At present, the tombs of emperors in Shaanxi have been excavated, including the tombs of Feng Taihou, Sima Jinlong, Dai Fan, Zhao Wuling and Li Yumei.
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, most of the tombs of emperors were buried in Shanxi.
420-423 Tuoba Temple, Yuan Di, Northern Wei and Ming Dynasties; Du Shi, Empress Yao Ming and Miyuan of Zhao Ai, Shanxi Datong, Jinling.
Emperor Tao of the Northern Wei Dynasty, 424-452 AD, was the Queen of Datong, a native of Jin Jinling, and paid tribute to the Queen.
Tuobajun, Wen Chengdi, Northern Wei Dynasty, 453-465, Shi Li, Empress Wen Chengyuan, Datong, Jinling.
Xian Di's works in the Northern Wei Dynasty were extended to 466-47 1 year, which was dedicated to Jinling and Datong.
1, Feng Taihou's Tomb:
Among the mountains 25 kilometers north of Datong, between Yongguling and Xugong Palace of Emperor Xiaowen's Shouling, there is a high mountain-West Temple Erliang Mountain, which is bordered by Yinma River (Yu He) in the west, the Great Wall in the east, gully hills in the north and Datong Basin in the south. There stands a tall mound in the south of Shannan, commonly known as the tomb of Qi Emperor. According to Zhu's records and archaeological data, Liangshan, the West Temple, was called Fangshan in ancient times, and TaBaGui, the fifth emperor of Taizu Road, once camped here in the battle of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Central Plains. Feng Changmian, the queen of Wencheng civilization, lies in the tomb.
Feng (AD 439-490) was the queen of the fourth generation emperor Tuobajun after the Northern Wei Dynasty established Pingcheng as its capital. She is the mother of Emperor Tuoba Hong (Tuoba Hong's biological mother is Li Guiren), the grandmother of Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong, and an accomplished female politician in the early feudal society of our country.
Yongguling was founded in the fifth year of Taihe (AD 48 1) and lasted for eight years. In the 14th year of Taihe (AD 490), Feng was buried here after his death. The whole mausoleum was built on the basalt at the top of the mountain, and now the mound is 22.87 meters high. It is round. The bottom of the tomb is square, with a length of 1 17m from north to south and a width of 124m from east to west. The mausoleum faces south and is built in the center of the mound. It is a brick multi-chamber tomb, which consists of a pyramid-shaped mound, a front chamber, a tunnel and a main chamber. There are two big stone gates in front of and behind the tunnel. The main room is approximately square, 6.4 meters long from north to south and 6.83 meters wide from east to west. The top of the tomb has four sharp corners and is 7.8 meters high. The whole tomb is regular in shape and large in scale, and it is one of the largest tombs excavated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The shape and decoration of the tomb are simple, but it also shows the superb architecture and sculpture art at that time. The stone carvings on the doorframes and arches of the two stone gates are finely carved, with smooth lines and skillful techniques. In particular, the high relief on the arch of the door holds a lotus bud boy with a round face, a slight smile, a childlike innocence and a vivid expression. In addition, there are four tiger-headed piers, which are rare in tombs because of their heroic posture and strange shape. These sculptures are similar in style to the caves in the middle of Yungang Grottoes, but the color of China is more obvious, which provides material data for studying the stone carving art of secular buildings in the middle of Northern Wei Dynasty. From the excavation, it was found that although the tomb was stolen many times, there were still bronze pins, bone pins, bronze arrows, iron spears, residual stone figures, gray pottery, material rings, silk fabrics and so on. , reflecting the bronze ware manufacturing, iron smelting, branch firing, textile and other handicrafts at that time have reached a fairly high level. According to Shu Wei's original biography, Feng Taihou was "thrifty by nature, not good at putting on a show, but only bowing". She also made a preliminary plan for her funeral, and was frugal in everything. No ornaments such as gold, silver and jewelry were found from the excavation, which was basically consistent with the records in this biography.
Nearly one kilometer north of Yongguling, there is a small tomb with a mound height of about 13 meters and a bottom of 60 meters. This is the "Wannian Hall" of Shouling Palace of Emperor Xiaowen Tuobohong. According to Shu Wei? "Biography of Feng Taihou": "At the beginning, Gaozu was filial to the Empress Dowager, but it was in the northeast of Yongshou Palace, and it is expected to end." Shu Wei? Gao Zuji also recorded that the construction of Wanniantang began in July of the 15th year of Taihe (AD 49 1), the year after Feng Taihou was buried. Later, due to the move to Luoyang, Emperor Xiaowen failed to realize his original intention.
The existing Wanniantang has been destroyed three times. The original tomb building consists of a passage, a front room, an aisle and a main room. The main room is nearly square in plane, 5.68 meters long from north to south, 5.69 meters wide from east to west and 6.97 meters high. Its shape is the same as that of Yongguling, but its scale is slightly smaller than that of Yongguling. There is a ticket gate in front of and behind the aisle, and there is a good stone gate with a warrior's majestic posture embossed on the front, which provides a vivid data for us to study the costumes of northern Wei warriors.
As Emperor Xiaowen, who developed the Northern Wei Empire's industry to its peak, he revered the Yongguling. Before moving the capital to Luoyang, I had to pay my respects several times a year, and I had to bid farewell to Yongguling two days before leading a million-step ride south. After moving the capital to Luoyang, whenever I go to Pingcheng, I will also pay my respects. This shows that he has great respect for his grandmother Feng Taihou, who raised and educated him and ruled for him for a long time. He misses Feng Taihou's achievements. In fact, he regarded Feng Taihou as the mistress of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
2. Tomb of Sima Jinlong:
Sima Jinlong's tomb was discovered in 1965, and its scale is no less than that of Yongguling and Wanniantang. Its funerary objects are richer and more luxurious than those of the Yong Gu Mausoleum, and have high historical, cultural and artistic values.
According to and epitaph records, Sima Jinlong is Sima Yi's younger brother and the ninth grandson of Sima Yi. His ancestors were high-ranking officials and dignitaries in the Jin Dynasty. His father Sima Chu led troops to the Northern Wei Dynasty in the fourth year of Taichang (AD 4 19) and was named the King of Langya. Later, he "took a leave of absence, took a middle position, served as a government official, served as a general in Yunzhong Town, and assassinated the ambassador of Shuozhou". Sima Jinlong was born to Sima Chuzhi, daughter of the Northern Wei royal family, and Princess Hanoi.
Sima Jinlong curtain is located in the southwest of Shijiazhai Village, 7.5 kilometers southeast of Datong City. All underground buildings are composed of tomb gate, front room, back room and right ear room. The total length of the tomb from north to south is17.5m, the height of the back room is 5.20m, and the total length of the pyramid-shaped mound is 28. 1 m, all of which are made of more than 50,000 bricks, and each brick has the cross of Yang Wen's "Longevity Brick of Wang Sima Jinlong Tomb". Although the tomb was stolen in the early days, a large number of glazed pottery figurines, daily necessities, woodcut lacquer paintings, sarcophagus beds, column seats, epitaphs, etc. were still unearthed, totaling more than 450 pieces, which were rare in tombs of the same period. Many of them are rare art treasures, which reflect the social life of the Northern Wei Dynasty and have high historical and artistic value. Such as horse figurines carrying grain, is a new theme in funerary wares, which reflects the difficulty of grain production in Pingcheng, which is located in the frontier plateau. A large number of horses are often used to transport grain from the Central Plains to the capital. The tomb animals, camel figurines and iron stirrups in Mianzhen are also unprecedented in previous tombs. The sarcophagus beds, stone pillars and lacquer paintings unearthed in the tomb are rare art treasures. The sarcophagus bed and stone pillars are beautifully carved. In particular, there are four Lux high reliefs on the stone pillars on the east side of the sarcophagus bed, which are vigorous and powerful, supporting the coffin bed, and the upper parts of the two Lux in the middle are carved with animal faces. There is a wavy pot door carved between the three legs, and the pot edge and the ground are composed of forbearing coiled patterns. In the central space, there are images of geisha, dragons, tigers, phoenixes, golden-winged birds and crested birds. There are thirteen kinds of geisha music, with a dancer in the middle and accompanists arranged roughly symmetrically on both sides. Musical instruments include straight pipa, curved pipa, flute, flute, drum, waist drum and so on. , vividly reproduces the music and dance scenes of the palace. The four stone pillars are also rare and exquisite works of art, and the relief dragon on each pedestal is lifelike. There are two of them, and there is a three-dimensional boy carved on each corner. He can play cymbals, pipa, drums and dance, which is vivid and lovely. Most of these sculptures are found in Yungang Grottoes, but they are finer, smoother and more vivid than Yungang Grottoes. Most painted screens have decayed. Judging from the well-preserved two paragraphs, most of the painting contents are taken from the story of Liu Xiang in Han Dynasty (Biography of Lienv), and the painting art and painting technology are at a high level. It inherited the fine tradition of lacquer painting in Warring States and Han Dynasty, and painted various real, vivid and colorful pictures on a large screen, but it made a big step forward in technique compared with Han Dynasty. The theme is highlighted in the composition, and the central figure is bigger than the foil figure, which shows the different identities of the characters and the spatial relationship between the depth and the distance. In painting, it also changed the common flat painting and single-line painting in the Han Dynasty, and used color blooming and iron line drawing more maturely, which better expressed the three-dimensional sense and skin color. In particular, the use of lines is continuous, leisurely and natural, and full of rhythm, which really has the artistic conception of "like a silkworm spinning silk" and "running water on the ground" in Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Compared with the women and epaulettes in Gu Kaizhi's Women's History Prose, the characters in the wood lacquer painting "The Empress of the Han Dynasty" have many similarities in composition, brushwork, color, image, style and artistic conception, while the emperors in lacquer painting are completely different from the emperors in the past dynasties in the early Tang Dynasty. Because Gu Kaizhi's paintings were only copied by later generations, the original paintings of the Northern and Southern Dynasties are even more precious, so that we can see the true face of the paintings at that time. Its discovery is a great event in the history of art, with a large number of inscriptions and inscriptions on lacquer paintings, beautiful and vigorous fonts, strokes and knots close to the method of opening letters. They are typical works of Li Jing's transition to Tang Kai, and rare calligraphy works of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
3. Dai Fan Nine Kings Tomb:
The tomb of nine kings in Dai Fan is the tomb of nine kings in Ming Dynasty. According to "Datong County Records", "Ming tombs, Wang Gui, Wang Xun, Wang Xun, Jun, Yun Yao, Gong and Wang Ding are the tombs of Xuan, all in Liangshan and Huiwangcheng.
Tomb, Wang Si Cong Mo Tomb and Mapu Mountain. According to the field investigation, at the foot of Mapu Mountain, 5 kilometers east of Datong City, it starts from the ancient city brick factory in the west and passes through Zhuangyan Village and Xifen Village in the south to the northeast of Dongfen Village. It is about 3.5 kilometers long from east to west, like nine tombs, with a diameter of 8- 10 meter and a height of 4-5 meters. This is the tomb of nine kings in Dai Fan. The tomb of the Nine Kings in Dai Fan is very spectacular. There are magnificent tombs underground, pavilions with red walls and tiles on the ground, stone pavilions and memorial archways, high walls surrounding the cemetery, and a considerable number of people guarding the tombs. Today, Dongfen Village and Xifen Village are the residences of grave keepers. Unfortunately, the Qing soldiers entered the customs, Datong fell, and the magnificent buildings on the Nine Tombs of Dai Fan were burned down one after another.
4. Tomb of King Wuling of Zhao:
Zhaoling is located in the west of Lingqiu County 1 km.
Ling, the word Yong, was the sixth generation monarch of Zhao in the Warring States Period. He was in office from 325 to 299 years ago. He was a famous politician, strategist and social reformer in the Warring States period. In May of the twenty-seventh year of King Wuling (299 BC), he succeeded his youngest son He, calling himself "the father of the country". In the fourth year of Wang Huiwen (295), my father and his son Zhang Zheng were defeated. After Gongzi Cheng and Li Dui killed Zhang Wei Palace, they still failed to pass customs clearance. They were not allowed to eat for three months and starved to death in Dune Palace (now the east bank of Fuyang River in the northeast of Pingxiang County, Hebei Province).
The tomb of King Wuling of Zhao originally occupied an area of about 60,000 square meters, and now it has a protected area of 1.09 million square meters. Wei E's unjust tomb is very spectacular, with a circumference of 220m and a height of10m. In the Ming Dynasty, a stone tablet was erected in the south of the tomb, and a monument building was built, with a total height of 4 meters. On the front of the monument, there are five characters "Tomb of Wuling in Zhao Haoqi". In the seventh year of the Republic of China (19 18), Cai Guanghui, a magistrate of a county, raised funds for renovation, built a sacred road with a length of 346.67 meters and a width of 16.67 meters, and planted trees around the tomb. Brick walls were built around 1984 for protection, and new cemetery gates were built. Nowadays, the vast and tidy city walls, dense trees, green grasslands and countless stone tablets surround the towering mausoleum, which makes this 2290-year-old Mingjun mausoleum more quaint and spectacular and becomes a scenic spot for people to cherish the present and present.
In the 11th year of Emperor Gaozu (BC 196), a city and a county were established here. Because of the tomb of King Wuling of Zhao, it was named "Lingqiu".
5. Li Yumei's Tomb:
Li Yumei's Tomb, also known as "Li Liangcheng", is located in the northeast corner of Hunyuan City, especially famous for its white marble carving, which is well preserved and of high grade. 1965 was announced as the first batch of cultural relics protection units in Shanxi province.
Li Yumei was an expert in river management during the Qing Dynasty. She has served as a magistrate, magistrate, provincial judge and minister in charge. In the 15th year of Daoguang (1825), Li Yumei was transferred to Hedong as the governor, responsible for the water control of the Yellow River and the Yulu Canal. And invented "throwing bricks to build dams". It became the most advanced river management technology at that time and was widely popularized. In the 20th year of Daoguang (1840), on February 18th, Li Yumei died from overwork. Daoguang Emperor posthumously awarded him the title of Prince Taibao and gave him "Qin Gong".
After Li Yumei's death, Daoguang of Qing Dynasty ordered him to build a tomb with a certain scale in his hometown, called "Li Yumei's Tomb". In the middle of the brick self-closing gate, the door is engraved with "david lee City". Two-way white marble tablet is divided into two sides from the front of the gate. Entering the brick self-closing gate, there is a beautifully made white marble archway. On both sides of the archway, there is a white marble tomb. On both sides of the tomb, there are five groups of ten stone statues, including sheep, tiger, horse, military commander and civilian. These stone carvings are tall, majestic and spectacular. The existing stone carvings are the fine products and treasures of the stone carvings in the Qing tombs, and they are precious cultural relics.
With the passage of history, after the founding of New China, Li Yumei's tomb was occupied by chemical plants, auto parts factories, medicinal materials companies, weather stations and other units, and was destroyed by nature and man-made. The stele buildings on both sides of the mountain gate, the annex of the front yard, the hanging flower gate, the memorial hall and the square pavilion in the backyard have all collapsed without a trace, and the foundation or foundation is still there. Although most of the rest are well preserved, the roof, fence, white marble archway and stone fence post of the tomb have been seriously damaged.
Above, I hope to help you.