The territory of the Tang Dynasty was unprecedented. In its heyday, it rose from the Sea of Japan in the east, occupied Annan in the south, reached the Aral Sea in the west, and surpassed Lake Baikal in the north. After the attack and destruction by the East Turkistan and Xue Yantuo, Emperor Taizong was honored as Tiankhan by all ethnic groups in Siyi. In the Tang Dynasty, Turkic, Uighur, Tiele, Qidan, Mohong, Shiwei and other nationalities were recruited to attack enemy countries through the system of detention, and vassal countries such as Japan, Nanzhao, Silla and Bohai Sea were allowed to learn their own culture and system, resulting in the situation that all countries came to North Korea.
The Tang Dynasty accepted exchanges and studies from various countries, and its economy, society, culture and art showed the characteristics of diversification and openness. A large number of famous poets have emerged in poetry, calligraphy, painting and music, such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, calligrapher Yan Zhenqing, painter Wu Daozi and musician Li Guinian. The Tang Dynasty was one of the most powerful countries in the world at that time, with a well-known reputation and contacts with Asian and European countries. After the Tang Dynasty, overseas people often referred to China as a "Tangren".
Xi。 Tang Shunzong-Li Yong
The eldest son of Dezong, the first emperor of the Tang Dynasty, was killed by eunuchs.
In 7791February, his father Tang Dezong Shili succeeded him, and Li Yong was appointed as the Crown Prince. In the first month of 780, prepare for the ceremony. By the 23rd day of the first month in 805, Tang Dezong's testamentary edict had reached the throne and was announced on 24th. Officially acceded to the throne on January 26th. In this way, Li Yong was a prince for 25 years.
During his 25 years as a prince, Li Yong personally experienced the chaos and bonfire of the rebellion in the buffer region, heard and witnessed the disputes and criticisms of court ministers, and gradually matured politically. The evaluation of him in history books is: "Kindness and generosity, benevolence and good judgment." He is very keen on all kinds of academic skills, and also dabbles in Buddhist classics. His writing style is good, especially good at official script. Whenever Dezong writes poems for ministers and our envoys in Fangzhen, he will definitely ask the prince to write poems. What is particularly commendable is that when the "Change of Jingyuan" fled with the emperor in 783, Li Yong held a sword behind the house. In the 40-day defense in Fengtian, facing the advance of Zhu Ba rebels, he often stopped first and took the city to repel the enemy. Under his urging and encouragement, the soldiers bravely killed the enemy, won the defense of Fengtian, and ensured the safety of fleeing from Dezong.
After Li Yong acceded to the throne, he immediately reused Wang, Wang Lai and others for reform. Together with Liu Yuxi of Pengcheng and Liu Zongyuan of Hedong, they formed an innovative power group with "Two Kings Liu Liu" as the core. They maintained unity, advocated strengthening centralization, opposed vassal separatism and eunuch autocracy, actively promoted innovation, and adopted a series of reform measures, known as "Yongzhen innovation" in history. The reform shook the eunuch's power, and they decided to set up a new monarch. In March, eunuchs, Wen Zhen and others made Li Chunli, the eldest son of Shunzong, a prince, renamed the Spring Calendar. In July, Wen Zhen and others wrote in the name of Shunzong, and the Crown Prince presided over military affairs. In August, beginning of spring, the eunuch, became emperor, namely Tang Xianzong, and Shunzong abdicated as the emperor's father, which was called "Yongzhen Neichan" in history. Change the twenty-first year of Zhenyuan to the year of Yongzhenyuan forever. Innovation failed.
Tang Shunzong died on August 9, 806 1 month/KLOC-0. One day before his death, Xianzong announced that Shunzong was seriously ill, and one day later Shunzong died, which made people feel that Shunzong's death was like acting. It was discovered through some notes and details of poems that Shunzong had been assassinated by Xianzong and eunuchs before. Others think that Shunzong died of illness normally, and that Shunzong and Xianzong have a harmonious relationship, so there is no possibility of being killed by Xianzong.
Twelve. Tang Xianzong-Li Chun
The eldest son of Shunzong, reigned from 805 to 820.
In 788, he was made king of Guangling County. In 805, he was made a prince to run the country. In August of the same year, he was enthroned by eunuch Wen Zhen and others. Abandon the defeat of Shunzong and demote Wang, Liu Zongyuan and others as distant Sima.
Du Fu, Huang Fuyong, Li Jifu and others came to power, stopped offering good omen, revised laws and regulations, reorganized the imperial examination, reduced officials and strengthened financial management in order to govern the country.
Then he listened to Du's proposal, punished the buffer region in a proper way, promoted Li Kun's position in Jiangdong first, and made Hotan yield. Pinghuai returned to the west, and Wu Yuanji's strong vassal greatly boosted his prestige, which led to the establishment of towns such as Chengde, Henghai and Youzhou.
In 8 19, the twelve states of Ziqing were recovered. Since the reign of Emperor Zong, the domineering situation of the buffer region has temporarily come to an end, which is called "Yuanhe Zhongxing" in history. In his later years, he was superstitious about alchemists seeking longevity and taking elixir of life. Because of his impatience and anger, eunuchs are often convicted and killed, and everyone is worried about himself. Finally, they were killed by eunuch Chen Hongzhi and others, and died in the Zhonghe Hall of Daming Palace in 820, at the age of 43.
XIII. Tang Muzong-Hengli
Xianzong's third son reigned from 820 to 824.
Before Hengli was born, his father Xianzong had his eldest son Li Ning and his second son Li Yun. The third child has a powerful mother, that is, Guo, the concubine that Xian Zong married when he was the king of Guangling-my father's granddaughter, who made great contributions to the reconstruction of the Tang room. The mother of Li Ning, the eldest son, is Imperial Secretary Jishi, while the mother of Li Yun, the second son, left no name. In this case, Xianzong has never made up his mind which prince to choose.
Things dragged on until he ascended the throne for four years. In March of 809, Xianzong's heart gradually tilted towards his eldest son. At this time, Li Ning 17 years old. She always likes reading, and her manners are quite in line with etiquette, so she is deeply loved by Xianzong. Therefore, when Minister Li Jiang suggested that Chu Jun should be established as soon as possible to put an end to the greed of traitors, he announced the decision to make his eldest son his heir. This time, I experienced some twists and turns. Due to the continuous heavy rain, the ceremony that should have been held in spring was postponed to 10. How much resistance did Guo, his mother, have, is unknown to future generations.
8 1 1 year1February, Li Ning died at the age of 19 after just two years as a prince. Broken-hearted, Xian Zong unexpectedly abolished the day of 13 for him, and specially made a funeral ceremony and named it "Zhao Hui". After Li Ning's death, Tang Xianzong had to make another choice to choose his successor.
At this time, almost everyone inside and outside the imperial court suggested that Guo's third son be elected emperor. The eunuch, who was most favored by the emperor, bluntly suggested that his second son, Li Yun, should be enthroned. Xianzong intends to have a second son, but Li Yun is hard to get support in the court because of his humble mother status. The influence of the Guo family in the ruling and opposition parties is too strong. The voice of the emperor's third son, Hengli, prevailed, and Xianzong didn't help. I have to ask Cui Qun, a bachelor of Hanlin, to draft a humility form on behalf of my second son, Li Yun. In July of August12, Hengli was appointed as the Prince. 10, the conferring ceremony was held.
At the end of the 14th year of Yuanhe, Tang Xianzong's health deteriorated due to taking alchemist Liu Bi's Dan medicine, and Cheng Cui stepped up his plan to change Liu Yun. The Crown Prince Hengli was very nervous and once asked her uncle Guo Zhao. Guo Zhao, then the director of the Agricultural Bureau, told him to be "filial" and not to think about anything else. That's all ready, just waiting for Tang Xianzong to die. In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe (820), Tang Xianzong died suddenly, and Liang Shouqian, Wang Shoucheng and others acceded to the throne immediately, namely Tang Muzong. The sudden coup made Tu Tu Chengcui and the emperor's second son, Liu Yun, unprepared and sent to the grave together.
During the reign of Hengli, he did almost nothing but enjoy himself all day, which led to another rebellion in three towns in Hebei. However, his sons are very powerful, and three of them have become emperors.
Later, Hengli fell in love with Fang Sheng warlock and pursued the so-called immortality. Finally, he only died of "elixir of life" at the age of 29.
Fourteen Tang Jingzong-Li Zhan
Mu Zong's eldest son, Hengli, reigned from 824 to 826.
Li Zhan inherited his father's "fine tradition". After he became king, he never got down to business except entertaining himself. Playing football all day is hunting, and I especially like to go out hunting at night. As the saying goes, once you learn to drive the rabbit out, you can never come back.
Li Zhan, Tang Jingzong likes hunting. If you don't have enough fun during the day, you will take people to catch foxes for fun at night. The palace is called "night fox hunting". Tang Jingzong really likes to play, and he is good at it. Fortunately, the Tang Dynasty did not die at the hands of such an emperor. In history, Jing Zong was rated as "disrespectful", which actually meant that he was a competent emperor who didn't play polo, which saved his face. We really can't see Jing Zong's ability to govern the country, but we can see his playing skills everywhere. Jing Zong is a polo master who is good at unarmed combat. He always likes to watch wrestling, tug-of-war, dragon boat race and other competitions.
Tang Jingzong also specially raised a group of Lux, who stayed around day and night. He not only wants to select Lux nationwide, but also invests a lot of money to recruit in the inner garden, so he is willing to spend money on these Lux. When the worship of sects comes, there is no scruple: some people in Lux are ungrateful, and the worship of sects is always lost; Many eunuchs committed minor crimes, ranging from insults to beatings, which filled these people with fear and resentment. Palace eunuchs, such as Xu Suizhen, Li Shaoduan and Yu Hongzhi, were also dismissed because of their poor cooperation with him. Jing Zong's unbridled entertainment soon put himself in a corner.
On the eighth day of 8261February, Tang Jingzong went out to hunt night foxes again. After returning to the palace, I was very happy. I played ball with eunuchs Liu Keming, Tian Wucheng and Xu Wenduan, and drank with 28 people including army generals Su Zuoming, Wang Jiaxian and Shi Dingkuan. Tang Jingzong, drunk and hot, went into the room to change clothes. At this point, the lights and candles in the main hall suddenly went out, and Liu Keming and Su Zuoming murdered Jing Zong, who died indoors on the spot at the age of 17. Apart from Tang Aidi, the last king who perished in the Tang Dynasty, Tang Jingzong was the shortest-lived emperor in the Tang Dynasty.
Fifteen, Tang Wenzong-Li Ang
Mu Zong, the second son of Hengli, reigned from 826 to 840.
Originally, the throne of Datang had nothing to do with him, but after killing his younger brother, eunuch Liu Keming tried to establish Wu Li, the son of constitutionalism, as emperor. Other eunuchs Wang Shoucheng and Liang Shouqian disagreed. After killing Liu Keming and Wu Li, they made Li Ang emperor.
During his reign, Li Ang was diligent, not close to women, and devoted himself to revitalizing the Tang Dynasty. But at the beginning of his succession, he was a puppet in the hands of eunuchs, and there were two factions, Niu and Li, contending with each other. In the end, Li Ang was bitten by a snake, failed in the removal of eunuchs, and was placed under house arrest by eunuchs until his death in 840.
Sixteen, Tang Wuzong-Li Yan
Mu Zong, the fifth son of Hengli, reigned from 840 to 846.
Because of Li Yan's bad reputation in history, he was also a eunuch politically, but during his reign, he got rid of the political disadvantages of eunuchs, relieved the military power of Shiliang Zhou, the great eunuch, and strengthened the imperial power.
When he came to power, he destroyed the Buddha statue. He saw through the stupidity of his uncle Li Chen and tried to kill Li Chen many times. Later, after Li Chen reached the summit, the evaluation of Li Yan's record was naturally not much better.
It's a pity that Li Yan, the founder of the last years of Wuzong, was addicted to immortality and died after eating the elixir. Moreover, after his death, the eunuch forces began to rise again, and Jiao Zhao let "Yugong" Li Chen succeed to the throne, which led to Li Chen being recorded as a mediocre and bad king after he ascended to a high position.
In 846, Li Yan died of then poisoning.