Book binding materials refer to various materials used except book block paper and cardboard; their application range is very wide, including cover, book back, ring lining, hot stamping, etc. material. The correct selection of binding materials is the basis for reflecting the effect of binding processing. Whether the materials are properly selected or not, the finished product will be significantly different. The selection of binding materials should be determined based on the grade, form, firmness, and beauty of the book. The price should not be pursued blindly, but should be based on suitability and matching.
1. Types of cover materials and their uses
Cover is also called cover, book jacket, etc. It is a decorative material wrapped around the book block. There are many types of cover materials, which can be roughly divided into fabric, leather, coating, plastic, paper, etc. The choice of cover material is determined based on the grade (grade), content and publisher's requirements of the book. Grade refers to the value of the book, such as reading value, use value and preservation value; content refers to the ideas expressed in the text of the book and the era described; publisher requirements refer to the craftsmanship and design proposed by the author, designer or publisher. Material selection plan, etc.
Cover materials, especially hardcover cover materials, play an important role in the processing of books and periodicals. The choice of materials is related to the appearance and binding effect of a book. The so-called "goods sell for a piece of skin", as long as the cover is made If it is good, it can increase the appeal of the book to readers, otherwise it will affect its position in the market.
(1) Fabric cover materials
Fabric cover materials are the earliest and most widely used book binding materials in my country, such as scroll binding, back-packing, and butterfly binding. , thread binding, etc., all use silk or cotton fabrics as cover materials.
1. Cotton fabric cover material
The main component of cotton fabric cover material is cotton fiber. Cotton fiber is highly hygroscopic. As the temperature increases, the water content decreases. When the temperature exceeds 105°C, all water evaporates. Cotton fiber has very weak resistance to acid and must avoid contact with hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid, but it has good alkali resistance. Cotton fabrics have good bonding properties, and any kind of adhesive can achieve a strong bonding effect. The main types of cotton fabrics used for covers are as follows:
①Plain weave cloth. Plain cloth cover materials generally use fine-grained cloth. The surface of fine-grained cloth is fine, clean, smooth, soft, with fewer knots on the surface, and its texture is lighter and thinner than commercial cloth (commonly known as Big Five).
The white in the plain cloth can be used as patchwork for butterfly clothing; the cyan and aqua dyed cloth can be used as ancient thread clothing, bag back covers, letter covers, etc. Using plain cloth as a cover is simple, economical, elegant and elegant, and is easy to stick and hot stamp during processing.
②Poplin. Poplin cover material has better effect and higher grade than plain cloth. Poplin has thick warp yarns and fine weft yarns. The cloth surface is smooth, smooth to the touch, and feels like silk, so it is called poplin. Poplin is divided into full-thread and half-thread poplin, and half-thread poplin is mostly used for covers.
Poplin is often used for hardcover covers, as well as ancient thread-bound covers and letter sleeves. Poplin and plain weave are equally prone to sticking and hot stamping.
③Flannel cloth. The flannel fabric used as the cover is mainly velveteen. Velveteen is a double-layered tissue that is split and raised; if it is mercerized, it will have a silky luster, so it is called mercerized velveteen.
Characteristics of velveteen: smooth and plump surface, good luster, soft feel, elasticity, thick velvet body, good wear resistance, not easy to wrinkle, but easy to remove velvet, as long as you pay attention to it after cutting. any influence.
The main component of cotton fabrics is cotton cellulose. Mature cotton fiber contains about 95% fiber, a small amount of wax, pectin, chlorine-containing substances, sugars, minerals, etc., so It has strong hygroscopicity, and its hygroscopic energy changes with changes in temperature and humidity. This causes the shrinkage of cotton cloth. Generally, the shrinkage rate is about 4%, slightly more in the warp direction and slightly less in the weft direction. If anti-shrinkage treatment is not performed during binding processing, quality problems will occur, such as warped and uneven book cases, size deformation after cutting into small formats, and pattern deformation, among other serious consequences. For this purpose, the following treatments can be performed:
A. Soak the mounted paper to prevent shrinkage. The cotton material is moistened with water (spray or soaked) in advance, and then dried together with the paper, so that the cotton has the opportunity to shrink during the drying process, and it is finalized after drying. This prevents shrinkage and ensures the smoothness, shape and ease of processing of the fabric after mounting.
B. Resin impregnation and anti-shrinkage treatment.
Before processing, the cotton material is immersed in a resin substance so that the resin fills the gaps in the fabric to resist moisture infiltration and control shrinkage and deformation; at the same time, it can also be made flat, wrinkle-free, durable and easy to process. This anti-shrinkage method has specialized processing units.
C. Horizontal and vertical grain processing. Generally, the shrinkage rate of cotton fabrics in the vertical grain (warp direction) is higher than that in the horizontal grain (weft direction), so the cutting materials should be carefully budgeted, and attention should be paid to the cross-use of the horizontal and vertical grains of the bookcase cardboard, that is, one horizontal and one vertical cross-pasting. This can restrict each other, balance the pulling force, and ensure that the book case is flat and does not warp.
D. Treatment after shelling. After pasting, there should be a process of flattening and natural drying. It can be roughly divided into three steps: the first is to apply pressure immediately after pasting; the second is to apply pressure and flatten the book case, then place the book case upright to dry naturally to 80%, and then change the book case from upright to flat (after pasting, stack it face to face). After the final natural flattening and shaping, hot stamping and other processing can be carried out in 10 hours.
E. Do not dry or expose cotton fabrics to the sun after making book cases to prevent excessive evaporation of water and damage to the moisture that should be properly preserved inside, resulting in serious deformation of the book case.
2. Silk fabric cover material
The main component of silk fabric cover material is silk. As early as more than a thousand years ago, silk fabrics were used as the main material for books in my country. Modern books with high value still use silk fabrics as cover materials to show their elegance and value.
Silk fabrics are used as cover materials. They have a wide range of choices, gorgeous colors, elegant textures, ethnic characteristics, easy adhesion, and easy hot stamping. The processed books give people a unique artistic sense and profound Popular with consumers at home and abroad, it is often used as a work of art for decoration, gifting and preservation. There are many types of silk fabrics, including silk, satin, spun, silk, damask, crepe, etc. Each type is divided into many colors, no less than a thousand. The following types are mainly used for the covers of books and periodicals:
① Satin material. Satin is a fine material among silk fabrics. The interlacing positions of the warp and weft yarns of satin are distributed according to certain rules, and more warp yarns or weft yarns are exposed on the surface of the fabric. Its varieties include soft satin, brocade satin, Zhang satin, etc., among which they are divided into damask satin and plain satin. Plain satin is soft, smooth, elastic, and widely used; damask generally comes in more than three colors, such as multicolored satin, seven-colored satin, ten-colored satin, etc. Its texture is tight, thick, and elastic, and the satin body is smooth and crisp. It has high artistic value and is an excellent silk material.
Satin covers are used for high-end books, albums, certificates, packaging boxes, etc. It is very difficult to mount satin material and the technical requirements are very high. Not only the adhesive used must be reasonable, but also the mounting must be smooth and firm, and the verticality of the longitude and latitude lines and the softness after mounting should be ensured, so that the satin surface will be smooth after mounting. The pattern is not skewed or deformed.
②Spinning material. Fang is a kind of cover material among silk fabrics with crisp texture, solemn color, smooth surface, elegant and elegant, and easy to bond and process. There are many kinds of spinning, such as plain spinning, flower spinning, Fuchun spinning, etc. Fuchunfang is generally used as a cover.
When laminating paper, pay attention to the flatness and cleanliness of the spun surface and the verticality of the longitude and latitude lines to ensure the production effect and appearance quality of the book case.
③Silk material. Silk is a silk fabric woven with plain weave or jacquard with plain weave as the bottom. When producing silk materials, those who are woven first and then dyed are called raw silk; those who are dyed first and then woven are called cooked silk; plain weave without flowers is called plain weave; plain weave with flowers is called flowered silk. Its types include tower poplin (such as cotton poplin), floral silk, double palace silk, thin and extremely light small silk, etc.
The texture of the silk material is soft, elegant and elegant, and the hot-printed fine text patterns are clear and clean. It is mainly used for hardcover covers, thread-bound covers, letter covers, and butterfly binding strips and seams.
When mounting paper, use slightly thicker paper because the silk is thin and thin to prevent glue leakage and dirty surfaces when pasting the shell.
④Silk material. Silk is a thin and soft silk fabric mainly made of jacquard. Silk is often used for higher-grade thread-bound book covers and letter surfaces. Sometimes used for high-end hardcover covers. Because silk has a fine weave, a thin and soft texture, and a jacquard pattern on the surface, it is important to master the use of adhesive and the selection of paper thickness when mounting paper, and the processing must be precise, otherwise it will damage the appearance of the silk surface or cause waste. .
⑤Silk material. Damask is one of the silk fabrics with the thinnest and softest texture and the most exquisite weaving technology. The surface of damask material is smooth and delicate, just like tissue paper. Plain damask is the most commonly used, and there are also dark jacquard forms. Silk materials are mostly used for thread-bound book covers, back-bound book covers, thread-bound corner wrapping materials, upper and lower floats and edge materials for scroll-bound calligraphy and painting, etc. The silk material decoration gives people an elegant, simple and antique artistic feeling.
Dampen material is the same as silk, and the quality requirements are extremely high. Damask is not only used as cover material, but also as a material for high-end calligraphy and painting. The original and some modern calligraphers directly painted calligraphy and painting on damask or silk.
⑥Fleece material. Velvet is silk velvet, also known as velvet. It is a fabric in silk fabrics with dense piles of upright or flat rows on part or all of its surface. The fluff generally has a height of about 3mm. Its surface is bright and shiny, its appearance is beautiful and generous, its texture is thick and soft, and it has excellent elasticity. The varieties include velvet, velvet, gold velvet, georgette, Zhang velvet and so on.
Velvet is mostly used for the covers of high-end hardcover books or luxury books. It has a gorgeous appearance and a strong three-dimensional effect after hot stamping.
When processing silk fabrics as covers, attention should be paid to the following usage methods:
A. Silk fabric materials must be pre-shrunk before use. Silk fabric materials have different shrinkage rates due to different textures, different weaving methods, and different fabric forms, generally averaging 6% to 7%. Therefore, shrinkage treatment must be done in advance, and the method is the same as that for cotton fabrics.
B. Silk fabric materials have good bonding properties. Because the surface is tightly woven with silk fibers and has many pores, it is easy to penetrate water-soluble adhesives. It has good bonding performance after pressure and can be used with a variety of adhesives. The main component of silk is protein, which is not resistant to acid and alkali. The fiber swells when exposed to acid, and the protein is hydrolyzed when exposed to alkali. The silk fiber is destroyed, and it is not suitable even for weak acid and alkali. Therefore, the use of acid-base binders should be avoided as much as possible during processing.
C. Silk fabric materials have good hot stamping performance. Silk fabric covers are easier to hot stamp than cotton covers. Due to the delicate surface of the material and the hot stamping of some fine line patterns (except satin and velvet), the effect is better than other fabric materials, and the hot stamping temperature can be as high as 165°C. The general hot stamping temperature is 120~155°C. If you want to hot stamp the velvet book cover, you need to hot stamp it twice to achieve the ideal hot stamping effect.
3. Linen fabric cover material
Linen fabric cover material is made of hemp plant fiber as raw material and made into yarn. The warp and weft threads of linen fabrics are the same, or the warp and weft protruding surfaces are woven into a dark grid, which can be divided into coarse, medium and fine lines. The covers of books and periodicals are made of linen fabric with milky primary color and more thick and medium grains. Linen cover materials are simple, solemn, elegant and generous. Mostly used for high-end, large-format books and picture albums. The processing method is the same as that of cotton and silk fabric covers.
(2) Coated cover materials
Coated cover materials. It is a kind of material that is coated with various materials on the basis of paper or cloth to replace leather, fabric and other cover materials. There are many types of coated cover materials and they are widely used. They are currently the most commonly used material for hardcover covers of books. The use of coating materials can save a lot of animal and plant raw materials, is easy to process, has good effects and is cheap, so it is very popular among users. The commonly used types are:
1. Lacquer-coated cover material
Lacquer-coated cover material is a cover material that replaces leather and has been used for decades. There are two types of paint coating materials, one is called paint cloth. That is, the base layer is cloth; one is called lacquered paper, that is, the base layer is paper.
①The composition of paint coating. Paint coating materials generally consist of three layers, namely base layer, color layer and protective layer.
A. The base layer, also called the bottom layer, has two types: cotton cloth and paper. Its function is to support the paint layer and fix the paint.
For the cloth base layer, ordinary plain cloth with a count of 21 or more is generally used. The cloth base is required to be fine, clean, soft, smooth, and free of impurities and knots.
For the paper base, base paper of 80g/m2 or above is often used. The paper base needs to be flat, uniform in thickness, and free of tears. Paper made from cotton fiber is the best.
The packaging form of base material is roll type.
B. Color layer, the raw materials used include pigments, plastic fillers, etc. Its function is to show color and fill the base layer.
C. The protective layer, also called the surface layer, is coated with colorless nitrocellulose varnish and other auxiliaries, and various patterns can be processed on it as needed. Its function is to protect the color paint layer and show pattern and luster.
②Types of paint coating. There are three types of paint coating materials: paint cloth, exposed paint cloth and paint paper.
A. Oilcloth. Oilcloth is made by applying paint to cloth. It has been used for 50 years and is still used in some areas despite the contamination of nitrocellulose varnish.
Its characteristic is that the paint film itself is tough and wear-resistant, and the surface is not prone to dust and debris. It has a certain degree of elasticity, is easy to stamp, is dimensionally stable, and is not afraid of insects. When using it, choose a varnished cloth with a flat, smooth surface, no leaks, no wrinkles, no tears, clear and uniform patterns, and consistent colors.
Since the accumulation and storage of varnished cloth is restricted by temperature, humidity and region, the paint layer is prone to aging and deterioration due to high temperatures and high humidity, causing adhesion and peeling of the paint layer, so it is not advisable to purchase more and store it for a long time.
B. Exposed linoleum cloth. The open-bottom varnish cloth is a product of the reform of varnish cloth production. It is a plain varnish cloth coated with CMC silicone solution. A certain color of filler penetrates into the interlaced warp and weft gaps, and the surface retains the texture of the cloth base itself.
The coating of exposed linoleum cloth is less than that of linoleum cloth, and its texture is softer than linoleum cloth. It has no pattern on the surface, has less odor and is cheaper. The bottomless varnish cover is solemn, simple and elegant, and easy to process. It is often used in the binding of some political books and celebrity works.
C. Painted paper. Lacquered paper is made from a paper base layer that is painted. Because it is based on paper, it has low strength and is not resistant to folding.
Because the surface of lacquer-coated cover material is nitrocellulose varnish, it has certain pollution and damage to the air and human body, and is prone to aging and deterioration. Although it is still used in some areas, with the development of binding materials , which will be gradually phased out.
2. Polyvinyl chloride coated cover material
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coated cover material uses 80g/m2 coated base paper as the base layer, and is coated with polyethylene on it. Made of vinyl chloride type II resin or polyvinyl chloride paste resin, which is then embossed. This material has many designs and colors, a wide range of choices, easy processing, and cost-effective prices. The wear resistance, elasticity, heat resistance, strength, etc. of PVC covers are all suitable for bonding and hot stamping of hardcover book covers. It is currently the most popular and most used material to replace other coated covers. .
①Adhesion performance and use of PVC coated cover.
PVC coated cover material has good adhesive properties, but the adhesive must be properly selected.
A. The bottom surface of the PVC coated fabric is paper base, which is suitable for adhesion with various adhesives; the surface is a PVC coating layer, and the strength of the adhesive used should be higher, and the PVC coating must have a smooth surface. ability.
B. When pasting the shell, you can use bone glue or other similar resin glue. When sweeping the lining, since the three sides need to be adhered to PVC, you can choose high-strength vinyl acetate-vinyl grease VAE resin glue or Paper-plastic composite polypropylene glue and other adhesives can achieve a strong bonding effect.
② Hot stamping performance and use of PVC coated cover.
PVC coated cover has good hot stamping performance. Good results can be obtained if the hot stamping temperature does not exceed 150℃ and the hot stamping time does not exceed 2 seconds.
A. Choose the appropriate model for hot stamping anodized aluminum, such as imported American Venus No. 400, French model 338, domestic Panda brand, Peacock brand, and Butterfly brand.
B. When hot stamping a PVC coated cover with concave and convex patterns, the pressure should be greater and the temperature should be higher (can be increased by about 5℃). The commonly used hot stamping temperature is
120～145℃.
C. The elasticity of PVC coated cover material is slightly lower than that of varnished cloth. Therefore, when there are both large and small patterns and text on the hot stamping plate, attention should be paid to the equal degree of stress on the object to be ironed, otherwise flowers will appear. Edition, bottom leakage phenomenon.
D. When using an automatic hot stamping machine, always check whether the temperature is normal to avoid quality problems caused by inaccurate temperatures.