Formula: Bei Yong (scholar), (integrity), Qin stewed sugar, Cao Bing dust seal.
(Zhou, Zheng, Cao Zhi, Chen Feng)
Memory scene: Zhou Wang summoned the warriors from the north, and all the royal guards stood at attention. Qin Gui will feed the sugar and Cao Bing will seal the dust.
Poetry in The Book of Songs was used for singing in the Zhou Dynasty (65438 BC+0046 BC-256 BC), often accompanied by music and dance. Therefore, the ancients said that "the ancients taught poetry to be fun, to recite it, to string it, to sing it and to dance it" ("Biography of Mao Poetry"). However, due to the difficulty of historical preservation and spread of music, all the soundtracks have been lost, leaving only the text part of the poem. The original text of the Book of Songs we are reading now is actually just the lyrics of the Song of the Zhou Dynasty, so it is all rhythmic; Even if read according to the current voice, many chapters still show a significant sense of rhythm. These 305 poems have always been compiled into three parts: Feng, Ya and Ode, among which Ya is divided into Xiaoya and Ya. Wind is mostly a folk song, Xiaoya is a feast song, Elegance is a hymn, and Ode is a sacrifice song. Wind → Xiaoya → Elegance → Ode, in turn, becomes more and more solemn, serious and magnificent, that is, the humanistic spirit or emotional temperament of poetry gradually sublimes and transcends: from the ordinary life of the people to the banquets and praises of nobles and courts, and then to the solemn sacrifices to ancestors or gods of heaven and earth. ...
The arrangement structure or content classification of The Book of Songs is style, elegance and praise, and the main writing techniques or rhetorical methods of The Book of Songs are Fu, Bi and Xing. The former refers to the theme, and the latter refers to the ci chapter, which are collectively called "six meanings". "Justice in Shi Mao" said: "Poets who are beautifully praised are variants of poetry; Xing, poetry is different from ci. For those with different sizes and six meanings, Fu Bixing is the use of poetry, and Ya Song is the achievement of poetry. Using those three things to achieve these three things is why they are all called righteousness. " -So what exactly are Fu, Bi and Xing? Zhu said in the Biography of Poetry: "The giver is also called Chen Qi's truth"; "compare, compare this thing with another thing"; "If you are excited, say something else first to arouse the words you are chanting." . The original meaning of "Fu" is gathering and gathering, which means focusing on describing scenery or expressing feelings, and focusing on singing or chanting; The original meaning of "Bi" is closeness and closeness, which refers to analogy, metaphor, example assistance, extension and so on. The original meaning of "xing" is to start and do, which means to trigger, feel, do and rise. Nan Zhou? 6? 1 Guan Yu ""Guan Yu, in Hezhou; "My Fair Lady, My Gentleman is Good" first describes the intimate company of pigeons, and then describes the man's love for the woman, which is called "Xing"; "Feng Wei? 6? 1 Shuo Shuo "Shuo Shuo Shuo, no food for me; Three-year-old woman, I am willing to care "is a metaphor for greedy exploiters, and it is a" comparison "; Feng Wei? 6? 1 and light ""who is and light? A reed hangs a branch; Who said that the realm of Song is far away? " Expectation "is the direct singing and expression of the poet's feelings, and it is a typical" fu ".
For a popular analogy, the style, elegance and praise in the Book of Songs are equivalent to what we now call "popular songs", "elegant and popular songs" and "serious songs"; Fu, Bi and Xing in The Book of Songs are very similar to those in our daily life. "Xing" refers to the rise of things and the lyricism of scenery, and "Bi" refers to the analogy of two phases. The writing techniques of "Xing", "Bi" and "Fu" can be found everywhere in The Book of Songs, especially in Guo Feng (of course, Fu, Bi and Xing are often used interchangeably). Zhong Rong of the Southern Dynasties said: "Breathing animals are touching, so they are full of temperament and dance." (Poetry) Many poems with "national style" start from the scenery or scenes of natural phenomena, and then enter the singing of people's life events and inner world, which is characterized by the blending of the natural world and the living world. We call it a bright and fresh "naturalism" tendency. The ancients summed it up as: "Praise elegance early and sing Fu Bixing late; Look at the fish and insects in autumn and the vegetation in spring. " This artistic interest, which is projected from natural scenery and feelings about natural scenery into people's life world, spiritual world or impressions and feelings about "things and me", has a far-reaching impact on the development of poetry and aesthetic images in later generations. It can be said that China's poems and even operas since Qin and Han Dynasties have been deeply influenced by it, so The Book of Songs can be called the originator and source of China's literature and art.
Book of rites? 6? Wang Zhi (1) said that Zhou imperial academy "taught rites and music in spring and autumn, and taught poetry and books in winter and summer". The Book of Songs is a compulsory content of cultural education in the Spring and Autumn Period, so there are many contents related to Confucius and The Book of Songs in The Analects of Confucius and Historical Records. Like The Analects of Confucius? 6? 1 taber records that Confucius advocates that humanistic education should be based on poetry, ceremony and music; The Analects of Confucius? 6? 1 Ji, the Analects of Confucius? 6? 1 Yang Huo recorded that he taught his son Kong Li to say, "If you don't learn poetry, you have nothing to say; If you don't learn etiquette, you can't stand it. " Are you "Nan Zhou" and "Zhao Nan"? People don't do it for Nan Zhou and Zhao Nan, but they still stand on the wall worrying "("doing "means studying and practicing). The Analects of Confucius? 6? Yang Huo (1) also recorded that he warned his disciples: "Little boy, why don't you learn poetry? Poetry can be wonderful, enjoyable, grouped and resentful, but your father is far away, and you know the names of animals and birds better. "This means that poetry is the beginning of humanistic education. It can not only help us remember more names of birds, animals and plants, but also arouse and cultivate people's feelings and virtues, teach us many principles of dealing with people and people, and even cultivate our political thinking ability and language ability. -Political activities in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, especially diplomatic activities, should be frequently cited in The Book of Songs and The Book of History. How can I not learn the Book of Songs? What should I do if I learn not to use it flexibly? Therefore, Confucius said, "reciting 300 poems is not up to standard, which makes the four sides unable to specialize." Even if there are many poems, do you think it is ridiculous? " ("The Analects? 6? 1 Luz ")
The Book of Songs has such an important position in humanistic education, cultural life and even national politics that it has naturally been valued by scholars of all ages. After the death of Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty attached great importance to history and culture, and ordered to collect and sort out all kinds of Confucian classics (including a hundred schools of thought contending) left behind by the turmoil of the Warring States Period and Qin's "burning books to bury Confucianism", and the atmosphere of advocating Confucianism and teaching Confucian classics rose again. During the Western Han Dynasty, four schools taught and taught The Book of Songs, namely, Qi Poetry, Lu Poetry, Han Shi and Shi Mao: Qi Poetry was handed down by Yuan Gusheng, Lu Poetry by Shen Peigong, Han Shi by Han Ying and Shi Mao. Qi, Lu and Han flourished in the Western Han Dynasty, and were established as official schools and doctors when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. However, from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the three biographies of Qi, Lu and Han gradually declined, and by the Southern Song Dynasty, they were completely lost. Only one book, The Biography of Han Poetry, has survived to this day. What about Sui Shu? 6? 1 "Classic Chronicle" said: "Qi died in Wei, Lu died in the Western Jin Dynasty, and Han Shi survived, but no one told it."
On the contrary, although Shi Mao came out a little later, he paid attention to exegesis and the system of famous things, with a strong sense of history and solid works, so he spread widely in the cultural circles. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan, the master of Confucian classics at that time, took Shi Mao as the main theme, absorbed and integrated the essence of Qi, Lu and Han, and made further comments on Shi Mao (known as Jian Zheng in history), which gradually gained popularity and overwhelmed Qi, Lu and Han. Therefore, Sui Shu was called "Sui Dynasty" in the Tang Dynasty, and Kong Ying Da, the master of Confucian classics at that time, was ordered by Emperor Taizong to write "Justice of Mao Poetry", which together with other books was called "Justice of the Five Classics". The Book of Songs we are seeing now is actually Shi Mao's book. Mao Heng, the great Mao Gong in the early Han Dynasty, has been handed down from generation to generation, Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Kong in the Tang Dynasty. -Is Shi Mao a biography of Mao Gong? It is also controversial in history whether Shi Mao was written by Mao Heng, a heavy-duty male, or by Xiao Maogong Ska. So, what is the summary of Sikuquanshu? 6? 1 Jing Bu said: "There are four poems written by Shi Mao alone. There was no difference before the Tang Dynasty, but people argued after the Song Dynasty. "
Shi Mao Zhengyi, contained in the Notes to Thirteen Classics in Qing Dynasty, is a further annotation made by Kong on the basis of Mao Heng's Biography of Shi Mao's Old Training and Zheng Xuan's Notes to Shi Mao. It retains the original contents of Mao Zhuan and Jian Zheng, and further supplements and develops them. 6? 1 Shi Mao Zheng Yi begins by saying, "Han Mao appreciates biography, [Xuan] notes, Tang Kong is a great scholar.". Confucius' Justice of Shi Mao is the most authoritative work to annotate the Book of Songs in ancient times, and it is also the most important reference book to study the Book of Songs at present. There are many works that annotate or study the Book of Songs in past dynasties, including 62 kinds of Sikuquanshu alone. In addition to the three extremely important works, Biography of Mao Poetry, Biography of Mao Poetry and Justice of Mao Poetry, other important annotated works of The Book of Songs include Biography of Song Poetry by Zhu, Biography of Mao Poetry in Qing Dynasty by Chen Qiyuan, Biography of Mao Poetry by Ma, Biography of Shi Mao Poetry and Three Poems. "History? 6? 1 Shundian said: "Poetry expresses ambition, sings words, and the sound is sung, and the law is harmonious. "The Book of Songs not only contains a lot of ancient documents and historical information, but also its beautiful words and sincere feelings still moisten and cultivate the culture, art and humanistic spirit of our Chinese nation. Book of rites? 6? 1 Jing Jie said: "Confucius said: When he entered his country, his teaching was also gentle and sincere, and his poems taught him; Is far from telling, book teaching; Broad and easy to be good, "music" teaches also; Clean and subtle, "Yi" teaches also; Zhuang Jing and Li also teach; It's a rhetorical matter, taught in the Spring and Autumn Period. "It is the basic purpose and goal of our humanities education to cultivate knowledgeable and polite liberal arts gentlemen, cultivate the elegance of daily life, enhance the understanding and recognition of Chinese excellent culture, and continue to inherit and carry forward China's long-standing civilization. So the Book of Songs must be read. Wind 160, Ya 105 and Ode to 40. The minor contents of Wind, Elegance and Ode are as follows. Memory formula: (1) Yan, Zheng Feng; Qi, Wei, Tang, Qin, Chen Gui, Cao Qian; One hundred and sixty poems, leisurely national style. Luming Literature Jiayu, Hongyan Nanshan; Valley is rich and fertile, followed by fish and algae; Wen Wang is a stranger, what is swinging? One hundred and five articles are elegant. (3) Zhou Song truffles and Shangsong; Odes to God and mankind, forty!
Zhou, Zheng Feng; (Nan Zhou, Shao Shaonan, Yan Beibei, Yan Y! Ng, Feng Wei, Feng Wang, Zheng Feng) Stephy, Tang Qin, Chen Gui, Cao Qian; (Qi Feng, Feng Wei, tang style, Qin Feng, Martin, Gui Feng, Qi B, N Feng) Poems 160, with a long national style. (One hundred and sixty poems, Youmanman is a national style)
Luming Literature Jiayu, Hongyan Nanshan; (What is Luming Literature, what is Jiayu in the south, what is Hongyan and what is Nanshan)
Valley is rich and fertile, followed by fish and algae; Gu Feng, Fu Tian, fish and algae-these are Xiaoya. )
Wen Wang is a stranger, what is swinging? (What is the king of literature, He Weimin's life, what is swinging)
One hundred and five articles are elegant. (105 elegant, 3 1 elegant)
Zhou Song truffles, and Shang Song; (Zhou Song, Truffle, Shang Song)
Odes to God and man, forty. (Ode to God, forty praises)