The legendary stories of the Tang Dynasty involve all aspects of social life, with complete structure and strict logic, and the characterization is very pen-like, which has a far-reaching impact on later literature. Since the Song Dynasty, the legendary style has become the main form of classical Chinese short stories in past dynasties, and Yuan and Ming zaju, Ming and Qing legendary novels and traditional Chinese opera literature are all based on Tang legends.
The success of characterization is an important reason why the legend of the Tang Dynasty has been spread for thousands of years and widely praised. Since ancient times, literati and scholars have studied and sorted out the female images in Tang legends, and male images, as an indispensable part of Tang legends, have attracted more and more researchers' attention, such as Heroes in Tang Legends, Shen Fei's Exploration of the Image of the Poor in Tang Legends, Lin Minghua's Mentality of Tang Legends, and Wang Wei's Romance in Tang Legends. Without exception, these works explore the personality types, personality characteristics and group characteristics of male images in Tang legends from different angles, thus providing a powerful model for more younger generations to think and analyze from multiple angles, which has benefited a lot academically. In this paper, the author refers to the wonderful expositions of previous sages, and further discusses the important significance and historical influence of Tang legends in characterization through the analysis and induction of Chinese characters in Tang legends.
First, indifferent to fame and fortune, he who sees through the world of mortals.
Scholars are an important part of China society. Most of them have the ambition to rule the country and conquer the world. They hope to change their fate, seal their wives and children and go down in history through the imperial examination. However, the world is difficult and the officialdom is sinister. Most of them have trudged through the ups and downs of their careers all their lives, and few of them can stay rich and die well. Therefore, some shrewd literati in Tang legends can explore fame and fortune after their disillusionment with WTO.
For example, Lu Sheng, a poor scholar who pursues the dream of fame and fortune in Pillow Story, fell asleep on Lu Weng's porcelain pillow and got married and promoted in his sleep after lamenting that his journey was frustrated. His descendants are rich. When he died of a long illness at the age of 80, Lu Sheng was shocked to see that everything around him was still the same, and the steamed yellow rice by the shopkeeper was not ripe. From this, he realized. So I kowtowed to Lu Weng again and again and left.
Similarly, Li Gongzuo's biography of Conan's satrap tells that the ranger Chunyuba was drunk with his friends under the ancient pagoda of Nanda, and was invited to visit the king in Huai 'an in his sleep. He was recruited as a memorial to the satrap Xu, who made outstanding achievements and was loved. The good times didn't last long. Chunyuba was defeated by the Tanluo National Army, and the princess died of illness and was suspected. The king "took the guards away and prohibited swimming from them". Chunyu was unhappy and the king sent him back to Beijing temporarily. When I woke up at home, I saw two friends still around, and before sunset, I went to explore the ant nest under the locust tree with my friends. The mud piled up in the cave is like a castle, which is consistent with what I saw in my dream. Chun Yusheng "felt Conan's ethereal spirit, realized the sudden change of the world, lived in the heart, and never left the wine."
Second, fame and fortune, forge ahead in setbacks.
Scholars' ideal of managing the world and helping the world is closely related to Confucianism. In addition, the decree of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that "all schools of Confucianism are respected" and the measures taken by emperors in past dynasties to worship Confucius Temple have made Confucianism and Confucius cultural symbols spread all over the world for thousands of years. Although the political situation in the middle and late Tang Dynasty was unstable and the people's livelihood was poor, Taoism had a far-reaching influence on the social ideological trend, and the working people often sighed like dreams in impermanence, under the influence of the mainstream social ideological trend, for the broad masses of scholars who had narrow channels to survive and become famous in the imperial examination, more scholars made up their minds to take the imperial examination, forge ahead on the bumpy road of seeking, win fame and fortune, thus changing their destiny and highlighting the value of life.
For example, Chen, the hero of Jiangnan Chen, left home for ten years to take part in the imperial examination, determined not to get into the house, and had to stay in Beijing because of repeated failures. He misses his hometown very much. "He said that he swam the river, swam Luo, swam Huai, helped the river, and got home without regret." Although I went home halfway, I was reluctant to leave my wife and brother because the exam period was approaching.
Another example is Feng Jiao, in which Feng Jiao continues to marry a "fat girl" after losing his wife. The woman with the most surname in the aristocratic family is very beautiful and gentle, and the couple live a fairy-like life. They should be satisfied with Feng Jiao. "Within a few months, I suddenly quoted,' I am a scholar. "So I left my beautiful wife who was born in a famous family and went out to seek fame. It can be seen that the idea of fame and fortune has overcome the concept of gate valve, and ordinary scholars still can't escape the temptation or bondage of fame and fortune. Just as Du Fu said, "Let the monarch submit, and then let the customs be pure", this is not only Du Fu's goal, but also the aspiration of the majority of literati.
There are also some scholars who are astounding in their persistent pursuit of the imperial examination itself. For example, Fengzao, the protagonist in Fengzao, has always been obsessed with the imperial examinations and does not have to compete for official positions. Despite the discouragement of his family and friends, he took 25 exams. He said, "For example, if he does nothing in this life, he will swear five tricks" and forget everything except fame. There were indeed a group of scholars in the Tang Dynasty who valued the imperial examination fame more than being an official. They think that it is a pity in life to have only official positions without fame, and it is not good in the end. Between fame and material interests, they chose to make contributions.
Third, frustrated and degenerate, mocking the powerful.
After all, not all intellectuals can realize the value of life on the way to the imperial examination. In an era of relatively narrow social development, it may be difficult for us as modern people to fully understand the anguish of the laggards. This kind of depression is not only spiritual, but also reflected in the torture of hard life. They devoted their whole lives to the imperial examination, but failed. It is difficult for them to engage in other industries, and they don't want to live another life. Therefore, it is not uncommon for literati in the Tang Dynasty to be frustrated, beg everywhere, be hungry and cold, and waste their lives.
For example, in Sun Ding, it is described that "when you are tired in your old age, your glasses will rest." In the second year of Jingfu, I went to the next door to entertain myself. I was drunk in the west and wrote a poem:' Walking, with blood and tears, things flow east. Worrying about crossing the donkey is tight, and the static shop is heavy. A dream still hangs in the hall, in this alley thousands of miles away. The elegy will go tomorrow, and the smoke trees in the city are noisy in spring. From this, it is not difficult for us to read the sadness and pain of the lost scholar Sun Ding.
In addition, difficulties can often temper people's minds. Many people who are not determined will do things that harm others and benefit themselves in order to get out of trouble, which is despicable and despised. For example, Li Xiucai ("Li Xiucai") stole other people's articles and described other people's relatives as his own. Even if it is exposed, he is still face-deadpan, shameless, and the rogue's face is exposed.
Honesty, honesty, talent and arrogance are the common characters of literati. They are talented and confident. Relying on their talents and abilities, they can make contributions and even go down in history. Therefore, in the prosperous times, many literati's upright and upright character shines brightly in history and is praised by people; However, once they are in trouble, their resentment against their own sufferings will often form a * * * sound with the dark social reality, and then satirize and ridicule the powerful, seeking a psychological balance in sarcasm and condemnation. Yang Jiong, for example, said, "The study of Ci is excellent and out of date. Every time I meet a court official, I want to control my resentment against Kirin. People ask me why. Yang Yue said, "Today, people feed medicine to fake Kirin, paint their heads, decorate their fur, put it on donkeys, patrol fields and peel brown, or donkeys are ignorant and wear purple, which is different from donkey skins. "
Fourth, the courage to pull out, the Confucian chivalrous.
An Anshi Rebellion ended the prosperous national situation in the early Tang Dynasty, and factional strife and separatism accelerated the decline of the Li and Tang Dynasties. Social unrest, the world is getting worse, when poor people are mired in the quagmire of war, people are full of expectations for this ranger who is full of sense of justice and outstanding ability. The legend of the Tang Dynasty has become a platform for people to place this expectation. Genius writers from the middle and lower classes of society have created one chivalrous man after another whose mission is to eliminate violence and safeguard social fairness and justice. While meeting the ardent expectations of ordinary people, it also contributed to the widespread spread of Tang legends.
These chivalrous figures are colorful. Not every chivalrous man has extraordinary martial arts. Those chivalrous men who pretend to be scholars but never lack righteousness and pride can be called "Confucian chivalrous men". For example, Liu Yi in Liu Yichuan, though a Confucian scholar, is full of sense of justice. He went to the sea alone to deliver books and letters to the miserable dragon girl, refused to get married despite the rape of Qiantang Jun, and finally got married with the dragon girl after many twists and turns. Everything will be fine. Hearing the cry of the Dragon Girl, he resolutely said, "Wen Zi said that qi and blood run, and he hates hairlessness and cannot fly hard. What is it? " Explain that he is chivalrous, courageous and resourceful. The expressions of Dongting Jun and Qiantang Jun also set off Liu Yi's upright and noble character from the side: "Although a man is a stranger, he can be anxious" and "Lai Mingjun's son is faithful and clear, which leads to far-reaching grievances."
Another example is Xu Yun in the famous legend Liu Chuan, who noticed Han Yi's slouches at a banquet. It was asked that Han Yi's wife Liu was forced to marry Li as a concubine. Xu Junma, a hero by nature, went to Li's place to save Liu and offer it to Han Yi, saying, "Fortunately, I did not disgrace my mission." Then he wrote a letter and ordered that a pair of lovers finally reunited. This story is widely circulated around the world with a passage from Mrs. Zhang, but we should not ignore Xu Jun, who played an important role in the turning point of the story. His trip to Korea was very enjoyable, as the author commented at the end of the story: "Xu Jun longs for those who are grateful but fail." "If Xu Jun is talented, then the merits of Cao Ke and Mianchi can be built."
Five, rich, prodigal son was exiled.
Many images of prodigals were created in the legends of the Tang Dynasty. Most of them were well-off and were keen on the pleasure of prodigals. "Tang Shi Supplement" records: "Chang 'an ethos, from Zhenyuan to banquets, to calligraphy and painting, or to games, or to blessings, or to food. "Some children didn't do their jobs well, and they had an adventure in their play. For example, Cui Wei, the hero of Cui Wei, met a fairy because of doing good deeds, and experienced various wonderful situations, "scattered wealth and went bankrupt" and didn't know where to go. Another example is Du Zichun in The Mystery Continues: "Little down and out, no matter what the family business, but with a leisurely mind, addicted to alcohol and traveling badly. "For example, Jia Changren, the legendary elder of Dongcheng, called him a chicken. As the saying goes, "you don't need to be literate naturally, and fighting cocks is better than reading." "Cockfighting to get rich, see the grace of the saint. Tang legends writers have devoted their admiration to the prodigal son's behavior in their vivid descriptions, but later generations can also observe the implied critical spirit and exposure consciousness from an objective perspective.
Six, romantic and chic, ungrateful, fickle and ungrateful
The theme of love and marriage occupies a large proportion in tang legends, and experts and scholars who study the romance of love and marriage in the Tang Dynasty have also done a lot of useful research on the basis of the original works. It is obviously unfair to rashly label the male images in the romance as "gifted scholars" and "heartbreakers". According to the attitudes of these male images towards love, we can be roughly divided into two categories: loving men and fickle men.
Some young literati who once wandered in brothels and had conceited talents could not help playing with women and coveting beauty in their willful and dissolute lives in their youth, but they did not have a strong sense of responsibility to face the temporary love and could not keep consistent with it. Their ungrateful behavior has hurt the women around them, and has also been spurned and criticized by readers.
The most typical example is Zhang Sheng (Biography of Yingying). At first, he not only abandoned Cui Yingying, but also made the letters sent by Yingying public, blaming him for Yingying's unhappiness. There are different opinions about his behavior throughout the ages. Some people criticized his hypocritical, cowardly and despicable behavior, while others thought that his choice was helpless in an era when love and reputation could not be balanced. Of course, in the social background of the Tang Dynasty, it is sometimes inevitable that this lover Lao Yan will fall apart. However, Zhang Sheng's behavior of publishing letters, accusing Yingying, and even calling Yingying "Uber" to make excuses for his failure is really despicable, which is a serious flaw in Zhang Sheng's personality.
Another example is Cai in Yunxi Xueyuan Friends, who, in order to climb the halls, prevented his wife from remarrying, and even lied to his wife that she was traveling to seek longevity. Fortunately, her clever and kind wife Xue Yuan is good at poetry and painting, and saved the ungrateful Cai's heart with a self-portrait and four affectionate love poems. Although the story ends in a comedy, the ingratitude and bad luck of Chu Cai in the development of the story is really despicable.
In addition, Li Yi in Biography of Huo Xiaoyu, Lu Pei in Hedong Ji, Cui Sheng in Mystery Record and Yan in Yunxi Friendship Counselor are typical representatives of this kind of male images. Other related works include Strange Tales of Lu Ji Jiang Feng Wei, Xiaoxiang Recording Feng Jiao, and Huazhou Joining the Army.
Seven, the heart is like a rock, loyal to love.
Under the beautiful and affectionate gentle female image, the glory of male image is slightly dim. Reading the text carefully, we can see that compared with fickle men, the images of men who are faithful to love like rocks are not inferior, and some of them are even admirable and thought-provoking. For example, Wang Xianke in The Legend of the Warrior went through all the hardships to marry his beloved cousin Liu, never flinched, and finally got married, and was very happy; Zhou Wang in Away from the Soul is a sincere gentleman. He loves Qian Niang, marries his soul and has children, and finally returns to his hometown with Qian Niang to reunite with his family. In Ren Zhuan, knowing that it is a fox demon, I don't dislike it, and I love it as one; Guo Han in Ghost Story loves the Weaver Girl with all his heart and never forgets it. Pei Hang, the legendary next scholar, took great pains to find a job, and finally got a beautiful woman and both became immortals. Cui Hu in "Skill Poem" calls the woman who died because of missing him with her true feelings, bringing her back to life, and everything will be fine. There is also the aforementioned biography of Liu. Han Yi, the hero, is a loyal scholar, and finally reunites with his lover Liu after many hardships.
In addition, there are some works that we can refer to: Li Zhangwu, Hejian people, Guo Nv, Zhang and so on. The leading men in these works, like those handsome and ungrateful men, are handsome and talented scholars. They all began to fall in love with a longing for sincere love, and encountered various hardships and setbacks in the process of falling in love. But the difference is that their virtue, purity and perseverance help them bravely overcome the objective obstacles in their tempering, choose the latter between secular etiquette and close lover, stick to love, and finally reap the happiness of life and future generations.
These male images successfully created by Tang legends complement those glamorous female images, which embodies the important characteristics of Tang legends' intention as novels. Through these male images and their activities, we can see the grand background of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the daily picture of social life. As Mr. Lu Xun said: "At that time, this kind of writing was either a cluster, with a lot of pages and a long narrative ... However, this genre did not flourish later, or it was just a simulation. Only the Yuan and Ming Dynasties did their own things and made dramas or legends, which influenced music. " From this, we can naturally see the extensive influence of male images.
refer to
1. Taiping Guangji Song Liyun
2. "History of the Tang Dynasty" supplement recorded "Li Zhao Zhao Lin"
3. Biography of Liu Yi Tang Lee Wei Chaochuan
4. "Liu Chuan" should be made
5. Yu "Forty-seven Lectures on China Culture"
6. History of Chinese Folk Literature Zheng Zhenduo
7. Lu Xun's A Brief History of Chinese Novels
8. On the history of China's classical novels.
9. The Accumulation and Inheritance of China's Chivalrous Culture Han Yunbo
10. Male images in Tang legends. Li Lijun. 20 13.3.
1 1. Analysis of male images in Tang legends Feng Da 20 10.23
12. Study on the Male Image of Wang Wei in The Legend of Tang Dynasty
13. Wang Zhizhong, a hero in Tang legend.
14. An analysis of the "poor" image of Shen Fei, a legendary figure in Tang Dynasty.
15. Literati mentality in Tang legends
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