Review the knowledge about Chinese characters and remember the glyphs of modern Chinese correctly.
Second, the difficulties and key analysis
How to recite and correct typos?
Analysis: The main way to remember and correct typos is to be familiar with the structure of Chinese characters and be good at identifying typos. A typo means that the strokes of a word are not written correctly, and other words mean writing "white".
The causes of typos are as follows: ① Mistakes due to too many strokes, such as "step" being misspelled and "dye" being misspelled; (2) Errors caused by insufficient strokes, such as misspelling Chu as "Chu" and misspelling Su as ""; (3) Errors caused by misuse of radicals, such as misspelling "Yin" and "rob" as "". The main reasons for other words are: ① errors caused by similar pronunciation, such as "hard" misspelled as "bitter" and "book" misspelled as "book"; (2) Errors caused by similarity, such as misspelling "acupuncture" as "acupuncture" and misspelling "warehouse" as "lunku".
The methods to prevent and correct typos are as follows: ① Master pronunciation and remember fonts. For example, the words "Ling" and "Jin" are easily confused and can be distinguished by initials. Write "Ling" such as "Ling", "Ling", "Ling", "Ling", "Cold" and "Harmony". Other initials are written as "Jin" such as "Cen", "Han", "Greed", "Nian", "Yin" and "Xi". Similarly, some words can be memorized by rhyme, such as "spoon" (y3o) and ""(xi4n). Where the vowel is ian, write "",such as "trap" "stuff" "flame" "choke" and so on. (2) Grasp the shape and remember the shape. For example, the words next to "water" and "water" are easily confused, and you can distinguish them by grasping the shape. "Autumn" is the deformation of "clothes", so all the words related to clothes come from "autumn", such as "shirt", "coat", "sleeve", "skirt", "quilt", "socks", "lining", "clothing", "pants" and so on. They all come from "Cang" such as "rob", "Cang", "Cang", "sore" and "Chuang", all of which take "Lun" as the next word and all come from "Lun" such as "Lun", "Lun" and "Lun".
Third, the teaching process design
Review the knowledge about Chinese characters and form your own knowledge network.
1. Understand the characteristics of Chinese characters.
(1) Each Chinese character is an independent square with different writing methods, and the writing is based on characters.
(2) Each Chinese character is read as a syllable, and each syllable is written as a Chinese character.
(3) Chinese characters are ideographic characters, that is, they are the unity of form, sound and meaning. They have no fixed connection with pronunciation. Because of different dialects, the same word can have different pronunciations, and words or morphemes with different meanings are often expressed by different words, thus forming a large number of homophones.
2. Be familiar with the method of creating Chinese characters.
Generally speaking, there are four ways to create Chinese characters:
(1)eq \x (pictogram)
Hieroglyphs are a way to create characters by describing physical shapes. Characters created in this way are called pictographs, such as sun, moon, mountains, clouds, people, hands, cows, claws, clothes, flowers, lines and springs.
(2)eq \x (referring to things)
Reference is a word-making method that uses abstract symbols or indicator symbols to express meaning on the basis of pictographs. The words created in this way are called referents, such as: up, down, inch, blade, root, non, sweet and so on.
(3)eq \x (know)
Comprehension is a word-making method that combines two or more words that may have related meanings to express a new meaning. The characters created by this method are called cognitive characters, such as: ice, quilt, cong, bu, Cai, Mu, Mo, Su, Miao, Kai, De, Ming, Lin, Yan, Lei and so on.
(4)eq \x (pictophonetic characters)
Form and sound are a method of combining form and sound to create words. Shape, that is, shape edge and shape symbol, represents the meaning of words; The sound, that is, the phonetic symbol, indicates the pronunciation of the word. The characters created by this method are called pictophonetic characters, such as: male, female, moxibustion, sudden, super, steel, fog, pear, lake, loyalty, travel, goose, pearl, imitation and so on. According to statistics, pictophonetic characters account for 100% of Chinese characters.
(1) Left Form and Right Sound-Jiang, Cun, Qing, Gu, Publishing House, Editor and Preface
(2) right and left sounds-drifting, attacking, fighting and topping.
(3) Upper form and lower sound-dustpan, space, nest and fog
(4) The lower form and the upper sound-taste, fierceness, koo, thinking, fur, pear and heat.
⑤ Internal form and external sound-asking, smelling, annoying, arguing, arguing and lacking.
⑥ The inner sound of appearance-garden, room, reading, shop, desire, illness and surroundings.
The above six forms can be summarized as three relationships: left and right, up and down, and inside and outside. Among them, the form of "left shape and right sound" is mostly, and the form of "upper shape and lower sound" is more common.
The so-called "Six Books" in ancient China (Chinese characters were divided into six ways in Shuo Wen Jie Zi by Xu Shen in Han Dynasty, which were called "Six Books") included "Zhuanzhu" and "Zhuanzhu" and "eq \x", with similar pronunciations and the same meaning. That is, using the existing homonyms to represent a word in the language. For example, "bean" originally refers to a carnivorous appliance, but later it was borrowed as "bean" of beans, and its original meaning disappeared. In this case, it can also be said that a "other word" was written at first, but it became popular and established over time, and this "other word" became a fake word representing this word. "Transfer" and ""
3. Be familiar with the glyphs of Chinese characters.
(1) The characteristics of Chinese characters.
Each Chinese character is an independent square. Writing Chinese characters from beginning to end is called "one painting" or "one stroke". Stroke is the smallest unit of Chinese characters and the basic element of Chinese characters. The basic forms of strokes are points and lines. The positions of points and lines in Chinese characters are different, and there are some variations. Chinese characters are composed of dots (,), horizontal (1) and vertical (2). In calligraphy, the so-called "eight-character method" means that "Yong" has the above eight strokes, which embodies the basic characteristics of Chinese characters. Stroke can only be formed by the regular organization of stroke order. The stroke order is the stroke order of Chinese characters. The writing of each Chinese character is different, but the strokes and structure are fixed and cannot be increased or decreased at will. For example, the "low" height cannot be written as ""; The motto "honesty" cannot be written. "Apricot, plain", while "Ya" and "Zhuang" have the same strokes and become two unrelated words because of their different structures. To understand the characteristics of Chinese characters, we must know the glyphs.
(2) The evolution of Chinese characters.
According to Guo Moruo's research, Chinese characters have a history of about six thousand years. In this long history, the forms of Chinese characters have been constantly evolving, mainly from Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Zhong Dingwen, seal script, official script, regular script, cursive script and running script to simplified characters used now.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions: Characters carved on tortoise shells and animal bones with a knife. These characters are mainly relics of Shang Dynasty.
(2) Zhong Dingwen: (bronze inscription), written on metal objects (mainly clocks and pots). This kind of writing is mainly a relic of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
(3) seal script: the general term for big seal script and small seal script. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, the characters were sorted out, and each character had a certain writing style. This font is also called seal script. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, the simplified Chinese seal script was called Xiao seal script. After the creation of Qin Dynasty, the original seal script with complicated strokes was called Da seal script.
Official script: a font evolved from simplified seal script. It became popular at the end of Qin dynasty and was widely used in Han and Wei dynasties.
⑤ Regular script: a font evolved from official script, which has been used since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The strokes are clear and straight, the structure is symmetrical and compact, and the writing is convenient.
⑥ Cursive script: a scrawled font written by Lian Bi for the convenience of writing. Broadly speaking, since the emergence of Chinese characters, all kinds of fonts have been scribbled. The name of the font "cursive script" did not appear until the Eastern Han Dynasty.
⑦ Running script: After the popularity of regular script, another font between cursive script and regular script appeared.
The evolution of Chinese characters is generally slow and gradual, and the general development trend is from complexity to simplicity.
(3) Master similar words.
Morphological characters refer to those characters with similar shapes and subtle differences in Chinese characters. Because of the large number and complex shapes of Chinese characters, the strokes that make up Chinese characters are limited, and some Chinese characters are inevitably similar in shape. Therefore, shaped words like "Ji, Ji, Si" look similar in shape, but completely different in meaning. To sum up, there are four main types of heterographs:
① Different strokes: Tian (ti 1N)- Yao (y 1o),
Garrison (sh))-(x&; );
② The number of strokes is different: metallurgy (y7)-governance (zh@),
Folding (zh6)-Dismantling (CH1I);
③ Different radicals: gu4n)-KOU,
Spine (j0)-Spicy (L4);
④ The strokes are the same but the arrangement is different: Wei (w6i)-Mei (M),
Pressure (Y 1)- Zhuang (zhu 1ng).
No matter how similar similar people are, there are always subtle differences. We can distinguish and identify similar characters by grasping their nuances:
(1) Distinguish similar characters, and focus on identifying subtle differences. For example, the word "people, entering" is around, but the word "people" is long on the left and short on the right, and left behind; The word "such as" is short and long, and stays at the bottom. For another example, the difference between "clear" and "tired" mainly lies in the different position of a point and the different stroke order. The first stroke of "Qing" is a dot, and the last stroke of "tired" is a dot.
(2) Distinguish similar words from the structural features of glyphs. For example, the words "wolf, grain, mother and her" are different from each other in the left radical "dog", "rice", "woman" and "foot". These leftists are radical figures. All the characters composed of "dogs" are mostly related to wild animals, such as wolves, foxes and badgers. Such as Niang, Fu, Nai and Gu. All the words composed of "foot" are mostly related to feet, such as heels, toes, running, pedaling and so on. Therefore, we can use the structural characteristics of glyphs to distinguish glyphs and understand the meaning of words.
(3) Distinguish similar characters in applications. For example, "Xin Hexing" can be composed of words such as hardship, hardship, suffering, happiness, luck and schadenfreude, and can also be used to make sentences. In this way, the sound, form and meaning of words are combined to distinguish similar words in a specific language environment.
(4) Distinguish phrases, songs and words. For example, in order to distinguish between "wearing, planting, cutting and transporting", someone removed Tian Zi, bought a tree and planted it, cut it if he wanted to make clothes, and called a car to deliver the goods. The effect was good. Someone made up "divide the points carefully, argue with words, and plant melons with long petals."
Practice has proved that reading and writing mistakes can be avoided as long as you think actively, read carefully when you recognize words, write properly when you write, and develop careful and good literacy habits.
(2) Analysis of typical test questions.
The following groups of Chinese characters with incomplete strokes are: []
A. Tile long piece, B. Guawu concave material
C. Ting Ji Departs D. Stefanie Yao Yao
(199 1 national topic)
② The strokes of the following Chinese characters are different: []
A.the door is a party. B.
C. Maruko Zhao Danting Jun Shu ugly person
(199 1 year "Three South" topic)
Analysis:
This example examines the differences between strokes and the order of strokes. Example ① Discrimination of the number of strokes. How many strokes does a word have? The difficulty lies in distinguishing Lian Bi, because Lian Bi can only be counted as a sum. The four words in item A are all four paintings, and item B is all five paintings; Items C are all 6 paintings; In item D, "Yan", "Yi" and "Yao" are six paintings and "Zi" is seven paintings. So the answer is D. Example 2 Check the stroke order, taking the starting point as the standard. The key to investigating stroke order is to master the law of stroke order. The starting point of "door", "guard" and "must" in item A is "horizontal" at the beginning of item B; The beginning of item C is "left"; The beginning of item D is "folding". So, the answer is a.
(3) Among the following words, the group whose bold words are correct in shape and explanation is: []
A. compensation (restitution) for delay (delay)
Eliminate (remove) the deep feelings of licking (licking) calves.
B. farsightedness (gaze)
Qi Xin is in trouble together (figuratively)
C. Reconnaissance (modification) and dislocation (stopping) learning
Strange (not) confusing (confusing) people.
D. sharp (visionary) wisdom is on the edge (near).
Don't behave (stubbornly) or (belittle) Thai style.
(1995 national topic)
Analysis:
This question combines the form and meaning of words. To do this kind of problem, we should not only recognize the shape, but also infer whether the writing is correct from the meaning of the text itself. The word "disappear" in item A should be written as "disappear", meaning disappear, like smoke and fire. "Pin" means to remove or eliminate. In this word, phonetic symbols do not disappear voluntarily, but refer to the intention of actively hiding phonetic symbols and not appearing publicly. Therefore, to write "pin", the word "affix" in item C should be changed to "drop out", with different pronunciations and meanings. "Affix" is pronounced as "Zhu @", which means "quit" and "stop". "No" in item D is the opposite of "Tai" and is pronounced "P!" It means bad luck. The whole word means that when bad luck ends, good luck will come. We must consider how to read and what it means in this word from the word itself to prevent reading, writing and understanding mistakes. The correct answer to this question is B.
(3) ability training.
1. Distinguish a group of people who look like characters, and all the following statements are correct: []
A. the spirit is lost and the spirit is refreshed.
B. Make a scene, announce the guests, usurp the host's role, make a scene.
C. Labor training and military training are tempered into steel.
D. make persistent efforts to sharpen the knife and not miss the woodcutter.
2. The bold words or words with correct shapes and explanations in the following words are: []
A. compensation (restitution) for delay (delay)
Eliminate (remove) the deep feelings of licking (licking) calves.
B. Sharp (visionary) wisdom is on the edge (near).
Don't behave (stubbornly) or (belittle) Thai style.
C. Reconnaissance (modification) and dislocation (stopping) learning
Strange (not) confusing (confusing) people.
D. farsightedness (gaze)
Qi Xin is in trouble together (figuratively)
(1995 national topic)
3. The following four groups of words all have typos, and the two typos in one group are: []
A. People who gargle have a long history.
B. Indulge in Jin Gangzuan's episode
C. It shows that the fluorescent screen occupies Nestle.
D. vent your anger at the furniture store
(1996 national topic)
The following four groups of words all have typos, and the group with only one typo is: []
A. Confused needles belittle the disadvantages of the times and are greedy for money and pervert the law.
B. stand out from the crowd and walk without a trace.
C. the wind and waves stepped on it, destroying the bones and piercing the edge.
D. talent gathering that ignores human life is all the rage and struggling.
(1997 national topic)
5. A group of words with the same structure are: []
A. box fog box material shell
B. I'm sorry to ask questions in the suburbs of Heyang
C. copper floating in the forest in the morning
D. loyalty, bathing and marrying.
6. The following groups do not belong to pictophonetic characters: []
A. Cai Yinnao
B. Drilling and planting
C. Lysimachia canadensis
D. Wu Xiushu
7. From the point of view of word formation, the following statement is completely correct: []
A. "People, eyes, clothes and clothing" is a single word.
B. "Rest, quietness, river and fire" are combined words.
C "material, attack, fragrance and flag" are pictophonetic characters.
D "fire, fire, step and moon" is a knowing word.
8. Classify the following Chinese characters according to word formation. One of the classification errors is: []
(1) Roasting (2) Moxibustion (3) Starting from (4) See.
(5) Bow (6) Count (7) Stars (8) Thunder
(9) Yu (10) Well (1 1) Tian (12)
(13) Pool (14) Project (15) Level (16)
A.( 1)(4)(8)( 16)
B.(2)(3)(5)(7)( 13)
C.(6)(9)( 10)( 12)( 14)
D.( 1)(6)( 1 1)
9. The structural analysis of pictophonetic characters "ask, be broad, hope and worry" is completely correct: []
A. they are all internal voices.
B. Asking and mourning are internal voices, while broadness and longing are external voices.
C. Both internal and external voices.
D. Asking and sighing are the inner sounds of appearance, while broadness and longing are the outer sounds of inner form.
E. Asking and being broad is the inner voice of appearance, while sadness and hope are the outer voice of inner form.
10. Among the following four groups of words, the group with the same number of strokes is: []
A. Frozen winter
B. Zato is persistent
C. Shouma Street I
D. yellow monster
1 1. Correct judgment of strokes and stroke order of the following Chinese characters is: []
A. There are six pictures of the word "garrison", and the last one is left.
B. the word "layer" is painted with seven strokes and the third stroke is horizontal.
C. the word "minister" is horizontal.
D. The word "D" in the thirteenth painting is vertical with a pen.
Reference answer:
1.D 2。 D 3。 C 4 explosive D
5. A six. D 7。 C 8。 D
9.B 10。 A 1 1。 C