When he was alive, he was named Hou of Wuxiang. After his death, he pursued loyalty to the marquis of Wuxiang. Because of its military ability, the Eastern Jin regime was posthumously named King Wu Xing. Representative prose works include An Example and A Book of Commandments.
He once invented the wooden ox, the flying horse, the Kongming lantern and so on, and transformed the crossbow, called Zhuge Lian crossbow, which can hit all targets with one crossbow. In the twelfth year (234), Yu Jianxing died in Wuzhangyuan (now Qishan, Baoji).
Liu Chan regarded him as a loyal minister, so later generations often referred to Zhuge Liang as a loyal minister and Zhuge Wuhou. Zhuge Liang is the representative of loyal ministers and wise men in China traditional culture. He devoted himself to his life and died.
2. Zhuge Liang's character evaluation Zhuge Liang, a word, was an outstanding politician, strategist, diplomat, strategist, inventor, scientist and prime minister in Shu and Han Dynasties.
Zhuge Liang was born in April 14 18 1 and died on August 28th, 234. He was called Zhongjunhou. He left a will before his death: "When he was buried in Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong, a grave was dug on the hillside, and a coffin could be placed in the grave.
Zhuge Xuan died in the second year of Nan Yang Jian 'an (AD 197), wearing ordinary clothes and not burying objects. Zhuge Liang and his younger brother are farming in Longzhong, Xiangfan.
The songs that Liang often reads often compare himself with Guan Zhong and Guan Zhong. People didn't agree with him at that time. Only friends Xu Shu, Cui, Shi Tao believe in his talent. Known as "Wolong".
Make friends with Jingzhou celebrities such as Pang Degong and Huang. Huang once said to Zhuge Liang: "Wen Jun chooses his wife; Ugly girls with yellow heads and blackheads, but they are all worth matching.
I heard that you want to choose a wife. There is an ugly girl in my family with yellow hair and dark skin, but her talent can rival yours. ) "Zhuge Liang agreed to this marriage and immediately married her.
At that time, people played it as a joke, and there was even a proverb in the village: "Don't choose a wife for Kong Ming, you will get an ugly girl." At that time, Liu Bei was attached to Liu Biao and stationed in Xinye.
Later, when I went to Si Mahui, I heard him say, "Do Confucian scholars and laymen know current events? People who know the times care about Jie Jun. There are Long Fu and Feng Chu.
Those Confucian scholars are all people with shallow knowledge. How can they know the current situation? A hero is one who can understand current events and situations. At this time only Long Fu (Zhuge Liang) and Feng Chu (Pang Tong). )
"Later, he was recommended by Xu Shu and wanted Xu Shu to take him to introduce him. Xu Shu said," This person can meet, but he cannot compromise. The general should have left for nothing.
This person can go to see him, but he can't condescend to it. The general should condescend to visit each other. )
"Liu Bei personally visited him and saw Zhuge Liang three times. Liu Bei told others to avoid him and asked Zhuge Liang, "The Han Dynasty perished, the traitors stole his life, and the master was covered with dust. Loneliness, I want to believe that righteousness is above the world, and my wisdom is short-lived, so I use it wildly. As for today.
However, the ambition is still not over. Do you think the plan will be safe? Now that the Han Dynasty is in decline, treacherous court officials are holding the emperor to make the princes and emperors lose power. I didn't measure my virtue and ability, and wanted to save the world with righteousness, but my wisdom and strategy were short-lived and insufficient, so I often failed today.
But my ambition has not yet come true. Do you have any strategies to help me? ) "Zhuge Liang then told him the three-point plan of the world, and analyzed the situation that Cao Cao was not desirable and Sun Quan could help; It also expounds that the monarchies of Jing and Yi are weak, and only by owning these two countries can we win. He also told Liu Bei the strategy of attacking the Central Plains. This theory was later called Longzhong Dui, and Liu Bei praised it even more, so Zhuge Liang began to serve Liu Bei.
Liu Bei often talks with him, and the relationship is getting closer and closer. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were greatly displeased. Liu Bei explained to them: "There is Kong Ming in solitude and water in fish.
May you say nothing more. I have Kong Ming, just like fish has water. I wish you would stop talking about it. )
"Guan Yu and Zhang Fei will no longer complain. At that time, Liu Biao's son Liu Qi became increasingly dissatisfied with Liu Qi because of his stepmother's influence.
Liu Qi attached great importance to Zhuge Liang, so he asked Zhuge Liang for self-defense several times. However, Zhuge Liang often refused, and Liu Qi used the method of taking the ladder from home at a banquet to let Zhuge Liang tell the solution. Zhuge Liang asked Liu Qi, "Don't you see that Shen Sheng is in danger and Zhong Er is safe outside?" Shen Sheng has not been seen in the Spring and Autumn Period, and it is at stake. Can Zhong Er be safe outside? ) "Liu Qi knew what he meant, but Huang Zu was killed by Sun Jun, and Liu Qi was recommended as Jiangxia Prefecture. In August 2008, Liu Biao died of illness and his second son, Liu Cong, succeeded to the throne. Hearing the news that Cao Cao was going south, he sent messengers to surrender.
After learning the news of Fancheng, Liu Bei led the army and civilians to flee south. Cao Jun chased Liu Jun in Changsaka, Dangyang, and Xu Shu's mother was tricked into Cao Cao's territory. Xu Shu had to surrender to Cao Cao. Before Liu Bei arrived at Xiakou, Sun Quan sent Lu Su to observe the situation and suggested to Liu Bei to ask Sun Quan for help. Zhuge Liang recommended himself to Chai Sang and made friends with Lu Su.
When he arrived in Chaisang, Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan, and first gave Sun Quan two choices by dichotomy: "If you can compete with Wu Yue people for the world, it is better to break up with them as soon as possible (if you can compete with Wu Yue people for the country of the Central Plains, it is better to break up with Cao Cao as soon as possible)", and the other choice is to provoke him "If not, why not put the case in the north and let it go! If you think you can't resist, why don't you stop military action and surrender to the north! " "North" has a double meaning here: first, Cao Cao was in the north, and second, officials usually face the north when the monarch and the minister meet. ) "Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang why Liu Bei didn't surrender.
Zhuge Liang raised Liu Bei's social status, saying that Liu Bei had backbone and would never surrender to show Sun Bei's determination. Sun Quan was furious and vowed not to surrender to Cao Cao, but he was worried about how many troops Liu Bei had left to fight.
Zhuge Liang finally analyzed the situation of the two armies. First, he said that there were 10,000 soldiers in the army and Guan Yu's water army, plus more than 10,000 soldiers in Jiangxia, Liu Qifan. Let's talk about Cao Jun's tiredness from afar. He chased Liu Beishi and rode a light bicycle for more than 300 miles a day and night. It is precisely "a spent force, it is impossible to wear Lu Tao"; Moreover, northerners do not learn water warfare, and Jingzhou people are forced to obey Cao Cao, unconvinced; Finally, Cao's defeat is certain. Sun Quan was very happy, and then he was lobbied by Lu Su and Zhou Yu and decided to unite with Cao.
Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu and Lu Su were sent to lead 30,000 water troops to fight against Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang returned to Liu Bei with his army.
165438+ In October, Cao Cao defeated Chibi and returned to the north. Battle of Red Cliffs, after the foot soldiers, in 65438+ February, Liu Bei pacified the four counties in Jingnan, appointed Zhuge Liang as a military commander, lived in Lin Xuan, and ordered Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha counties to adjust taxes to enrich military assets.
2 1 1 year, Yizhou Pastoral Liu Zhang asked Liu Bei to assist Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others guarded Jingzhou.
In 65438+ February, Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and attacked Chengdu. Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others went to Shu to help out, leaving Guan Yu in charge of Jingzhou's defense, dividing troops to pacify counties and counties, and forming a capital with Liu Bei.
By 2 14, Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei entered Yizhou. Zhuge Liang received 500 Jin of gold, silver 1000 Jin, RMB 50 million, brocade 1000 horses, and was appointed as general strategist and general Zuo.
3. Zhuge Liang's idiom: 1, Pinyin: j ū g ū ng j ū ng j ū n cui Interpretation: It means to be respectful and cautious and do your best.
Source: Song Minglian's "Chu Shi Thousand Watches of Xianfu Junrongfeng": "Mrs. Zu and Xiankao have done their best and vowed not to slam the door." Ex.: I'm just a fool.
Ou Yangyuqian's Loyal Li Xiucheng Act III 2. Magic Pinyin: Shé n j and mi à o Su à n Interpretation: God and Miao: incisive description; Machine, calculation: refers to strategy. Amazing wit, clever strategy.
Describe being good at estimating complex changes and deciding strategies. Source: Biography of Wang Huan in the Later Han Dynasty: "Jingshi lamented that Huan had a plan."
Li Xian's Note: "Wisdom is like God." Example: (Zhou) Yu was frightened and sighed, "Kong Ming ~, I might as well.
Ming Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms Chapter 46 3. Resourceful Pinyin: zú zhdumó u Interpretation: Foot: full, full; Wisdom: intelligence and wisdom; Ask: a trick. Wise and good at planning.
Describe people who are good at predicting things and using tactics. Source: Yuan Anonymous's "Chain Plan" is the first discount: "This person is resourceful and can do things with * * *."
For example, there are more than one or two thousand people who can be used to fighting. Ming Luo Guan Zhong's forty-third profile of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms: Zhuge Liang (181-23410-8), a native of Wolong (also known as Long Fu), Han nationality, a native of Xuzhou Yang Du (now yinan county, Linyi City, Shandong Province), and prime minister of Shu and Han during the Three Kingdoms period.
When he was alive, he was named Hou of Wuxiang. After his death, he pursued loyalty to the marquis of Wuxiang. Because of its military ability, the Eastern Jin regime was posthumously named King Wu Xing. Representative prose works include An Example and A Book of Commandments.
He once invented the wooden ox, the flying horse, the Kongming lantern and so on, and transformed the crossbow, called Zhuge Lian crossbow, which can hit all targets with one crossbow. In the twelfth year (234), Yu Jianxing died in Wuzhangyuan (now Qishan, Baoji).
Liu Chan regarded him as a loyal minister, so later generations often referred to Zhuge Liang as a loyal minister and Zhuge Wuhou. Zhuge Liang did his best and died. He is a representative of loyal officials and wise men in China traditional culture.
4. The four-character idiom Zhuge Liang in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms: Zhuge Liang's ability to govern the country and the army, his character of saving the world and loving the people, and his modest and prudent style set an example for various outstanding historical figures in later generations. Zhou Yu in Zhou Yu's Romance of the Three Kingdoms is always inferior to Zhuge Liang in bearing and ingenuity. Unlike Zhou Yu, who is praised by Su Shi as "heroic and heroic", he is a "romantic figure through the ages". Immersed in love with children. He has a bad temper, good face, conceit, impulsiveness, irritability and anxiety, but he is not a foolhardy man, but sometimes emotions overwhelm reason. The heroes in his mind are Liu Bei and Liu Bei: Chen Shou's evaluation of Liu Bei is: "Hongyi is generous, knows how to treat people, and is a hero in the style of Gao Zu. His whole country has been entrusted to Zhuge Liang, but his mind is no different. He is sincere. " So the cardinality space is also narrow. "But he is" indomitable, and is by no means the next one ". In The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the author described Liu Bei as a representative of the benevolent, who was the orthodox successor of the imperial power in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, it is extremely exaggerated to describe Liu Bei's character characteristics of kindness, generosity, knowing people and being kind, but at the same time it is incompetent. Although crying and tears show Liu Bei's benevolence and righteousness, they give people the impression that Liu Bei's world is crying, distorting the true image of Liu Bei as a "lean man" and a "strange man". Guan Yu: Guan Yu in history was a tiger general who was proud of ten thousand enemies and had no regrets. He is famous for his loyalty, but he is "upright and proud" and has more courage and wisdom. Zhuge Liang wrote back that Ma Chao's life was outstanding, but he was not as good as Guan Yu's "running away from the world" and Guan Yu's "keeping books as a guest". This is a typical brave and foolhardy military commander's character. However, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, because he is a member of Liu Bei's camp and has the characteristics of loyalty, he is portrayed as the embodiment of benevolence and righteousness. He followed Liu Bei. Therefore, before leaving Cao Cao for Liu, Cao Cao killed Yan Liang, the general of Yuan Shao, and lifted the siege of the White Horse. However, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Guan Yu met three times when Pi surrendered, and Cao Cao's three-day small banquet and five-day big banquet were all false. In short, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the author spared no effort to portray Guan Yu as a "man who values righteousness", so his image was seriously distorted. Chen Shou thinks that Cao Cao is the "No.1 in the Ming Dynasty" in the "Three Kingdoms", and he is "the magic of application and transaction. Han and Bai have their own policies, and the official grants materials, each with its own tools, and is hypocritical and arbitrary, and does not think about old evils." Cao Cao has been a censor for more than 30 years, but he never put down his books, climbed high and looked far, and was good at poetry, cursive script and Go. He lives frugally and dresses carelessly. He discussed with others and let bygones be bygones. He is a first-rate politician, strategist and writer in the history of China. In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, these good aspects of Cao Cao's character and morality are ignored, and his cruel and treacherous side is exaggerated. Therefore, Luo Guanzhong's Cao Cao is a typical treacherous, cruel, willful and paranoid villain. Zhou Yu: Zhou Yu in history. Sun Quan praised him as "the asset of Wang Zuo". However, in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhou Yu became the bottom figure of Zhuge Liang. Zhou Yu was written to raise Zhuge Liang. Therefore, Zhou Yu in Romance of the Three Kingdoms is narrow-minded and always inferior to Zhuge Liang in wisdom, unlike Zhou Yu praised by Su Shi, who is "heroic, wearing a black headscarf and smiling." "Lu Su: If the characters and images of Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms are distorted, but there is still some basis, then the names of Lu Su in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms are almost all fabricated. Historically, Lu Su "was in the army, and his hands were powerless. "Put forward the founding policy: set foot in the east of the Yangtze River, reject Cao Cao in the north, wait for the destruction of Huang Zu, March into Liu Biao, and then build the so-called emperor to take advantage of the world. This is similar to Zhuge Liang's longzhong pair. When Cao Cao's army marched south to Jingzhou, Sun Quan's men all surrendered, but Lu Su advocated resisting Cao and advised Sun Quan to recall Zhou Yu to defend the plan in the commercial war. After Battle of Red Cliffs, he worked hard again. Sun Quan also appreciated him very much. The establishment and development of Wu was basically carried out in accordance with the political strategy and strategic policy put forward by Lu Su. However, in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Lu Su became a victim of the wits and wits of Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu, a typical example of being fooled and bullied. Wei Yan: Brave, daring, repetitive and cunning. Jiang Wei: Loyal, resourceful and loyal to the monarch.
5. Evaluation of Zhuge Liang's personality 1, (Qing) Emperor Qianlong: Zhu Gekongming was a first-rate figure under three generations, and there was also the word "public loyalty" about his life. Public without me, loyalty without me, self without me, and then the ambition is clear and the economy is reasonable.
Emperor Qianlong's evaluation: Zhu Gekongming was a first-rate figure in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Throughout his life, it can be said that he is loyal to the public, and the public is free from distractions. Loyalty means that he has no selfishness and is committed to integrity. His ambition and ability to govern the country are in line with things.
2. (Northern Song Dynasty) Su Shi: Dense as ghosts and gods, swift as thunder. It's impossible to get in and get back. Don't attack by day, don't attack at night. Too many can't be enemies, and too few can't be bullied. Before and after the meeting, command all localities. Move the nature of the five elements and change the order of the four seasons. People also? God also? Ya Xian? I don't know, really Wolong also!
Su Shi's evaluation: Zhuge Liang commanded the ghosts, and the troops acted quickly, and they could not attack, retreat or chase, attack by day or ambush at night. Even if there are many troops, Zhuge Liang has no chance of winning.
Even if Zhuge Liang's troops are few, he can't take advantage. He echoed back and forth, covered from left to right, marched with Gan Kun's secret, and changed ranks at four o'clock. Is it a man? God? Is it a fairy? I don't know, Zhuge Liang is the real Wolong!
Extended data
Anecdotal allusions
1, Eight Swords of Shu Master
According to the records of ancient and modern swords, in the first year of Zhangwu, Liu Bei collected iron ore in Jinniu Mountain and cast eight swords, one for Liu Bei to wear, and the other seven were given to Liu Chan, Liu Yong, Liu Li, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun. The name of each sword is very nice, and Zhuge Liang wrote an inscription on it.
After the death of Shu Han, the whereabouts of the eight swords of Shu Lord were unknown. Later, Zhuge Liang Pei Jian Zhang was acquired by Li Gugu, who took it for himself and changed it to a famous teacher Gu Jian.
2. Kong Ming chooses his wife
Huang, a celebrity in Jingzhou, heard that Zhuge Liang was going to get married, so he went to Zhuge Liang and said, "I heard that you want to choose a wife. There is an ugly girl in my family. Although her hair is yellow and her skin is black, her talent can rival yours. " So Zhuge Liang agreed to the marriage and married his daughter Huang.
Zhuge Liang's ugly wife was laughed at at that time, so there was a proverb: "Don't choose a wife for Kong Ming, you will get his ugly daughter."