office to learn to handle affairs and deal with interpersonal relationships. When you reach old age, especially those in your seventies, you no longer need to go out to do errands.
The marriages of young men and women in the tribe are arranged by their parents. When choosing a marriage partner, don't be greedy for wealth, but look at whether the person comes from a gentle family and whether there is a family history of disease. When getting married, the groom wears dark clothes, turban and shoes specially made for him. The wedding ceremony is carried out according to the etiquette formulated by Zhu Xi. The bride visits the ancestral hall and pays respects to her parents for three days after entering the house. The parents tell her the family rules. The tribesmen are not allowed to take concubines. If you don't have a son at the age of 40, you can take a concubine, but the concubine cannot sit in the court. The marriage of a girl is decided by her parents and the elders of the clan. If the betrothal was decided by her parents when she was young, and the clan elders are dissatisfied because they did not participate in the matter, they will not give a dowry when they get married. When the daughter and son-in-law return home, they will be given a meeting gift in the court, and individuals are not allowed to give any more gifts.
The funeral expenses of the tribe come from the public hall, and there is no need for fun during the funeral. During the mourning period, the descendants do not drink alcohol or eat meat. Anyone who violates the rules will be punished as unfilial. Zheng does not believe in Buddhism and Laoism, nor is she superstitious about the Yin Yang family, but adheres to Confucian funeral rituals.
The Zheng clan and its members have a set of principles for dealing with relationships between relatives and friends. The court set up two acquaintances, who were responsible for receiving guests, preparing tea, meals and staying overnight. There is a guest house in the court hall. Even when close relatives come, they do not stay in the inner house but always stay in the guest house. For the in-laws, a festive gift is given once a year, and another gift is given for weddings and weddings. Relatives, regardless of whether they are rich or poor, receive the same gifts. When Zheng's daughter got married and gave birth to her first child, the Zheng family gave her gifts when she was full moon, but stopped giving them after her second birth. When the in-laws first meet, they give each other money and silk as gifts. They do not give gold, silver and their products, and they do not accept generous gifts.
The court also takes care of members of the Zheng family who do not fall within the scope of cohabitation.
To maintain the order of life of a large family of several hundred people and to maintain the long-term prosperity of the family, strict rules and regulations must be formulated. This requires managers to be loyal to their duties and develop the family business. We also need the tribesmen to abide by discipline and be content with their duties. For this, there are too many things to guard against. The life of the tribe is guaranteed, but the control is too strict and goes against people's original wishes. For example, it is forbidden for women to have close contact with their natal families, which goes against human nature; sacrificial activities and court education are rigid in form, monotonous in content, and repetitive, which is naturally annoying; etiquette punishments and public humiliation are not easy to accept. So people in this kind of family will not live a happy life. Advocates like Zheng Lian are just mediocre people who "act in mediocre virtues and practice mediocre words" and are not worthy of praise. This is the comment made by historian Lu Simian, which is both sharp and profound.
The maintenance of China’s patriarchal system relies on its own economic strength, that is, the clan owns farmland. For example, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the enfeoffment system was implemented. The emperor (big clan) granted fiefs to princes (xiaozong) with the same surname, and the small clans united around the big clan. After the feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty was destroyed, the patriarchal system of the Zhou Dynasty could no longer be realized. For future generations to maintain their clans, it is not enough to rely on the power of patriarchal ethics, nor is it enough to rely on the support of the state. People know that if they want to "collect the clan", they must have the clan's politics and economy, that is, use economic power to connect clan members together. Fan's Yizhuang and Yimen's Zheng's built a clan system and a unified economy, which allowed the clan members to unite in the clan ancestral hall and stay together for a long time. The patriarchal system of fiefdom in the Western Zhou Dynasty was generally implemented among clans. Since the Song and Ming Dynasties, Yizhuang only appeared in a very small number of clans. Judging from the integrity of the patriarchal system, it was no longer viable by the Song and Ming Dynasties. Therefore, Fan's Yizhuang, The emergence of the Zheng family of Yimen and others was a new way for the declining patriarchal system to continue to maintain. This does not reflect the strong vitality of the patriarchal system, nor does it mean that it is about to disappear. However, it makes people have to believe that the Chinese patriarchal system has a long-term continuation process.