After the Tang Dynasty, it can be divided into ancient poetry (ancient style) and modern poetry (modern poetry, metrical poetry).
Antique can be divided into: general antique (including five-character ancient poems and seven-character ancient poems) and antique quatrains.
Modern poetry includes: regular poems (five-character regular poems, seven-character regular poems and "long-character regular poems") and quatrains (five-character quatrains and seven-character quatrains).
On the one hand, the difference lies in the unity of the number of words, on the other hand, it lies in the relative rhyme and level tone.
From Chu Ci to Tang Poetry, Song Ci and Yuan Qu, ancient poetry has a relatively fixed language form and strict prosodic requirements. This makes all kinds of ancient poems catchy and powerful to read. Generally speaking, various forms of ancient poetry have a strong sense of rhythm and rhythm. This sense of rhythm and rhythm are combined with people's thoughts and feelings to form a specific language atmosphere.
As for modern poetry, its beauty is mainly reflected in the novelty of images, which is more in line with the reading habits of most modern readers and easier to create an atmosphere. In addition, China's modern poetry originated from the vernacular before and after the May 4th Movement and grew up with it. The free form of modern poetry after breaking the rules has always been the basis of its creation.
Matters needing attention in writing poetry:
Duality: an expression of metrical patterns in medieval poetry. Dueling is also called duality, team warfare and parity. It puts words with similar or opposite concepts in corresponding positions, so that they set off each other, make sentences more attractive and increase the expressive force of words. Confrontation is like a ceremonial ceremony of the government, opposing each other. Duantithesis is closely related to the parallel connection in the Han and Wei dynasties, which can be said to be developed from parallel connection, and Duantithesis itself should also be a parallel connection. The specific contents of the antithesis of metrical poems are as follows: first, the upper and lower sentences must be opposed; Secondly, the sentence patterns of relational sentences should be the same, and the syntactic structures should be consistent, such as subject-predicate structure versus subject-predicate structure, partial structure versus partial structure, and predicate-complement structure versus predicate-complement structure. The sentence structure of some antithetical sentences is not necessarily the same, but the words are required to be relative. Thirdly, the parts of speech (parts of speech) of words are required to be consistent, such as noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, etc. The lexical meaning of words should be the same. As nouns, words that belong to the same meaning range, such as astronomy, geography, palace, clothing, utensils, animals, plants, human body, behavior and action, can all be correct. The use of duality is wide and strict, so there are many types, including working pair, adjacent pair, wide pair, borrowing pair, running pair and sector equivalence. In terms of content, there are names such as right, right, right and opposition.
Gongdui: The antithesis of neat use in modern poetry is called Gongdui. In order to make the antithesis neat, it is generally necessary to use words in the same category, such as astronomy, geography, seasons, utensils, clothing and other words with the same meaning. For example, in Du Fu's quatrains, "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " The opposite is very neat. The words "two" to "one line" (quantitative structure to quantitative structure), "oriole" to "egret" (relative to poultry nouns), "Cui" to "green" (relative to color nouns) and "thousand" to "ten thousand" (relative to numerals) in the poem are all similar words, which are very neat.
One of the antitheses of modern poetic style. It is a relative concept with workers' pair. Wide antithesis is an untidy antithesis. Generally speaking, as long as the sentence patterns are the same and the parts of speech of words are the same, duality can be formed. This kind of confrontation is generally called "tolerance". Tolerance is slightly wider than adjacent tolerance pairs. For example, nouns generally use nouns and adjectives use adjectives. For example, the second couplet of Huang Luzhi's poem "Answering the Longmen Scholar", "The bright moon is cool and the breeze is good, and the light autumn fat horse is Xie Ercao" is a generous pair.
An antithesis in modern poetry. A pair of words with similar meanings are called "adjacent pairs". The so-called semantic categories are similar, astronomy and seasons, geography and palaces, utensils and clothing, plants and animals, orientation and quantity. When these words with similar meanings are used as a pair, they are adjacent pairs. For example, there are two sentences in Bai Juyi's Gan Chun: "The grass near the water is green, and the head near the water is white, which is different from flowers, water is different from flowers, and the earth is different from people. This can be regarded as an adjacent pair.
Self-duality: also known as a kind of duality, some words in a sentence are self-duality, which is called self-duality. For example, the poem quoted in Hong Mai's Rong Zhai Essays: "Mir Pingyang Lianlan is in Vaughan Palace. The pool light may be messy. At first, the sun's air was dry. But I feel that bees are dancing around butterflies, and I don't know that the lonely phoenix is far away from Luan, Samsung is spinning three mountains, and Zifu is far away. " There are many antonyms in the poem, for example, in the second sentence, Qin Lou is facing the Han Palace and the tile is facing the plate; The fifth sentence, bees swim against the butterfly; The sixth sentence, solitary phoenix to solitary phoenix and so on.
Borrowing duality: a way of antithesis in modern poetry, or false antithesis. It achieves the goal of neat confrontation by borrowing meaning or sound.
A: Borrowing meaning is to use the ambiguity of a word to form opposition with the corresponding word through a certain meaning of a word, but it is not this meaning but another meaning used in poetry. For example, Du Fu's "Qujiang" poem: "It is common to borrow money. Life is seventy years old. " The word "ordinary" has many meanings, one is "ordinary" and the other is "eight-foot search, double search is ordinary". The former is a general adverb and the latter is a quantifier. Here the numeral "seventy" uses its original quantitative meaning, while the poem uses its adverbial meaning. This is "borrowing meaning".
B: Borrowing sounds means using the homonym relationship between words to express the second word. For example, if the sentence uses the word A, then the sentence should have used the word B with a similar meaning to the word A, but it is not appropriate to use the word B as a whole, so we choose a word C with the same pronunciation and related meaning to form a confrontation. Yu Yang's Yi Lao Tang Shi Hua said: "Chu Tian Ban by Hong Juefan is well-phrased, in which words such as" the medicine of remnant spring is there all day long, and the red pair is harmonious purple ",such as" living in the mountains for ten years, moving tomorrow "and" moving ten pairs (harmonious thousand) ",are all false. "What is said in this article is' borrowing sound pairs'.
Fan: a form of antithesis between poems, words and songs, that is, being opposed by other sentences. In a poem, the front couplet and the back couplet form an antithesis, that is, face to face. The sentences and antitheses in each couplet do not constitute duality. As far as poetry is concerned, for example, Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "I heard that Zheng Ye shot Xiaoxiang to send a divine comedy to feel old": "The ethereal Wushan girl returned in 1978. Yin Shui Diao, leaving thirteen strings. The bitter tone still came out, but the deep feeling did not pass. Thousands of clouds and waters, jathyapple Ming. " The first and third sentences are correct, and the second and fourth sentences are correct. Fan is also used in words, such as the first part of Liu Yong's Jade Butterfly: "The water and wind are light, and the apple blossoms are old; The moon is cold, and the leaves are yellow ",the next book" Reading Shuang Yan is hard to believe; Point to the sky and return to the air. "The fan face in the song, such as Cheng Jingchu's" Chun Qing ":"In the small pavilion, the swallows didn't roll the shutter when they came. In the small courtyard of Shenting, the cuckoo crows in the empty moon. " "Swallow" sentence and "cuckoo" sentence are just face to face. In other words, the second and fourth sentences are correct.
Intricate antithesis: a way of antithesis in ancient verse, independent of the position of words, and the opposite words are in an intricate situation. For example, Li Qunyu, a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem that "six pieces of Xiangjiang River water are dragged by a skirt, and Wushan Mountain pulls a cloud in a bun". The sixth section of Xiangjiang River and Wushan are opposite, but their positions are different. This is a complicated pair.
An antithesis in modern poetry. The flowing pair is a language structure with a certain order, which is not opposite in meaning and grammatical structure, but has a continuous relationship. For example, there are two sentences in Du Fu's poem "Hearing the lawsuit leads to Henan and Hebei": "Come back from this mountain, come up from the south after crossing another mountain, and then go north-to my own town!" , they are interrelated. They must arrive at Wuxia from Sichuan dam, and then from Xiangyang to Luoyang. The word order cannot be reversed, but the relationship between sentences is that the next sentence follows the previous sentence to form a complex sentence, and the words used in these two sentences constitute duality. This duality is like running water, which flows from upstream to downstream, so it is called "running water pair".
Cross your hands: it is a defect in the antithesis of metrical poems. In a poem, the words used in a sentence are basically synonymous or completely synonymous, and the meanings of the upper and lower sentences are repeated, as if two palms are together, so this kind of confrontation is called "fighting". Crossing your hands is something you should avoid when fighting. In Wen Xin Diao Long, Liu Xie called this antithesis "positive antithesis", which is a poor antithesis. He made it clear in his article: "So, there are four pairs of kind words. Easier said than done; Opposition is superior and correctness is not good. " For example, the poem "First Arriving in Huangmei" in the Song Dynasty says: "Cold food will stop, and it is already late spring on the way". Ji Yun's "mistakes in the publication of Yingkui Law" commented: "On the way, immediately, in late spring, cold food, it is not easy to cross hands."
Five laws are equal: the first word and the second word of the first sentence are flat.
The five laws start from the beginning: the first word and the second word of the first sentence are silent.
Seven laws are equal: the second word of the first sentence must be flat.
Starting with the seven laws: the second word of the first sentence must be linked.
Five is definitely equal to the rhyme of the first sentence.
The first sentence doesn't rhyme.
Flat (rhyming)
Fairness and flatness (rhyme)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light.
Fairness and flatness (rhyme)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
The first sentence of the five-element poem rhymes.
The first sentence of these five poems doesn't rhyme.
Fairness and flatness (rhyme)
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light.
Fairness and flatness (rhyme)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light.
Fairness and flatness (rhyme)
The first sentence rhymes with the first sentence.
The first sentence doesn't rhyme.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat Tiles Flat Tiles (rhymes)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light, flat and light.
Flat Tiles Flat Tiles (rhymes)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
The first sentence of this quatrain rhymes.
The first sentence of this quatrain doesn't rhyme.
Flat Tiles Flat Tiles (rhymes)
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light, flat and light.
Flat Tiles Flat Tiles (rhymes)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light, flat and light.
Flat Tiles Flat Tiles (rhymes)
The five laws rhyme with the first sentence.
The first sentence of the five laws doesn't rhyme.
Flat (rhyming)
Fairness and flatness (rhyme)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light.
Fairness and flatness (rhyme)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light.
Fairness and flatness (rhyme)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light.
Fairness and flatness (rhyme)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
The first sentence of the five laws rhymes.
The first sentence of the five laws doesn't rhyme.
Fairness and flatness (rhyme)
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light.
Fairness and flatness (rhyme)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light.
Fairness and flatness (rhyme)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light.
Fairness and flatness (rhyme)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light.
Fairness and flatness (rhyme)
The first sentence of the seven laws rhymes.
The first sentence of the seven laws does not rhyme.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat Tiles Flat Tiles (rhymes)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light, flat and light.
Flat Tiles Flat Tiles (rhymes)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light, flat and light.
Flat Tiles Flat Tiles (rhymes)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light, flat and light.
Flat Tiles Flat Tiles (rhymes)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
The first sentence of the seven laws rhymes.
The first sentence of the seven laws does not rhyme.
Flat Tiles Flat Tiles (rhymes)
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light, flat and light.
Flat Tiles Flat Tiles (rhymes)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light, flat and light.
Flat Tiles Flat Tiles (rhymes)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light, flat and light.
Flat Tiles Flat Tiles (rhymes)
Very flat, very flat.
Flat (rhyming)
Flat and light, flat and light.
Flat Tiles Flat Tiles (rhymes)
Five-character poems and seven-character poems:
Five-character poems have five syllables, seven-character poems have seven syllables, and the syllables of each sentence are fixed. Several syllables in a poem are not isolated. Generally, the two together are one meal. Pause, some people call it a sound group or step. Four words and two meals, each with two syllables; Three meals with five characters, each syllable is 22 1 or 2212; Seven words and four meals, each syllable is 222 1 or 22 12. It must be pointed out that the pause is not necessarily the place where the sound stops, on the contrary, it usually takes a long time to recite. The division of intonation should not only consider the order of syllables. And the integrity of meaning.
1953 used the name "Modern Poetry Society" for the first time-it was established when Ji Xian founded the "Modern Poetry Society". The significance of modern poetry;
1. The form is free.
2. The connotation is open
3. Image management is more important than rhetoric.
Comparison between "classical poetry" and "modern poetry": poets are all formed by feeling things and are the reflection of their hearts. "Classical Poetry" expresses tenderness, tenderness, sadness and no resentment with the poetic view of "thinking innocently", emphasizing "between solvable and unsolvable". "Modern poetry" emphasizes the spirit of freedom and openness, and communicates "between the sensible and the intangible" with straightforward situational statements.
For the creation of modern poetry, we must first understand the characteristics of modern poetry, which is very important for us to learn the creation of modern poetry.
Extremely important, know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle.
Modern poetry is the modern emotion that modern people feel in modern life, and it is a set of sentences arranged by modern words.
Therefore, modern poetry is about the feelings of our times, and it is written in modern language (that is, modern Chinese, not classical Chinese)-this is the most basic feature of modern poetry.
In addition, compared with junior high school students, modern poetry has the following important features:
1, content: beautiful imagination, extraordinary in the ordinary;
2. Ideologically: Write touching feelings. In other words, personal feelings and experiences should be added;
3. Format: If you want to branch, you can branch by sentence or by content.
After understanding the basic characteristics of modern poetry, you can start to try to create, so what must be paid attention to in creation?
Third, how to write a poem?
Poetry is beautiful. To make ordinary things shine with beautiful light, we must imagine. Imagination is the source of beauty and the storehouse of poetry.
A good imagination is a poem in itself. For example:
Open your big mouth,
Serve the people. (He Zhou's scissors).
Only by exerting imagination can we create a vivid image. Imagination endows poetry with vitality. Without imagination, the poems written are dry. Imagination can make a little thing show amazing charm. For example:
Flowers in the corner,
When you appreciate yourself,
The world is getting smaller. (Bing Xin's Star)
Flowers are common in corners and are easily overlooked. If you only appreciate your own beauty, it will become smaller. Here, the poet draws an extraordinary truth from an ordinary thing by imagining and comparing people and flowers. Without imagination, it is impossible to write such inspiring poems.
Secondly, poetry must be true, and only true is beautiful. We should be able to find something that can move us from life and then express it in the language and form of poetry. In this way, people can make their hearts sing and poetry becomes meaningful. For example:
You are so small.
Run in the dark
……
Although it is a small insect.
Make the night brighter (Bucong's firefly)
At the end of the poem, the little poet sent a sentimental eulogy to the devotees with the emotional sentence "Although it is a bug/make the night brighter". But such poems need to be experienced from the heart. If the little poet didn't observe fireflies carefully, didn't talk to them attentively, and didn't transpose himself into fireflies to experience their life and life, he couldn't have written such a vigilant poem.
With the wings of imagination and the power of emotion, the beauty of poetry will emerge as the times require.
However, we must be clear that the format of poetry is also a problem that must be paid attention to, except for writing according to content or sentences, especially in the organization of language. Mainly manifested in two aspects: first, the use of rhetoric; The first is to break the conventional combination. Flexible use of various rhetoric can enhance the vitality of poetry, and boldly breaking the conventional combination (that is, not matching according to grammatical requirements) can achieve unexpected results, but it should not be too much.
Rhetoric is an important skill in poetry. Including personification, metaphor, parallelism, rhetorical question, repetition, thimble, duality, exaggeration, symbol and so on. It can be said that each expression technique has its own uniqueness. The use of metaphor can express the content of poetry more vividly and vividly. The use of xing can make readers understand the artistic conception of poetry from the beginning, and make poetry more affectionate and lasting appeal; The use of exaggeration, symbolism, synaesthesia and other techniques can inject more fresh blood into poetry, make poetry more imaginative and approachable, without making people feel vague and obscure, and make readers truly understand the thoughts and feelings expressed by the author.
Symbolism, on the other hand, uses concrete things to express a special meaning, which is the most commonly used technique in poetry. For example, Bing Xin's Paper Boat symbolizes the yearning for his mother, and Feng Zhi's I am a river symbolizes the pursuit of love. Usually we also like to use symbols, such as "plum blossom" to symbolize perseverance and "candle" to symbolize silent dedication. Wang Jiaxin's Beyond the Mountain uses "sea" and "mountain" to symbolize "ideal" and "difficulties and setbacks in pursuing ideal". Do you know the common symbolic meanings of the following objects? Sun, bees, flies, mosquitoes, snowflakes? Bright, selfless, dirty, exploitative and pure.
I won't go into details about the use of other techniques, but we will continue to learn and use them in the creative process.
As mentioned above, there is another aspect of the language organization of poetry, that is, breaking the conventional combination, which can sometimes make poetry language and poetry achieve a leap-forward effect.
The language of poetry transcends the general grammatical rules, and it has the characteristics of jumping, prominence and supernormality. Its combination is flexible, for example, we can use modifiers with different functions alternately, such as "black sigh", "dream of oil foam", "pink memory", "warm silence" and "ivory song". And use this incredible expression to express the complex emotions of modern people (of course, this is also a rhetorical device called synaesthesia).
Part-of-speech conversion is also a routine technique in poetic language. For example, in love poems, "Summer is too heavy, autumn is too cicada" ("Light Snow Today") and "We have weathered the wind and frost" ("Heavy Snow in Hunan"), where nouns are used as verbs, can not only arouse readers' corresponding image feelings, but also contain rich experience. The word "lotus" gives people a feeling of declining enthusiasm, the word "cicada" gives people an impetuous and desolate image, and the words "wind" and "frost" give people a hard and mature life experience.
After mastering some creations, we should also have the effort of "hammering words and refining sentences", which is also a revision in our usual composition. This is especially important for us beginners. Du Fu's lifelong pursuit is "words are not surprising and never stop", while Li Bai is called "talents are amazing", and most poets are experts in hammering words and refining sentences. For example:
You stand on the bridge and watch the scenery.
The landscape observer is watching you upstairs.
The bright moon decorated your window.
You decorate other people's dreams (Bian Zhilin's out of line)
These "sights", "sights" and "decorations" appear repeatedly, creating a thought-provoking mood. In addition, such as a middle school student's poem "The Window of the Classroom" (Tian Xin) has such a passage:
The windows of the classroom
internally and externally
It doesn't allow me to be confused.
I want to sail.
Rolling the Yangtze River upstream (part two)
The words in brackets existed before publication and were edited and deleted when published. The little poet's pursuit of formal beauty damaged his poems, but after deleting the words in brackets, he became refined and beautiful, and he read fluently.
When we write poetry, we should not only pay attention to the accuracy and vividness of rhetoric, but also try to find the words that can best reflect people's feelings from the height of spiritual experience and create a harmonious and poetic atmosphere.
In fact, language also serves the ideological content of poetry, not only highlighting objects and events, but also creating the artistic conception of poetry, that is, expressing ideas.
To sum up, we can see that poetry must have three elements: imagination, emotion and language. It can be said that imagination is the blueprint, emotion is the direction, and language is the method.
Fourth, kung fu is outside the poem
For those who learn to write poetry, it is essential to master various methods and skills of writing poetry. However, to really write poems well, they still need to read a lot, pay attention to new things in daily life, and constantly accumulate experience to find inspiration in order to write the most beautiful poems.
Youth needs poetry, and writing poetry is of great significance to a person's growth. A poet once said: If a person does not write poetry when he is young, he will miss the best time of his life. Now, you can pick up a pen and hold up the youthful sun with poetry.