Which dynasty was Li Yu from?
Yuan Zong, the sixth son of Li Jing, was the last monarch of Southern Tang Dynasty.
In the second year of the Stegosaurus in the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Yu succeeded to the throne, respecting the Song Dynasty as orthodox, and paying tribute at the age of 20 to protect peace. In October of the fourth year of Kaibao, Song Taizu destroyed the Southern Han Dynasty, and Li Yu changed his name to "Jiangnan Master" in addition to the Tang Dynasty. The following year, the ritual system was derogatory, and the kiss in the Imperial Palace in Jinling was cancelled to show respect for Song Ting. In the eighth year of Kaibao, Li Yubing was defeated by the Song Dynasty, captured to Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), and was named General Youwei, who was ordered to disobey orders. On July 7, the third year of Taiping and Xingguo, Li Yu died in Bianjing, and was posthumously awarded a surname and a prince of Wu. The world called it Li Houzhu, Queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty.
Li Yu is proficient in calligraphy, painting, melody and poetry, especially in ci. Li Yu's ci has inherited the tradition of Huajian poets such as Wen and Wei Zhuang since the late Tang Dynasty, and has been influenced by Li Jing and Feng Yansi. Its language is bright, vivid, sincere and distinctive. After the national subjugation, his ci was characterized by a wide range of themes and profound meanings, and it was unique among the five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty, which had a far-reaching influence on the later ci circles.
The life of the character
Early experience
Li Yu, formerly known as Li, is the sixth son of Li Jing, the ruler of the Southern Tang Dynasty. He was born on Qixi in the first year of Shengyuan in the Southern Tang Dynasty. He first served as the Duke of Anding County, then moved to General Zhu Wei and Deputy Marshal, and became the King of Zheng. ? Li Yushan's poems, paintings and calligraphy are full of forehead and teeth, and his eyes are heavy. Is it because it looks strange? Suspected by his eldest brother Prince Li Hongji. In order to avoid disaster, Li Yu is obsessed with classics and does not ask about politics. He called himself Zhong You, a hermit in Zhongfeng and a lay man in Lianfeng to show his interest in mountains and rivers, and had no intention of competing for a position.
After six years of virtue (1607), Prince Hongji died of illness. Zhong You took Li Yu as a cool Buddhist, weak and virtuous, and invited Li Gong as the prince. Li Jing was furious and exiled Zhong Mo to Raozhou? Li Yu was made king of Wu, and took part in politics with the order of the minister, and stayed in the East Palace. ? In the second year of the Stegosaurus in the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Jing moved the capital to Hongzhou (now Nanchang) and made Li Yu the Crown Prince, who was stationed in Jinling (now Nanjing).
ascend the throne
In June of the second year of Stegosaurus, Li Jing died of illness. Li Yu ascended the throne in Jinling and was renamed Li Yu. After paying tribute to his mother Zhong Shi, he became the queen (after the big week) and made his brothers king? ; Feng, assistant minister of Zhongshu, was sent to pay tribute to the Song Dynasty. The above table (Song Taizu's Accessory Table) stated the changes in the Southern Tang Dynasty. ? Song Taizu returned the imperial edict and sent people to pay tribute to Li Yu in the Southern Tang Dynasty. In September, James Soong died of illness, and Li Yu sent assistant minister Han Xizai and teacher Qing Tianlin to offer condolences. ? /kloc-in October/February, Li Yu established Long Xiang Jun to coach the water army.
Song Feng Zheng Shuo
In March of the third year of Stegosaurus, the envoys of Quanzhou Qingyuan Army stayed in the school and died of illness. After his son stayed in school, Li Yu sent a letter to stay in school as the commander-in-chief of Qiu and Lingzhou. ; In April, Quanzhou Chen colluded with wuyue to send his family to Jinling and elected Zhang Hansi as the successor of Qingyuan. ? In June, Li Yu sent Zhai Lubi, a visiting ambassador from the province, to the Northern Song Dynasty and released thousands of people from the Southern Tang Dynasty. In November, Gu Yi, a doctor from the Ministry of Water Resources, was sent to Bianjing to pay tribute.
In April of the first year of Gander, Chen, the deputy envoy of Quanzhou, abandoned Zhang Hansi and claimed to stay behind. Li Yu took Chen as our time to maintain the subordinate relationship between Quanzhou and Nantang. In July, Li Yufeng met with Song Taizu in Beijing. /kloc-in October/February, Li Yu went to Song Ting's desk and asked for the removal of the imperial edict's nameless ceremony (Li Yu was raised by Song Ting after he ascended the throne, so the imperial edict of the Southern Tang Dynasty did not take Li Yu's name) and called him by his first name privately.
In the second year of Gander, assistant minister and bachelor of Qin Zhengting in Ren Zhongshu, Han Xizai, presided over the public event; He also ordered Xu Xuan to preside over the second interview. ? In March, iron money was issued. In September, Li Zhongyu, the eldest son, was named Qingyuan Gong, and the second son was named Xuanchenggong. ? /kloc-in October, Zhong Xuan died, and the queen (a week later) died of grief. Li Yu wrote Zhao Hui Zhou Xi. In November, Wei Pi, the deputy envoy of the Maoist workshop, paid a memorial service, and Li Yu also sent envoys to the Song Dynasty to offer 22,000 yuan of silver, gold, silver, dragons, phoenix, tea and wine.
In September of the third year of Gande, his mother clock died; In October, Mao sent Li Guangtu to hang himself. ? In August of the 4th year of Gander, Li Yu sent Gong Shenyi to Nanhan with imperial edict to welcome the surrender of Song Dynasty. Gong Shenyi went to Nanhan and was detained. ? In the spring of the fifth year of Gande, Li Yu ordered the assistant ministers of the two provinces, Mr. Xie Ren, a Chinese scholar, and a bachelor of Qin Zhengting in Jixian County to be on duty in Zhengguang Hall, asking about state affairs until late at night. ? In the first year of Kaibao, there was a drought in China, and Song Taizu gave rice and wheat a hundred stones. In November, Zhou was made queen (a few weeks later).
Lower the system to show respect.
In October of the fourth year of Kaibao, Song Taizu destroyed Nanhan, stationed troops in Hanyang, and Li Yu was very afraid. He removed the Tang name and renamed it "Lord of the South of the Yangtze River", and sent his younger brother Zheng Wang Li to pay tribute. When he appeared on the table, he asked not to call him by his first name out of courtesy, but Mao agreed, but detained Li. In the same year, a businessman tipped them off that Song Jun had built a thousand warships in the south of Beijing, requesting to send someone to secretly burn the warships of the Northern Song Dynasty. Li Yu didn't reply for fear of getting into trouble. ? When the country was in an emergency, Li Yu was worried, giving banquets and drinking with his lieutenants every day, with a sad face.
In the first month of the fifth year of Kaibao, Li Yu ordered the derogatory instrument system: the next letter was renamed "teaching"; Change Zhongshu and Xiamen provinces to the left and right civil history offices, Shangshu province to the Sihui office, Yushitai to Sixian office, Hanlin to Wenguan, and Privy Council to Guangzhengyuan; Reduce "Jun" to "Gong" and avoid the Song Dynasty to show respect. ? When Yuan Zong was here, although he surrendered to the Zhou Dynasty, there was a kiss in the hall of Jinling Terrace (the animal head on the roof of the hall); During the reign of Emperor Kangdi, the messenger of the Song Dynasty arrived, Li Yu was removed, and after the messenger left, he resumed. At this point, all the appliances were removed and no longer used. Zhao Kuangyin appointed Li as our time for Taining Army, rewarded Bianyangfang House, and suggested that Li Yu go to Beijing to surrender to Song Dynasty. Li Yu sent Feng, the head of the household department, to thank Li for his seal. Feng entered Bianjing and was unable to appear in front of him due to illness.
In the summer of Kaibao six years, Mao sent Lu Duoxun, a bachelor of imperial academy, to the Southern Tang Dynasty. Li Yu was willing to accept the title of the Northern Song Dynasty, but was rejected. In October, Pan You, a civil servant, wrote to persuade Li Ping to be an official. Xu Xuan and Zhang Yue suggested that "Li Ping misled people and incited Pan You to commit crimes". Li Yu sent someone to arrest him, Pan You committed suicide at home, and Li Ping hanged himself in prison.
The country is ruined.
In the seventh year of Kaibao, Li Yu asked Li to return to China, but refused. In autumn, Song Taizu sent Liang Jiong and Li Mu to Nantang and sent a letter to Li Yu to Beijing on the grounds of offering sacrifices to heaven. Li Yu refused to take care of his illness and replied, "I worked for Dachao, hoping to keep the ancestral temple, but I didn't expect this." Water under the bridge. " ? Mao Wenxin, that is, sent Yingzhou to make Cao leave Jiangling, and ordered Xuanhui South Hospital to make Cao Bin and others late-developing, land and water go hand in hand; Li Yu also built a city to gather grain and prepare for war on a large scale. Leap in October, Song Jun captured Chizhou, and Li Yu ordered the whole city to be under martial law, and stopped using the title of the Northern Song Dynasty and changed it to the official title. When wuyue took the opportunity to invade Changzhou and Runzhou, Li Yu sent messengers to question him, saying that his lips were dead and his teeth were cold, and King Yue of Wu did not answer, so he sent Li Yu's letters to Song Ting. ? Wuhu was captured in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the Xiongyuan Army built a pontoon bridge along Caishiji and crossed the river to the south. Li Yu recruited the ranks, appointed Huang Jixun to take charge of the military forces and tried his best to defend the enemy. Due to the disparity in strength, the defeat was like a mountain. In the inner hall, Xu Yuan and Diao Li were sent to block the news of defeat. Li Yu didn't know that the Song garrison was ten miles south of Jinling.
In February of the eighth year of Kaibao, Songshi conquered Jinling Guancheng. In March, wuyue advanced on Changzhou, Huangfujixun was killed, and Wang Yucheng of Changzhou surrendered. ? In June, Song joined forces with wuyue, rose up to Runzhou, and left Liu Cheng to surrender. I, Hongzhou, asked Zhu Lingyun to lead 150,000 soldiers to rescue me. When I arrived at Wankou, I met Song Jun and ordered the Song boat to be burned. The north wind blew hard and burned myself. Zhu Lingyun and Zhan Yi are both afraid of waiting for Henry Hui Wang and being captured (the battle of ten thousand people). With the destruction of foreign aid, the Northern Song Dynasty surrounded Jinling and besieged the city day and night. Jinling is short of rice and food, and there are countless dead people. Li Yu sent Xu Xuan to the Northern Song Dynasty twice, and offered a lot of money and goods to ask the Song Dynasty to slow down its troops. Mao replied, "It's right beside the couch. No one is allowed to snore and sleep." ? In December, Jinling fell, and the defenders, horses and horses died. Chen Qiao, assistant minister of literature and history, hanged himself, surrendered and the Southern Tang Dynasty perished.
In the first month of the ninth year of Kaibao, Li Yu was captured and sent to the capital. Appointed as a disobedient Hou and worshipped Qianniu as a general. ? In the same year, Song Taizong acceded to the throne and changed Li Yu to Longxi Gong.
Li Yu died of illness in the capital of Northern Song Dynasty at the age of 42 (Li Yu was also born on Tanabata). In the Northern Song Dynasty, he was given the title of Taifu, and the prince of Wu was buried in Mangshan Mountain in Luoyang.
Political measures
politics
Zunsong
After Li Yu succeeded to the throne, he hoped to pay tribute to the Song Dynasty to preserve his inheritance. During his reign, he served the Song Dynasty diligently. In addition to paying tribute, whenever there was a war or a major event in the Song Dynasty, gifts were given to show support and congratulations, and envoys were sent many times to show their obedience.
In terms of etiquette, after Li Yu acceded to the throne, he continued to use the title of the Northern Song Dynasty. Every time he met the envoys of the Northern Song Dynasty, he changed his official clothes into purple robes. He changed the old system of Li Jing's surrender. Except for the name of the emperor, other etiquette remained unchanged? ; In the fourth year of Kaibao, Li Yu ordered the withdrawal of the Tang Dynasty and renamed it Jiangnan Lord. The following year, he ordered to get rid of the relegation system and went to Song Ting for fame several times to show his respect for the Song Dynasty.
Appointment and removal of officials
At the beginning of Li Yu's accession to the throne, due to the defeat of Huainan and the death of Zhong You, there was an atmosphere of pessimism and depression in the ruling and opposition circles in the Southern Tang Dynasty. In order to revive people's hearts and establish prestige, Li Yu reused old ministers and stabilized the center of gravity of the top management. He was named "General Youwei" and "Rui Gong" because of his numerous military exploits, and died of illness. Li Yu ordered the abolition of the DPRK for three days to show his condolences. ? Li Yu also treated Feng, who abandoned Yangzhou in the battle of Huainan, with courtesy. ? At the same time, Huangfu Jixun, the son of Huangfu Yun, who fled to the south of the Yangtze River in the era of Han Xizai, Fujian General Lin and Yang Wu, was activated.
In the imperial examination, Li Yu attached importance to the fairness and justice in selecting talents. In the second year of Gander, Li Yu ordered Han Xizai, assistant minister of the official department, to preside over the tribute and admitted nine people, including Wang Jinshi Chonggu; He also ordered Xu Xuan to have a second interview and put forward the exam in person. In February of the fifth year of Kaibao, Zhang Tuo, a folk historian, presided over the tribute of the Ministry of Rites and admitted three scholars, including Yang Sui. Zhang Yue, a bachelor of Qingyao Temple, said that Zhang Tuo missed a lot of talents, so Li Yu ordered Zhang Yue to make up the exams for the backward people, and admitted and others. Until February of the eighth year of Kaibao, the national subjugation of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Li Yu also held the last imperial examination in the Southern Tang Dynasty, and admitted 30 people including Jinshi Zhang Que.
economy
When Li Yu ascended the throne, due to the continuous war in the period of Li Jing, the national strength of the Southern Tang Dynasty was weak and the national treasury was empty. However, Li Yu loves the people like a son and ordered the corvee to be reduced, which is beneficial to people's livelihood. ? Cancel the envoys set by Li Jing, put all counties under the jurisdiction of counties, and take one tenth of the tax revenue from reclamation as the salary of officials, which is called "rate-sharing" After the implementation of this policy, it not only increased taxes, but also made the people feel at ease in farming and avoided being scratched by officials.
During the Southern Tang Dynasty, land sales were very frequent, which led to the intensification of land merger. After Li Yu succeeded to the throne, he appointed Li Ping to be in charge of Sinong Temple, restored the well-field system, created civil rights and cattle civil rights, and advised farmers and mulberry farmers in the hope of alleviating the national disaster. After the promulgation of the new system, the reform ended in failure because it violated the interests of bureaucratic landlords and met with fierce resistance and opposition, which was inconvenient for most people.
In the late Southern Tang Dynasty, inflation caused a serious money shortage. In order to make a virtuous circle of money, Li Yu issued iron coins in the second year of Gande, stipulating that all money, iron coins and copper coins should be issued. Due to the gradual abolition of copper coins, merchants used ten iron coins for one copper coin to leave the country, and the court could not ban it. In order to save the circulation of iron coins, Li Yu ordered iron coins to circulate in parallel with copper coins. By the end of the Southern Tang Dynasty, the accumulated copper coins in each county reached 640,000 yuan.
military affairs
The Southern Tang Dynasty was weak. In the face of the powerful Song Dynasty, Li Yu adopted the strategies of Chen Qiao and Zhang Yue, guarding the city in a down-to-earth manner, and taking a long-distance attack on Song Jun as a defensive strategy. ? So on the surface, the Southern Tang Dynasty surrendered to the Song Dynasty and secretly prepared for war.
After the war between Song and Southern Tang Dynasties, Li Yu immediately broke off diplomatic relations with Song Dynasty, sent troops to fight, and personally toured the city. At that time, the gods, guards and military headquarters thought that Huang Jixun had no intention of fighting and deliberately concealed the situation. Li Yu was executed as a crime to inspire the army. ? At the same time, Li Yu launched an active diplomatic activity and wrote a letter to Wang Qian Chu in an attempt to disintegrate the alliance between Song and wuyue? ; After Zhu Lingyun's death, Li Yu ordered Zhang Yue to make a wax pill silk book in Qidan for help.
Judging from the course of the war, Li Yu's military strategy is appropriate. It took more than a year for Song Jun to send troops in October of the seventh year of Kaibao and attack Jinling in December of the eighth year of Kaibao. Among them, Song Jun was stationed in Jinling for one year. Although the war situation is unfavorable to Nantang, both sides have their own gains and losses. ? It was the repeated defeats in these places that hampered Song Jun's strength, led to the protracted siege of Jinling, and even made Zhao Kuangyin waver, intending to retreat and rest.
Major achievements
Literary achievements
Li Yu is versatile, good at painting, good at poetry and lyrics, and has a good understanding of rhythm, especially the achievements of lyrics. Li Yu's ci has been circulated for more than 30 times. In content, it can be divided into two periods: the early ci mainly reflected court life and love between men and women, and its style was beautiful and soft. Although they didn't break away from the habits of Huajian school, they had greater artistic generalization power than Huajian school poets in the description of characters and scenery, and they also showed heavy sadness in some words (for example, the late words of Qing Ping Le Bielai reflected the pain of national subjugation, which was sad and desolate, with far-reaching artistic conception and great artistic appeal).
Li Yu's position in the history of Ci is more determined by his artistic achievements. Li Yu made four contributions to the development of Ci:
(1) expands the expression field of words. Li Yu's previous poems were mostly erotic, and even if he expressed his lofty sentiments and ambitions, they were mostly metaphorical and obscure. However, most of Li Yu's works are direct lyrical, expressing the feelings of his motherland, expressing his true feelings and sincere words, which makes poetry get rid of the traditional style of singing to flowers for a long time and become a new poetic style in which poets can express their feelings in many ways, which has an artistic influence on later generations' bold poems.
(2) Beautiful words and pure feelings, because pure feelings lack rational restraint. After the subjugation of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Li Yu was captured in the Song Dynasty. "It was a day in Lacrimosa.". Li Yu realized the inconstant sadness of life, and truly wrote the desolation and regret of national subjugation and extinction with blood and tears; He summed up his bitter experience, gained a broad form and significance, and triggered the experience and examination of the tragedy of the universe, so his love was deeper and wider than other poets in the Southern Tang Dynasty.
③ The language is natural, concise, expressive and versatile. Li Yu is good at describing his' feelings' about life by sketching, visualizing abstract feelings by appropriate metaphors, and often reflecting a certain realm with universal significance in real life through concrete and sensible personality images, which is not extravagant, but touching; Not vague, but meaningful; Form a fresh and beautiful artistic feature.
(4) originality in style. Huajian Ci and Southern Tang Ci are generally good at euphemistic beauty, while Li Yu is good at forgiving, such as Hao Dang by Yulouchun, Wu Ye Diao and Xiong Qi Youqi by Langtaosha? ("chic" in "Young Beauty"? The beauty of combining rigidity and softness is unique among the five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty.
Calligraphy and painting art
Li Yu is not only good at poetry, but also accomplished in painting and calligraphy. Li Yu once researched the origin of the dialing method, and summarized it into eight skills: promise, hook, expose, resist, refuse, guide and send. ? Li Yu is good at running script, with vigorous lines, like cold pine and frost bamboo, and is known as "Jin Cuodao" in the world; He also likes to write big characters, with silks as his pen, which is known as "clamping books". ? Li Yu once took out the calligraphy works hidden in the secret room of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and ordered Xu Xuan to carve them into "Sheng Yuan Tie", which was carefully rated as "the ancestor of Fa Tie".
In the painting, Li Yu's bamboo is hooked one by one, and it is very small from root to tip, which is very distinctive and is called "iron hook lock". ? The forest stone birds he painted have a high artistic conception and are far superior to others.