Yulu withered maple forest, Wushan Wuxia
Du Fu
Angry komori
Between the river and the sky, the waves are rough and the clouds are covered with fog.
Cong Ju shed tears the other day. She was alone in the boat.
Cold clothes push knives and rulers everywhere, and Baidicheng is anxious.
Precautions:
1, Qiu Xing: I am excited by the autumn scenery, which means to touch the scenery. Jade dew: crystal dew. Wilt: To rot and wither plants.
2, Xiao Sen: bleak and gloomy.
3, and the sky: even the sky.
Fortress: This refers to the mountains around Kuizhou, including Wushan. Because the mountain is steep, it is called "plug". Yin: Dark.
5. Another day: The past refers to the time spent in another country.
6. Main systems: permanent systems and long-term systems. Hometown: the feeling of homesickness. Hometown: refers to Chang 'an. Du Fu regards Chang 'an as his second hometown.
7. Knife ruler: scissors and ruler, tools for sewing winter clothes.
8. Bai Di: On Dongbai Mountain in fengjie county, Chongqing. Anvil: a stone used to smash clothes.
Translation:
Maple trees gradually withered and damaged under the erosion of dew in late autumn, and Wushan and Wuxia were also shrouded in bleak and gloomy fog. The waves in Wuxia Gorge are monstrous, and the dark clouds above seem to be pressing on the ground, and the world is gloomy. It has been two years since the flowers bloomed. Looking at the blooming flowers and thinking that I haven't been home for two years, I can't help crying. The ship is still tied to the shore. Although I can't go back to the East and wander outside, my heart is always tied to my hometown. We are rushing to make clothes to keep out the cold in winter, and the anvil knocking on cold clothes in Baidicheng is as tight as a crack. It seems that another year has passed, and my yearning for my hometown has become more dignified and profound. ...
The second song
The ancient city of Kuifu has an oblique sunset, and it always relies on Beidou Wangjing Hua.
Listen to the ape shed three tears, and let Xu follow August.
Draw an incense burner and lean on a pillow, and the mountain floor hides sorrow.
Look at the vines on the stone, which have reflected the flowers in front of the continent.
Translation:
The sunset has ushered in the high city of Kuizhou. Whenever the Big Dipper appears at night, I follow its direction to find Chang 'an.
I really shed tears when I heard the ape crying in the martial arts. I also hope to return to my hometown by drifting if, but this wish has finally failed.
I still remember that when I was watching the vigil in the left courtyard of the palace, I stayed up late to write some seals of the Ming Dynasty and lit incense on the case. But now I don't work there. Stay here and hear the sadness blowing from the rostrum in the evening, and a hidden sadness rises to my heart.
Look, the rocks are covered with vines. When the moon just rose, the moonlight shone on the vines, but now it has shone on the reeds by the river. I stayed up all night, thinking about Chang 'an.
The third song
Chung Shan Man is here, Claire Kuo, and every day, Jiang Lou sits in the green.
The fisherman in the lodge is still ordinary, and the swallow flies in the clear autumn.
Kuang Heng's resistance to fame and fortune is weak, and Liu Xiangchuan's heart has been violated.
Many students and teenagers are not cheap, and Wuling Qiuma is light and fat. [2]
Translation:
Thousands of families in Baidicheng quietly bathed in the autumn sunrise. I go upstairs by the river every day and sit and look at the green peaks opposite. The fisherman who stayed on the boat for two nights in a row is still rowing in the river. Although it is clear autumn, swallows are still flying around. Kuang Heng of the Han Dynasty directly remonstrated with the emperor. He took fame lightly, and Liu Xiang taught Confucian classics, which backfired. There are still some ancient people, so I don't need to say it. Most of the students who studied together when they were young are already in the spring breeze. They live a rich life in Wuling near Chang 'an, wearing light fur and riding fat horses.
The fourth song
It is said that if Chang 'an plays chess, the world will be sad for a hundred years.
The houses of princes have all changed their owners, and the clothes of civil servants and military commanders are not the same as in the past.
The golden drum in Beiguan Mountain is vibrating, and the signing of Ma Yu's book in the west is late.
The fish and dragons are lonely, and the autumn is cold, so the country is peaceful and thoughtful.
Note [1] This song laments the changeable situation in Chang 'an, and the border congestion is disturbing. During Guangde's reign, the eunuch Tubo and Uighur invaded continuously, which shocked the capital, once occupied Chang 'an, and their ancestors moved to Shanxi. It's time to recruit all the soldiers in the world, because no one can do it because the eunuch Cheng is authoritarian. From this point on, the theme turned to recalling Chang 'an.
[2] I heard. Du Fu [3] was not in Beijing for a long time. Because of the changes in the political situation of the imperial court, it was inconvenient to speak frankly, so the cloud "heard the word". Like playing chess: it means that the political situation in Chang 'an changes repeatedly like playing chess, and the situation is unknown.
[3] Centennial: refers to a lifetime. These two sentences are Du Fu's lament about the changes in the current situation he has experienced, which is as unpredictable and sad as playing chess.
[4] Dizhai: mansion and residence. New owner: new owner.
[5] Different from the past: it means different from the old times. These two sentences lament the changes of the present and the past, and lament that after going to Beijing, North Korea has changed again.
[6] Governing the North: True North refers to the war with northern Uighur. Golden drum vibration: it means that there is a war, and the golden drum is something commanded by the army.
[7] Western Expedition: refers to the war with Tubo in the west. Feather book: namely, feather list, a military emergency document with feathers inserted. Chi: describe emergency. These two sentences refer to the invasion of Tubo and Uighur in the northwest, with frequent border incidents and frequent wars.
[8] ichthyosaur: generally refers to the aquarium. Loneliness: after autumn, the aquarium lurks on the waves. Notes on Water Classics: "Fish dragons take autumn and winter as the night." According to legend, the dragon takes autumn as the night, and after the autumnal equinox, it dives into the abyss.
[9] Old country: refers to Chang 'an. Pingju: refers to the usual residence. The last two sentences say that I miss the old life in Chang 'an in autumn in Kuizhou.
The fourth song, centered on the Anshi Rebellion, is the hub of eight songs, writing about the recent situation in Chang 'an.
The first couplet: I heard that Chang 'an's political situation has changed a lot (Chang 'an first broke the history of An and then fell into Tubo). It is sad to reflect on the turmoil and exile experienced by the country and individuals. "Chess" means that the central government is fighting in its own way, repeatedly uncertain and changing rapidly. This metaphor is appropriate and vivid. The "hundred years" here refers not only to a person's life, but also to the society of the Tang Dynasty. "Unbearable sadness" refers to the feelings born of the ups and downs of the national movement and people's livelihood and one's career.
The four sentences in the first pair of couplets are all "listening to the Tao", specifically the content of "playing chess". Zhuan Xu felt the change of the world and the turbulence of the current situation, and focused on internal worries. The national luck is not what it used to be, and the older generation of civil and military officials have changed their owners. The central regulations, cultural relics and systems have all been abandoned, and I have been forgotten politically. Suddenly, the neck joints opened wide, causing huge waves and focusing on the invasion of foreign enemies. "Straight north" means true north, "Worrying straight north means Chang 'an", and Kuizhou true north means Chang 'an and Luoyang, that is, Longyou Guanfu Central Plains, which means the north of Chang 'an. "Straight North" and The Journey to the West are intertextual, and "Golden Drum Shock" and "Feather Records" tell a lot about the northwest. Tubo was once trapped in Chang 'an, and then Uighur invaded, and the Tangut and Qiang people committed crimes in the same state. Xiongnu stabbed Kou Zhouzhi, so it was a cloud. The documents submitted to the military intelligence department were sent back and forth in a critical situation.
Couplets were written in the state that the country was ruined, the autumn was cold, life was miserable, and Chang 'an's old life was often presented in nostalgia. The seventh sentence "Fish and dragons are lonely and Qiu Jiang is cold" ends with the word "autumn" in order to cool the poet's present situation in Yizhou. The eighth sentence ends with the word "thinking", and the next four poems, about the peace of the old country, are all born of the word "thinking" Therefore, the thought of the old country is in the same strain as the heart of the hometown ahead, connecting the preceding with the following, opening a precedent in the country, with a flowing momentum and vigorous pen power.
The fifth song
Penglai Palace Que faces Nanshan, with dewdrops between golden stems and Korean smiles.
Looking at Yaochi in the west and the Empress Dowager in the east, there are many kinds of customs.
Clouds move to Gongshan, and the sun goes around Longlin to know the holy face.
One lying by the Cangjiang River surprised me at the end of the year. I went to several classes.
The first couplet: Penglai Palace Que faces the south mountain, and the golden stem is exposed between smiles. [4]
Penglai Palace Que: Daming Palace, Tang Gaozong Longshuo changed to Penglai Palace in three years. According to wang pu's Tang Yao Hui in the Northern Song Dynasty, "Penglai Palace is on the plateau in the north and cool in the south. Every day, the sun shines high, the south is like a palm, and Jingchengfang Street is like a threshold. "
Nanshan: That's Zhong Nanshan. There are Hanyuan Hall, Zhengxuan Hall and Chenzi Hall on the mountain, and the three halls are stacked in the north and south, all on the mountain, opposite to Penglai Palace, so it is said that "Penglai Palace Que faces the south mountain".
Dew the golden stem: that is, reach the rooftop. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made a dew tray on the west side of Zhang Jian Palace, which was 20 feet high and had cactus on it. It is used to receive dew and drink jade chips in order to live forever. In Lu's "Chang 'an Ancient Meaning"
"The Golden Stems of the Han Emperor are Straight Beyond the Clouds" and Li He's "Golden Copper Immortal Han Song" are all about this.
This poem is based on the fourth poem "Thinking about settling down in the old country". The whole poem begins with thinking about Penglai Palace Que. Penglai Palace Que, Nanshan and Lucheng Jinzhi are all related to Taoism. Penglai is the place where immortals live in Taoist legends. In the southeast overseas, it is also called "Three Gods Mountain" with Yingzhou and the abbot. Mortals can live forever when they go to the mountains. Zhong Nanshan is also related to Taoism. It was often a secluded place for some Taoist figures and became the base of Quanzhen religion in the Song Dynasty. Jinluzhu is a bronze pillar erected by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in pursuit of immortality. The bronze column was demolished by Cao Rui in Wei Mingdi during the Cao and Wei Dynasties, and there was no bearing plate in the palace of the Tang Dynasty. This is the story of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to allude to the fact that Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty sought goodness and immortals. These two sentences seem to describe Chang 'an Palace, but in fact they imply irony, satirizing that Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty blindly pursued immortality and ignored state affairs, which eventually led to national chaos. Zi Tong Zhi Jian (Volume 2 15) records that Tang Xuanzong built an altar in the palace to refine the immortal medicine, which can provide evidence for this poem. This poem was written shortly after the death of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, so it is impossible to be sarcastic and explicit. For example, Li Shangyin's "The Palace of Immortality in Pingming, not from the golden jade, but from the King of Longevity", and Du Mu's "Wearing on a Thousand Peaks and Dancing in Breakage" can only be alluded to. In Tang poetry, the emperors of the Han Dynasty, especially Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, are often used to allude to Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, such as Bai Juyi's "Emperor of China, coveting the beauty that might shake an empire". Du Fu also used this technique, so he used the allusion of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's "bearing gold stems". Qian's "Notes on Du Shi" said: "(Penglai Palace) is located in Longshougang, facing Nanshan in front, Yaochi in the west and Hanguan in the east, which is a magnificent model of meteorology. At that time, the worship of the gods was beyond words. " The interpretation of this poem is quite accurate.
Zhuan Xu: Looking at Yaochi in the west, the Queen Mother came down, and the purple gas came from the east.
Yaochi and Wang Mu: The Queen Mother is the Queen Mother of the West, and Yaochi is the residence of the Queen Mother of the West. The Queen Mother of the West is the god in charge of plague and longevity in ancient China mythology, which is recorded in Shan Hai Jing, Liezi, Hanwu Biography and Mu Biography. Liezi records: "Zhou Muwang traveled at will, climbed the hill of Kunlun Mountain, and then visited the Queen Mother of the West to touch the Yaochi." Li Shangyin said in a poem: "Eight horses go to Wan Li every day, why doesn't Mu Wang come back?" This is what I'm talking about. The novel The Story of Hanwu records that Yuan Feng, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, lived in Chenghua Hall in the first year and met Dong Zhongshu and Dong Fangshuo, the queen mother of the West, who gave him seven Xiantao gifts.
Purple gas, letter clearance: this sentence is about a letter from Laozi in Luoyang. Lao Tzu studied the history of the Zhou Dynasty, saw the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, and went out to Hanguguan, west of Qingniu. I didn't know where to go. This record is kept in Historical Records. In addition, according to "Biography of Immortals" and "Biography of Guan", Guan Mingyun often went upstairs to watch. When he saw purple in the east and purple in the west, he said, "There must be a saint passing by in Beijing." This is a fast, the next day, I saw the old gentleman coming in a green ox cart.
These two poems are the continuation of the above two sentences, both of which are about Xuanzong's respect for Taoism and good immortals in Tang Dynasty. The previous generation of commentators argued about the creative intention of these four poems. They thought that the first four poems described the scenery of Chang 'an Palace, quoted various allusions, and did not satirize the immortal desire of Tang Xuanzong. This statement may not be correct. The ancients would never abuse allusions and attach two unrelated things, but allusions are related to current events to some extent, taking the original meaning of allusions or approaching the original meaning. Tang Xuanzong loved Taoism in his later years. He once called Lao Zi Li Er his ancestor and named Lao Zi "Xuanyuan the Great". He established the Taiqing Palace and called students to study Taoist classics, which made Taoism very prosperous in Xuanzong period. (For details, see Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Volume 9, Xuanzong Biography. ) Wang Pu's "Tang Yaohui" also records that Wang Congjun and Tian Tongxiu claimed to meet Laozi in Yin's former residence, so Xuanzong built Xuanyuan Temple. Du Fu's highest ambition in his life is to "be loyal to Yao and Shun, and then make the customs pure", to help the emperor become a good emperor like Yao and Shun, to make the country clear and the people live and work in peace and contentment. He was obviously dissatisfied when he saw that Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty blindly sought for good gods and ignored state affairs, which led to chaos in the country. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty worshiped Taoism and respected Laozi, so Du Fu satirized it with "purple gas coming from the east and full of faith"; Taoist leader Zhang Qiuxian, Xuanzong pursues immortality. It is said that both the Western Empress Dowager and the Chinese Empress Dowager have elixirs, which are in charge of life and death. Therefore, Xuanzong pursued immortality and stabbed him with "Looking at the West Yaochi to drop the Queen Mother". Some commentators in the previous generation thought that "Wang Xi Yao Chi surrendered to the Queen Mother" was an insinuation of Tang Xuanzong's love and beauty for Yang Guifei, which was wrong. Because most of the allusions about the Queen Mother of the West in the past dynasties have a certain connection with longevity, for example, "The Queen Mother of the West invited the fairy medicine", and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty gave the Queen Mother of the West a peach. Li Shangyin also wrote a poem about the Queen Mother of the West: "Grandma Yaochi's window is open, and Huang Zhu is sad." Bajun goes to Wan Li every day. Why doesn't Mu Wang come back? "Zhou Muwang's eight horses visit Wan Li every day, but why didn't they see the Queen Mother again? The reason is that Zhou Muwang is dead, so the Queen Mother of the West cannot guarantee immortality. The Queen Mother of the West in this poem is still associated with immortality. Moreover, the ancients rarely used gods to allude to women's sexuality, so as not to blaspheme the gods, especially the noble gods such as the Western Queen Mother. It can be seen that it is not accurate to combine the allusions of the Queen Mother of the West with women's colors. After comparing various annotations, Ye Jiaying also said: "This is a sigh of longing for Chang 'an, but the first four sentences refer to Xuanzong as a good immortal, alluding to his debauchery and loss of government.
Necklace: the cloud moves to the tail of the pheasant to open the palace mountain, and the sun knows the holy face around the dragon forest.
Pheasant, Gongshan: Cui Bao's Notes on Ancient and Modern Times: "Pheasant fans originated in Yin. When Emperor Gaozong was in the reign of Emperor Gaozong, he looked like a pheasant. Zhai Yu is often used in the service emblem, and the pheasant feather is used as a fan to keep out the dust. " Wang Pu's Don Yao Hui: "Xiao Song played in Kaiyuan, and every month the emperor was in Zheng Xuan Hall. The ceremony was solemn, ups and downs, and people couldn't get along." Please all feather fans, general, fan in, sit down, but fan out. Only Chen Yi doesn't want to be seen by others, and he must fan the sun around him to see the holy face. ""cloud shift "is to describe Gong Shan moving away.
Long Lin: "Rirao" means that the Tang Dynasty went to court very early, and you can't recognize the emperor until sunrise. "Dragon Forest" refers to the dragon emblem of armor, that is, the pattern on the emperor's robe.
In the first four sentences, Du Fu thought that Xuanzong had misunderstood his country for seeking goodness and becoming immortal, and regretted that he had failed to "send a message to Yao Shun". Then he remembered the scene of being an official in the DPRK: the ministers went to the DPRK in sequence, and the palace hills made by Luo Wei opened layer by layer, like clouds, until the sun came out and shone on the emperor's robes, the emperor's face was clearly visible. Such a scene has become a thing of the past and can only be left in memory. I am old and far away in Kuizhou. It is impossible to see such a lawsuit again. Between the lines is full of infinite regret. However, Du Fu's lifelong pursuit was to assist the emperor in governing the country. When he thought of doing his best for the country in the imperial court and "washing away the worries of life" for the DPRK officials, he jumped out again, so he said, "Several times." This poem can be divided into two parts from now on. The first two couplets are about Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, alluding to his stupidity and making mistakes for his country in the later period of his administration, while the first and last couplets turn to the poet himself, writing the scene that the poet was an official in the DPRK and settled down in Kuizhou. The poem entrusts the poet's yearning for the motherland and the sadness that his ambition is hard to pay, and his expectations are full of infinite regrets. Su Shi said Du Fu: "A meal will never forget you." This is very correct.
Tailian: I was lying in Cangjiang, and I was in shock at the end of the year. I went back to work in Qingsuo several times.
Cangjiang, New Year's Eve: Cangjiang is Kuizhou, and lying on Cangjiang means that the poet lives in Kuizhou, far away from the imperial court, just like Xie An lying on Dongshan before he became an official. "Fifty-five years old and dying" means that the poet has reached the twilight of his life.
Qing Lock and Ban Chao: "Qing Lock" refers to the palace gate. "Ban Chao" was called Ban Chao because when the ancient ministers went to court, they would arrange shifts according to the size of their official positions.
These two sentences are closely linked to the necklace, and the poet who wrote the necklace can't help but be eager to be an official in the court. They hate "laughing for you with Dongshan Xie Anshi." However, on second thought, there is a huge gap between reality and ideal. First, Du Fu is far away in Kuizhou, far from Chang 'an, so he said "one lies on the Cangjiang River"; Second, Du Fu is 55 years old. Although he is ambitious, he is old-fashioned. As he is in his twilight years, it is difficult to do anything more. Du Fu was in Kuizhou, far from Chang 'an, and because of his old age and illness, he basically had no chance to meet the emperor in the imperial court, so he said, "I have been to the imperial court several times." Qiu commented: "Lying on the Cangjiang River, I was ill in Kuizhou, and I was shocked at the end of the year and felt deep in autumn. After a few times, I was green, embarrassed, and stopped for a few degrees. " These meetings became the pride of Du Fu's life. But Du Fu himself knows that he has only these experiences of going to court in his life, and there will be no more in the future. Du Fu is the right way out.
"Sigh and sadness when Wanli sealed Hou" ... heart in Tianshan, always in Cangzhou ". The structure of this poem still has time to compare. The first six sentences are about the past, and the last two are about the present. Through the contrast between the past and the present, the luxury of the past and the loneliness of today are set off. Ye Jiaying commented: "With' lying on the Lancang River' as a way to stop working in the DPRK, the infinite family life experience is really beyond words." This is an extremely appropriate evaluation.
Generally speaking, the first couplet of this poem describes the scenery of Chang 'an Palace, which is not only a description of the scenery, but also a metaphor, and implicitly puts forward the absurdity of Tang Xuanzong's pursuit of immortality through good ways. Lianyuan also took the Queen Mother of the West and Lao Zi's trip to the Valley Pass as an allusion, and further pointed out that the worship of Taoism and the pursuit of longevity by Xuanzong people in Tang Dynasty led to national chaos. Necklace is related to the absurdity of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty, and I feel that I didn't try my best to stop Xuanzong, so I think of the scene when I was an official in the DPRK, and the thought of "loyalty to the monarch and patriotism" is full of the poet's mind. Although William's poets are full of lofty sentiments, they live in Kuizhou, far from the imperial court, and they are old and sick. In this life, there is no hope to go to the imperial court to solve problems for the emperor, and they have pinned their sighs and sorrows for their later years and their hard-won ambitions. The whole poem is intertwined with the coldness and desolation in late autumn, the loneliness and sadness of mood, and the decline and ruin of the country. Du Fu's illness in Cangjiang River in late autumn touched his feelings of worrying about his country. Qian's Notes on Du Shi said: "This poem records the prosperity of Chang 'an, describes its palace, and shows the grandeur and solemnity of the province, while the sadness is found in the last sentence. Zhou Zizhi said to Du Fu, "There is a saying in Shaoling that people all over the world are worried about their country. "These are all pertinent words." "Du Gongbu Stone" commented: "His feelings are Chang 'an, but his words are full and his feelings are in his heart. If you make a promise and taste it, you will miss the past and hurt the present. "the evaluation of the word' committed to hurting the present' is particularly accurate.
song 6
Qutang Xiakou Qujiang Tou, Wan Lifeng smoke meets Su Qiu.
Calyx clamped the city to control the air, and Furong Xiao Yuan entered the customs.
Pearl curtain embroidered column encircles oriole, and brocade rope tooth wall rises from Bai Ou.
Looking back at the difference between song and dance venues, Qin Zhong has been a country of emperors since ancient times.
The seventh song
Kunming Chishui Han Shigong was a target in the eyes of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.
Jathyapple weaver silk empty, autumn wind stone whale scales move.
The waves are floating, the rice is dark, and the lotus room is pink.
There are only birds in the sky, and the rivers and lakes are full of fishermen.
The eighth song
Kunwu's imperial house is winding, and the sub-grid is cloudy.
The fragrant rice pecked at the parrot's grain, and the branches of the old phoenix perched in Wu Bi.
Beauty meets Cui Chun and asks questions, while the fairy couple moves late in the same boat.
The crayons used to dry up, and the white heads sang softly. [