Zhou Dunyi's On Ailian said:
The flowers of land and water plants are very fragrant. Tao Jinyuan clearly loves chrysanthemums.
Yuan Zhen's "Chrysanthemum" poem says:
In autumn, the bushes, like Taoist priests, are more and more inclined around the fence.
Li Qingzhao's "Drunken Flowers" said:
Dongli drinks until dusk, and faint chrysanthemum fragrance overflows his sleeves.
As soon as Tao Yuanming said this, chrysanthemum became synonymous with noble hermits.
But, dear reader, have you really read the sentence "leisurely see Nanshan" correctly? Do you really understand?
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The sentence "leisurely seeing Nanshan" may be read by many readers as "leisurely seeing Nanshan (Jane, four tones)", but it should actually be read as "leisurely seeing Nanshan (xian, four tones)".
The original poem "Drink Five" is written like this:
Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots.
What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered.
Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely.
The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back.
That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say.
Tao Yuanming said that building a house on earth, however, can't feel the noise of horses and chariots.
This seems to be contradictory.
Next, the poet asked himself, how did you do it?
My heart is far away from the world, and my heart remains quiet, so the place where I live naturally appears distant and quiet.
I picked chrysanthemums under the fence in the east and enjoyed myself.
Inadvertently looked up, the distant Nanshan appeared in front of his eyes.
"leisurely" takes care of "distant heart" Everything is so natural and beautiful in the poet's pen.
02
In ancient poetry, the word "Jian" is generally pronounced as "(Xian, four tones)", which means "appearance" and "presentation". For example:
The Chile Song by Yuefu in the Northern Dynasties;
The sky is wild, and the wind and grass move to see cattle and sheep.
Du Fu's Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage;
When I suddenly see this house in front of me, I will freeze to death alone!
Xin Qiji's "Xijiang Moon" takes Huangsha Road at night;
In the old days, Maodian was near the forest, and the road turned to the stream bridge.
Wen Tianxiang's righteous song;
When you are poor, you can see it, one by one.
03
Wang Guowei put forward the concepts of "a world with me" and "a world without me" in "Words on Earth". He said:
Without me, we look at things in terms of things, and we don't know what is mine and what is physical. For example, "Under the east fence of chrysanthemum picking, you can see Nanshan leisurely" and "When the cold wave starts, Bai Niao falls leisurely".
The so-called "realm without me" refers to the beautiful realm of artistic conception blending and the unity of things and me.
Wang Guowei took Tao Yuanming's "Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge and seeing Nanshan leisurely" as an example to discuss his views.
In Tao Yuanming's works, chrysanthemum, fence, Nanshan and poet have been integrated.
In other words, chrysanthemums, fences and Nanshan are all poetic representations of the poet's quiet inner world.
It is worth noting that Wang Guowei went on to say:
Without me, people can only get it in silence.
Expressing the beauty of tranquility is the focus of Tao Yuanming's two poems.
04
Su Shi is a big fan of Tao Yuanming. He especially admired Tao Yuanming's life and life, and he also liked Tao Yuanming's poems. He wrote more than 100 poems (poems sung with Tao Yuanming).
About these two poems of Tao Yuanming, Su Shi said:
"Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely." Seeing the mountains and scenery, knowing each other because of picking chrysanthemums, is the most beautiful thing. In recent years, the custom is "looking at Nanshan", so the article is boring. The ancients had a deep heart, but the people changed their minds, which is the most serious.
The so-called "realm and understanding" means that the scenery such as chrysanthemums and Nanshan is integrated with your own state of mind. Su Shi believes that only in this way can we appreciate the beauty of Tao poetry.
At that time, some versions of Tao poetry wrote "Looking at Nanshan from afar", and Su Shi thought that "the air is dull", and the charm and beauty of poetry were gone.
Su Shi used the word "vulgar", indicating that he was very dissatisfied with the word "looking at Nanshan".
Sword (Four Tones) Nanshan and Wang Nanshan are essentially the same.
Su Shi's student Chao Bu Zhi also said:
On Guangling Day, see Dongpo cloud: "Tao Yuanming's meaning is not poetry, but poetry is in his meaning." "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan" is not only picking chrysanthemums, but also seeing mountains. The meaning is nothing more than this, and it is not profound and clear. Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge, I can see Nanshan leisurely', and then I picked chrysanthemums myself. I didn't want to see the mountains, so I saw them at first sight, so I was carefree, carefree and far-sighted. "
This passage makes it more clear that the poet has no intention of looking at the mountain and inadvertently looks up, and the distant mountain is integrated with himself. "Seeing (seeing, four tones) Nanshan" and "looking at Nanshan" are both intentional pursuits, while "seeing (seeing, four tones) Nanshan" is not looking at the mountain.
05
Wang Anshi's book Mr Hu Yinbi said:
One water protects the field and surrounds the green, and two mountains send green.
It means that a stream of water protects the farmland and flows slowly around the green. Two peaks push open the door and bring infinite green.
Poets use anthropomorphic rhetoric to write mountains and rivers with affection, interest and poetry.
These two poems provide an external perspective for us to interpret Tao Yuanming's poems.
"Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely." Chrysanthemum picking is leisurely under the fence in the east, and the green hills in the distance are green.
Sir, your Nanshan is coming!
06
Yuan Haowen, a great poet in Jin Dynasty, commented on Tao Yuanming.
Tao Yuanming's language is plain, natural and natural, abandoning the applied fiber, revealing the true beauty of simplicity and making reading always new.
Yuan Haowen praised Tao Yuanming's poetic language, washed away the lead, and naturally there was no trace of artificial carving.
"Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" is the representative of this natural language style.
Such a poem, at first glance, is simple, but it is memorable to savor it carefully.
On the other hand, these two poems also reflect Tao Yuanming's natural and pure spiritual world.
This can be seen from the "reverie" and "carefree" in the poem.
It can be seen from the world composed of chrysanthemums, Nanshan, sunset and birds.
In short, "seeing (Xian, Si Sheng) Nanshan" can show the poet's nature and innocence.