Guan zhong's real name is also mine, and the word zhong is also called Guan. Zhou Wang was born in Yingshang (by the Shui Ying River) and was born with his surname. Outstanding politicians, famous military strategists and military reformers in the Spring and Autumn Period helped Qi Huangong become the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. For Guan Zhong's remarks, see Mandarin Chyi Yu. Another book, Guanzi, has been handed down from generation to generation.
Guan Zhong came from a poor family and studied hard since childhood. He knows "poetry" and "books", understands etiquette, is rich in knowledge, and has high martial arts. He and his friend Bao are Gong Zijiu's teachers respectively. Twelve years of Qi Xianggong (686 BC), Qi.
The country was in turmoil, and Sun was ignorant. He killed King Qi Xiang and proclaimed himself king. A year later, Gongsun Zan was killed in ignorance, leaving Qi without a monarch. Gong Zijiu and Xiao Bai, who are in exile, strive to return to China as soon as possible to seize the throne. Guan Zhong corrected himself as a country.
In June, he tried to shoot Xiaobai in an ambush, and the arrow hit Xiaobai's copper belt hook. Xiaobai pretended to be dead, and with Bao's help, he first returned to China and ascended the throne. He is the famous Qi Huangong in history. Huan Gong acceded to the throne and tried to kill him.
Zi Zheng also wants to kill Guan Zhong, the enemy who shot his own arrow. Bao tried to dissuade him, pointing out that Guan Zhong was a genius in the world, and asked Huan Gong to think about the prosperity of Qi, forget old grievances and reuse Guan Zhong. Huan Gong accepted the suggestion and answered the bell to return to China.
Soon, I'm going to visit my relatives and take charge of politics. Guan Zhong can display all his talents. At first, Guan Zhong proposed to Huan Gong the strategy of mending neighbors from the inside out and then from the outside in, waiting for the situation to dominate, but Huan Gong did not listen to his words and rashly attacked Lu in the following year.
Defeated by Lu army in the battle of gourd ladle.
2. Talent and ambition are like the sea-Li Si (280-208 BC), a famous figure in the Qin Dynasty.
Li Si was born in Shangcai, Chu (now southwest of Shangcai, Henan). Advocate the use of small seal as the standard font. Xiao Zhuan, also known as Qin Zhuan, is the symmetry of Da Zhuan, which gives people a feeling of flexibility, roundness and health, and plays a great role in standardizing Chinese characters. The appearance of Xiao Zhuan is a great progress in the history of Chinese character development. According to Tai Ping Guang Ji and Meng Tian Bi Jing, this book was written by Li Si, a scholar of Cai in Chu State.
Before the unification of Qin Dynasty, due to the long-term separatist regime of vassal states, there was a situation of abnormal language and writing. Qin Shihuang always hoped that there would be a standard font to replace the previously popular variant characters, so he learned that Lisi was good at calligraphy.
Give him the task. Li Si simplified the seal script and sorted out a set of characters with simple strokes and neat glyphs, which was called Qin Zhuan. After reading these new books, Qin Shihuang was very satisfied and set them as standard fonts.
Orders for domestic use. At that time, people were not familiar with the structure of Biography, and it was difficult to write it satisfactorily. Li Si, Zhao Gao, Hu Wu and others wrote models such as Cang Xie, Ji Li and erudition for everyone to imitate.
One year before his death, Qin Shihuang went to Huiji (now Shaoxing) in the East to worship Dayu's tomb, climbed Tianzhu Peak (later called Qinwangshan), overlooking the tidal bore in the East China Sea, and ordered Prime Minister Li Si to write an inscription in calligraphy.
The day after Reese was ordered to finish writing overnight, he picked a stone carving on the ridge and stood at the top of Mount Emei (later called carved stone mountain) in Huiji. This is the famous Huiji stone carving in history. It is said that the stone carvings written by Li Si are "Mount Tai closes the mountain"
Stone carving, Langya stone carving, Yishan stone carving, Huiji stone carving, etc.
3. Make great achievements for future generations-Xiao He, the founding father of the Western Han Dynasty.
(257 BC ~ 65438 BC+093 BC)
At the beginning of Han Dynasty, posthumous title was the prime minister, the first in three outstanding heroes of early han dynasty. Assist Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang to establish the Han regime.
Politicians in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. Pei (now Pei County, Jiangsu Province) was born. No matter during the war or during the recovery period of the early Han Dynasty, he showed the demeanor and statesmanship of an outstanding politician in ancient China, and was praised by people for thousands of years.
In his early years, he worked as a jailer in Qinpei County. Liu Bang (see Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang) rebelled at the end of Qin Dynasty. After conquering Xianyang, he collected the laws and books collected by Prime Minister Qin and Imperial Palace, mastered the national mountains and rivers, registered permanent residence in counties and counties, and knew the sufferings of the people, which played an important role in formulating policies and winning the Chu-Han war in the future. Liu Bang is Hanwang, Xiao He is the prime minister, and Xiao He recommended Han Xin as the general.
During the Chu-Han War, he stayed in Guanzhong to wait on the prince. Constrained by laws and regulations, Guanzhong became the consolidated rear area of the Han army, and constantly paid soldiers to support the battle, which played an important role in Liu Bang's victory over Xiang Yu and the establishment of the Han Dynasty. The establishment of Han dynasty
After that, he was awarded the highest honor. Adopting Qin law and emphasizing the legislative system are nine chapters. He also helped Gaozu eliminate Han Xin, Ying Bu and other princes with different surnames, and was worshipped as the Prime Minister. After the death of Gaozu, he assisted Hui Di. Huidiji
Year of death.
4. Amazing fickle, no less than three outstanding figures-Chen Ping (? ~ BC 178)
Chen Ping, the founding hero of the Western Han Dynasty. West Hanyang Wu (now southeast of Zhongyuan Yuanyang) people. When I was young, my family was poor, I was good at Huang Lao's technique and ambitious. After the uprisings in Chen Sheng and Guangwu at the end of Qin Dynasty, he blamed Wang Wei for the past and was soon exiled.
After the feather entered the customs, it broke the Qin Dynasty. Liu Bangding returned to Han in the Third Qin Dynasty and served as the deputy commander of the Guards. He participated in the Chu-Han War, put down the rebellion of princes with different surnames, and became an important counselor of Liu Bang. It was suggested that a double agent should be used to alienate Xiang Yu's ministers, so that
Fan Zeng, an important counselor of Xiang Yu, died of grief and indignation. Six years ago (20 1 year ago), Emperor Gaozu suggested that Liu Bang pretend to travel around and arrest Han Xin. The following year, Liu Bang was trapped in Pingcheng (now the northern part of Datong, Shanxi) for the Huns for seven days and seven nights, and was adopted by Chen Pingji.
E Shi, who paid a heavy bribe to modu chanyu, was cleared of the charges. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, it was named Houhu and Houqu for its meritorious service. Gaozu died of the autocratic power of Lu. After Lv Hou's death, he and Zhou decided to kill Zhu Lu and go to see Wang Wei.
Wendi Deng served as prime minister and later as left-wing prime minister. Chen Ping's life is full of legends. At the end of Qin Dynasty, there were many talented people, only Chen Sheng, Xiao He, Cao Can, Sean, Chen Ping and Zhou Bo were eligible to be included in Sima Qian's "family".
People. Chen Ping can be among them, which shows that his contribution is great.
Chen Ping once worked under Xiang Yu, but he was not taken seriously. Later, he defected to Liu Bang. Chen Ping's "six tricks" made great contributions to Liu Bang's capture of the world. The six strategies summarized for him in historical classics are:
One is to bribe the other generals and implement double espionage; Second, intentional abuse, alienating Xiang Yu and Fan Zeng; Third, send women out of the city to solve the siege of Xingyang; Fourth, kick Liu Bang and make Han Xin king of Qi; Fifth, the false line to capture Han Xin.
After Liu Bang became emperor, he wanted to get rid of all the powerful ministers. Chen Ping learned the hidden essence of Huang Lao's medical skills and successfully saved himself. Chen Ping finally died of illness and natural death.
5. Do your best until you die-Zhuge Liang (18 1 ~ A.D. 234), a famous scholar in Shu and Han Dynasties.
Zhuge Liang, also known as Kong Ming, was born in Langxie Yang Du (now south of yinan county). Shu and Han politicians and military strategists. Is a descendant of Zhuge Feng, a captain of the Han Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was chaos in the north, Zhuge Liang and his sister.
The four men came to Xiangyang from Shandong with their uncle Zhuge Xuan, because they were old and hard to rely on. At this time, it was the first year of Xingping (AD 194) and the fourteenth year of Zhuge Liang.
Four years ago, in 190, Liu Biao moved Jingzhou to Xiangyang, and since then he has stood up to study Confucianism. Zhuge Liang went to Xiangyang and studied in the academic hall in the south of the city. I met Xu Yuanzhi, Shi Guangyuan and Meng Gong at school.
Wei and others are close friends. They often discuss world affairs together and are determined to reform politics. Because of the relationship between Zhuge Liang and Liu Biao, Zhuge Liang met celebrities Pang Degong and Huang in Xiangyang and Kuai Liang in Zhonglu County.
Kuaiyue and others have thus broadened their horizons and increased their knowledge, laying the foundation for their future career.
Liu Biao wrote a letter recommending Zhuge Xuan as the prefect of Zhang Yu. About a year, the people in Xicheng rebelled and killed Xuan. Zhuge Liang had no dependence, so he had to live independently. In the second year of Jian 'an (AD 197), he and his younger brother cultivated Long Mu in Longzhong. until
In the twelfth year of Jian 'an, Liu Bei left after three visits to the cottage. In Longzhong, I didn't die, and I never forgot everything in the world for a moment. He studied hard, made many friends and compared himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi in order to make a difference in the future.
Due to the recommendation of Si Mahui and Xu Shu, Liu Bei visited the cottage, and Zhuge Liang proposed to Liu Bei to occupy Jingzhou and Yizhou (now most of Sichuan and part of Hubei), seek the support of all ethnic groups in southwest China, unite with Sun Wu, confront Cao Wei, and then unify.
The advice of the world, this is the famous Longzhong pair. Later, according to Zhuge Liang's strategy, Liu Bei joined forces with Sun to attack Cao, won the victory of Battle of Red Cliffs and occupied Jing and Yi. After Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang persuaded Liu Bei to establish it.
Shu proclaimed himself emperor and was appointed Prime Minister. After Liu Bei's death, Liu Chan acceded to the throne, and Zhuge Liang was assisted by the testamentary edict, and was appointed as the township head of Muwu in Yizhou to take charge of military affairs. During his administration, he made great efforts to govern, strictly rewarded and punished, restrained the mighty and appointed talents.
Xi' an carried out the policy of reclaiming farmland and improved ethnic relations. Six people, including Sun Quan and Meng Huo from Nanping, left Qishan to attack Wei, trying to recover the Central Plains. In the 12th year of Jianxing (AD 234), he fought with Wei general Sima Yi in Weinan and died in Wuzhangyuan.
Jun (now southwest of Meixian County in Shaanxi Province) was buried in Dingjun Mountain (now southeast of Mianxian County in Shaanxi Province). Fifty-four Shi Zhongwu.
6. What's going on in the world tells the truth, and one strategy is made-Fang (579 ~ 648), a famous figure in the early Tang Dynasty.
Early years of Tang Dynasty. Name Joe, word Ling Xuan, line with the word. A native of Linzi, Jizhou (now northeast of Zibo). Father Yan Qian, Sui Lisi secretariat. Ling Xuan is proficient in classical literature, and his works are also very good. At the age of eighteen, he was promoted to be a scholar in this state and was awarded the title of Yu Qiwei. Sui dynasty
In the chaos, he led the troops into the customs, arrived in Weibei, and served as a doctor in the Qin clerk's office and Shaanxi Dongdao Qianzhuang. He went to war from the king of Qin many times, assisting the staff and planning and management ministers. Every time I settle down, others compete for Jane.
Play, but he first recruited talents for the Qin shogunate. He keeps close contact with his advisers and asks them to do their best. He and Du Ruhui are the most effective counselors of the King of Qin. The brothers of the king of Qin fought for the throne, and the prince built it in front of Gaozu and destroyed him and him.
If you are unlucky, you will be expelled from Qin.
In the ninth year of Tang Wude (626), he participated in planning the change of Xuanwu Gate, and won the first prize together with Du Ruhui, Wuji and Hehou. Li Shimin acceded to the throne (that is, Emperor Taizong Li Shimin), and Ling Xuan was appointed as the secretariat. Tongzhenguan
In February of three years (629), he was shot to death by the left servant of Shangshu. In the eleventh year, Liang Guogong was sealed. In July of 16th year, he was still in charge of state affairs. Seventeen years, with Sun Chang Wuji and other 24 people in Lingyange. When Li Zhi, King of Jin, was a prince,
He is a prince and a teacher. Emperor Taizong stayed in the capital when he levied in Korea. Died in 22 years.
In Zhenguan, he assisted Taizong, always led a hundred divisions and was in charge of government affairs for 20 years; He participated in the formulation of laws and regulations, presided over the revision of laws and regulations, and was a practitioner of Tang rites with Wei Zheng. Adjust government agencies, preserve and merge central officials; Good at employing people, Dont Ask For Help, not seeking dignity, appointing people on their merits; Abide by your duties and take no credit. Later generations regarded him and Du Ruhui as models of good looks, collectively referred to as "House Club".
7. Detective, foresight-Di (630 ~ 700), a famous figure in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Di, the word, was born in Di Village, Taiyuan (now Taiyuan, Shanxi) in the Tang Dynasty. Born in an official family, his grandfather Di was Zuo Cheng, the minister of Zhenguan Dynasty, and his father Di Zhixun was the governor of Kuizhou. The famous massacre in Wu Zetian period of Tang Dynasty
Stage. He is incorruptible in law enforcement and poor in law enforcement. He used his body to protect the law and even dared to make faces. Strongly urged Wu Zetian to establish Downs. He knows people very well, and he often takes the merit of Si Qi as his goal. The ministers who raised them were all ministers of Zhongxing in the Tang Dynasty.
In September of the following year (69 1), Di was appointed as assistant minister of local government (Ministry of Land and Resources) of Tongfengge (Zhongshu Province) and Pingzhang of Luantai (Menxia Province), and began his short first prime minister career.
In the first month of the first year of longevity (693), Wu colluded with cruel officials to falsely accuse Di and others of rebellion and arrested them. After their release, they were demoted to Peng (now Pengze, Jiangxi).
In October of the first year of Long Live Tian Tong (696), the Khitan captured Jizhou (now Linzhang, Hebei). In order to stabilize the situation, Wu Zetian used Di as the secretariat of Weizhou (now Daming area in Hebei Province) adjacent to Jizhou.
In October of the first year of Shengong (697), the Emperor was recalled to North Korea by Wu Zetian. The official worshipped Assistant Minister Luantai (the province under the door) to make peace with Fengge Luantai, and added Dr. Yin to Lu. He also ran a speech to restore the post of prime minister and became a right-hand man to help Wu Zetian master the state power.
In the first year of the Holy Calendar (698), with the foresight of politicians, Emperor persuaded Wu Zetian to conform to public opinion and regain power in Luling King. Wu Zetian listened to the emperor's advice and personally welcomed King Luling back to the palace, making him an heir, thus maintaining the Tang Dynasty.
In the autumn of the first year of the holy calendar (698), Turks went south to harass Hebei. Wu Zetian appointed the Prince as Marshal of Hebei Road and Di Renjie as Deputy Marshal to pacify the Turks and quickly restore the stability of Hebei.
8. If you want to be the best in the world, there is nothing better than paying a visit to your old friend-Kou Zhun (96 1 ~ 1023), a famous anti-Liao scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Kou Zhun was born in Xiatuo, Huazhou (now Xia Ji Town, Linwei District). A famous patriotic politician in North China, he served as Prime Minister for three times, and was named Lai and posthumous title was loyal and righteous.
Kou Zhun was a scholar in Song Taizong during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. He was upright and upright, and because he advised Emperor Taizong many times, he was promoted to a bachelor's degree in the Privy Council, sentenced to a civil servant in the official department, and participated in the discussion of state affairs. Emperor Taizong tried to compare with Wei Zhi.
In September of the first year of Jingdezhen in Song Zhenzong (1004), Liao and Liao Shenglong Xu led the Qidan army to invade the Song Dynasty on a large scale. In November, the main force went to Yizhou (now Puyang, Henan Province), pushing the capital of song dynasty to Kaifeng, and the Song Dynasty was horrified.
Wang Qinruo, a politician, proposed to move south to Jinling. Chen Yaocuo put forward the proposal of moving southwest to west and south to Chengdu and Xichuan. Kou Zhun, then prime minister, argued against public opinion and urged the true people to sign. Song Zhenzong finally took his advice and arrived in person.
Wei Zhou North City bid. Emperor Yan of the Song Dynasty fought bravely, and his morale was greatly boosted. He shot Xiao Dalan, the messenger of the Liao Scout Army, and won a great victory. He saved the Yan State in the Northern Song Dynasty and wrote a glorious chapter in the history of China's anti-aggression.
Chapter. Unfortunately, Song Zhenzong was afraid of the enemy, and in the case of military victory, he insisted on making peace. He sent Cao Liyong to conclude a peace treaty with Liao, with Baigou River as the dividing line between the two sides. Every year, he lost 200,000 pieces of silver 10.2 million pieces of silk in Liao, which was called "Aiyuan Alliance" broken.
It brought the fruits of victory, but Kou Zhun's historical achievements were recorded in the history of the Chinese nation.
9.—— The political reform in Ningxia is controversial —— Wang Anshi (102 1 year ~ 1086), a famous figure in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Reformer, thinker and writer in Song Dynasty. The word Fu Jie, no, is Mid-Levels. Linchuan, Jiangxi (now Fuzhou, Jiangxi) is known as Mr Linchuan in the world. Li Qing was the fourth scholar in the second year (1042). Served as a local official for many years.
Wang Anshi recognized
Because the root of social poverty in Song Dynasty lies in merger. Therefore, in the third year of Jiayou (1058), Zhao Zhen of Song Renzong wrote a book of several thousand words, demanding a comprehensive reform of the written law since the early Song Dynasty, in order to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness, which achieved immediate results.
Realize the change of the law. The feudal scholar-officials also placed high hopes on Wang Anshi and looked forward to his coming to power as soon as possible. Thanks to Zongshen's appreciation, Wang Anshi was appointed as a political adviser in the second year of Xining (1069).
The following year, he was promoted to prime minister and began to vigorously carry out reforms and carry out political reforms.
Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the prime minister's first priority, expounded the relationship between political affairs and financial management, and thought that only on the basis of developing production can we
Can solve the national financial problems. After Wang Anshi took office, he continued to play this view. In the reform, he took the development of production as the top priority and put it in the first place. Although Wang Anshi emphasized state power
The protagonist in the reform, but he disapproves of the state's excessive intervention in social production and economic life, opposes excessive patent collection, and puts forward and adheres to the idea and practice of "not too much monopoly law". In Wang Anshi's above thought
Under the guidance of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, from agriculture to handicrafts and commerce, from rural areas to cities, and carried out extensive social reforms. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system.
Improve the quality and combat effectiveness of the army and strengthen control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. Political reform violated the interests of big landlords and bureaucrats, as did the two palaces.
Later, the royal family and conservative literati joined forces to oppose the political reform. So Wang Anshi and Ning JaeHee went on strike for the first time in seven years. See you next year. Wang Anshi couldn't get more support after the resumption of the phase, so he couldn't continue the reform.
After leaving, Yu Xining resigned as prime minister for the second time in nine years and has lived in jiangning house ever since. In the first year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (1086), due to the rise of conservatives such as Sima Guang, the previous new law was abolished. Wang Anshi died of depression soon.
10. Zhang, the teacher of the emperor and the prime minister of the era of salvation, was a famous figure in the Ming Dynasty (1525 ~ 1582).
Posthumous title was born in Caoshi, Jiangling. After his death, his body was solemnly buried outside the east gate of Jiangling, and the world called him "Zhang Jiangling". During his tenure as an official, he boldly carried out political, economic and military reforms, which made the country stable and economically developed, and for a time there was a scene of Qingming and prosperity.
(1) streamline the organization and reduce redundant staff. At that time, the administration was bloated and overstaffed. Zhang merged everything that could be merged. For example, Qiangu in the world originally belonged to the 13 department, so it was merged and implemented.
Unified collection and support; Officials who don't perform their duties or only take money and don't do things will be eliminated. It is said that in only nine years of Wanli, the central government laid off 4 19 redundant staff; There are 902 local redundant staff. The government was further wooed when streamlining institutions.
The authority and responsibility of each department, strict official assessment system, strengthen personnel management. In this way, it not only reduces the expenses of the court, but also stimulates officials to work better and improves administrative efficiency.
(two) serious law and discipline, credit will be punished. Zhang believes that "the crime of rewarding and punishing merit must be fair, win the hearts of the people, and then be held accountable for life." Therefore, during his administration, all those who violate the law and discipline, whether they are royalty or not.
National interests, or local strongmen, will be brought to justice. Xu Jie, who served as Huiji, recommended him to join the cabinet, but he never forgave Xu Jie's relatives for destroying the farmland hidden by the big landlords in Qingzhang. Guo Qian Gongmu
Chaobi broke the law many times, because he was a heroic family and others found it difficult, but he still arrested Mu Chaobi. While sweeping away bureaucracy, he took the lead in not accepting bribes or accepting gifts. For example, Li Cheng, the company commander of Liaodong recommended by him.
Liang was later named Ningren. In return for his recommendation, Li sent someone to send him money. He said seriously to the bearer: "The main champion won many victories, and I took his gold and offended the high emperor." Absolutely not. because
This time, he presided over the promulgation of all the decrees, "although Wan Li, down and down.
(3) Avoid accumulating burdens and reduce people's burdens. He said to Zongshen: "There is another thing that harms the people today, and we must also bring tax grain. Husband and people have limited financial resources. One-year-old income is only enough for one year old. Unfortunately, I'm sorry for getting old. I can't do it yet. what can I do?
Is idle capacity accumulated more over the years? If a company shirks its responsibility, it will often pay off what it received this year, that is, what it owes this year, and take it with it for the future. "Ask God to order" the negative facts accumulated seven years ago in Wanli and learn to avoid it ". Zongshen adopted
Thanks to his advice, farmers were exempted from the money, food and land taxes they owed to the country seven years ago.
(4) Pay attention to talents, know people well and be good at their duties. He once wrote to Zongshen, saying, "In the future, if you ask the function, you will be unqualified. Li Zhen, Liaodong, and Ji Men, Qi Jiguang Town, were once cited, which made them "take clothes in the wilderness and expand while sitting.". "He ... again.
With Pan Jixun's Yellow River, "embankment construction has long been finished, and water diversion is not troublesome." Therefore, history books call him "good at knowing people." During his 10 years in power, Border Yi 'an, Taicang Su Can Support for Ten Years, and Taibu Temple owed more than 400 yuan.
"a temporary political achievement." Just as Zhang Ju made great efforts to rectify the bureaucracy and carry out political innovation, Liu Tai, the imperial counselor, accused him of being "good for his husband, regardless of personal interests, and insatiable" before God. Zhang knows that, return to absolute being.
Zong said; "Where I am, I am in danger; The speaker thinks he is good at incognito, but what I do is incognito. Can you please me? Then the country is negative; Working hard for the public? There is no way to escape the ridicule of specialization. " For those who attacked him
Head-on collision in Wanli five years, my father died. According to the feudal ethics, he should go home and "keep the system". But considering the state affairs and the complexity of the young master, he still "took care of things" and didn't go home to behave. This has caused some
People attacked him and said that he "forgot his relatives and was greedy for positions." Hans Zhang, the official minister, even lamented: "The three cardinal guides and the five permanent members are gone!" However, with the support of his loyal opposition and the emperor, those who attacked him were driven away one by one.