Appreciation Methods and Skills of China's Ancient Poems in Xiaoshengchu
0 1
Grasping poetic eyes, images and artistic conception
1. Poetry is the art of language, and the ancients paid special attention to "refining words" when writing poetry. The most vivid words in a poem or a poem are usually verbs or adjectives. For example, the word "Jian" in "Seeing Nanshan leisurely" and the word "Noisy" in "The branches of red apricots are full of spring" make poetry vivid and full of realm.
2. Image poetry is the perfect combination of the scenery written by the author and the things expressed, the objective "image" and the "emotion" and "ambition" expressed by the author through the scenery.
Images in ancient poetry are often established and have rules to follow. For example, "plum blossom" is a symbol of noble morality; "Moon" stands for homesickness; "Hongyan" is a messenger who delivers books and the like. Poets sometimes create a group of images, such as Ma Zhiyuan's Qiu Si, and create 1 1 images, and use the central image of "heartbroken man" to express Qiu Si who misses the future.
3. Artistic conception is a harmonious and broad picture of nature and life in literary works, which permeates the author's implicit and rich feelings and forms an artistic realm that can induce readers' imagination and thinking. Excellent ancient poems create artistic conception and have broad artistic space. The relationship between poetic artistic conception (scene) is often felt, moved and blended in the scene. Artistic conception features are: generous and tragic, vigorous and powerful, calm and natural, majestic and spectacular, tragic and desolate, lonely and cold, and so on. It can be seen that by grasping these key points, we can cross the language barrier, quickly touch the poet's spiritual world, enter the artistic realm of poetry and solve problems.
02
Master the basic knowledge of ancient poetry
Poetry is divided into classical poetry (also known as "ancient style") and modern poetry (also known as "metrical poetry").
Classical poetry: including all poems except Chu Ci before the appearance of modern poetry, and all poems except modern poetry after the appearance of modern poetry. "Song, line and tune" are respectively a genre of classical poetry. Such as "Bai Xuege Farewell Tian Shuji Wu Going Home" and Bai Juyi's "Pipa Trip".
Modern poetry: divided into metrical poems and quatrains. Each poem has five laws (five characters) and seven laws (seven characters). First couplet (one or two sentences), parallel couplet (three or four sentences), neck couplet (five or six sentences) and tail couplet (seven or eight sentences), parallel couplet and neck couplet must be couplets. Each quatrain has five quatrains (five characters) and seven quatrains (seven characters), and two, four, six and eight sentences rhyme. The first sentence can be played or not, and it usually rhymes in the end.
Ci is a new poetic style, which was produced in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, popular in the middle Tang Dynasty, developed in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and achieved success in the Song Dynasty. Words are also called long and short sentences (the number and length of sentences vary) and poems (developed from poems). According to the length of words, words can be divided into monotonous (also called Xiao Ling, which is generally considered to be within 58 words), midrange (generally divided into upper and lower gaps, 58-96 words) and long tone (more than 96 words, more than three gaps). Words have epigrams, and the rhythm and rhyme of each word are strictly defined.
Qu: Sanqu, which is divided into "Xiao Ling" and "Ji Shu". It is a new poetic style gradually formed in the Song and Jin Dynasties. The biggest difference between Qu and Ci is that Qu can add lines to the specified number of words, thus increasing the vividness of language and expressing thoughts and feelings more freely and flexibly.
The knowledge test of poetry covers a wide range, including poetry genre, rhyme, antithesis and so on. To master the knowledge of poetry, we should not only remember it, but also use it.
03
Grasping different poetic themes
According to the different themes of poems, ancient poems can be divided into scenery (lyric) poems, chronicle (nostalgia) poems, history (nostalgia) poems, pastoral (landscape) poems, frontier (battle) poems and so on.
Writing landscape poems: students will come into contact with them in high school, needless to say.
Nostalgia poems: works that describe and express personal feelings through specific events, such as hatred, homesickness, sadness, sense of time, etc. Such as "Farewell to Du Fu in Shu" and "Wang Chun" by Du Fu.
Poetry recitation: The poet's recitation of a historical event or historical figure has generally been integrated into the poet's unique knowledge, which is to recite with history, to recite with history, to govern history with history, and to compare history with today. For example, Tao Yuanming, Liu Yuxi and Du Mu are all poets.
Poetry about things: the main feature is to express one's ambition by supporting things. The "things" in this kind of ancient poems are mostly images with specific meanings. For example, peach blossom symbolizes beauty, peony symbolizes wealth, Huayang means autumn and so on. Different images have different connotations.
Pastoral poetry: Tao Yuanming is the pioneer of pastoral poetry, and Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasties is the originator of landscape poetry. The school of pastoral poetry was formed in the Tang Dynasty, mainly including Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Chu Guangxi and Chang Jian.
Frontier Poems: Describing frontier life and ethnic contradictions, and a series of things related to frontier fortress, which were formed in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, with Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling and Wang Zhihuan as the highest achievers.
04
Distinguish between styles and genres
"Style" refers to the poet's creative characteristics in choosing themes, shaping images and using language. For example, Tao Yuanming's poems are quiet and peaceful, Wang Wei's poems are paintings, Li Bai's poems are bold and elegant, and Du Fu's poems are depressed and frustrated.
Genre mainly refers to the genre of poetry and the genre of writing.
1. Realism and romanticism.
Realism: advocate objective observation of real life, describe reality accurately and delicately, and truly represent typical people in typical environments. Source: The Book of Songs; Representative writers: Du Fu, Bai Juyi and Lu You.
Romanticism: Good at expressing passionate pursuit of ideals, using passionate language, strange imagination, exaggeration and fairy tales to shape images. Source: Chu Ci; Representative writers: Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Li He, Gong Zizhen, etc.
2. Bold and graceful.
Bold school: magnificent, high style, bold artistic conception and intense emotion.
Representative figures: Su Shi and Xin Qiji.
Graceful school: soft style, delicate feelings, euphemistic lingering, and far-reaching charm.
Representative figures: Liu Yong, Jiang Kui, Qin Guan and Li Qingzhao.
05
Pay attention to the analysis of various expression skills.
1, such as refining words, sentences and meanings in deliberation.
The combination of reality and reality in material selection (real scene is the realistic and objective scenery described by the poet, that is, the immediate scenery and considerable scenery; Virtual scene is the scene created by the poet through feeling, association or imagination, that is, the scene in his heart and the scene that can be imagined. The combination of reality and fiction is often the basic method of artistic conception of ancient poetry.
2. Contrast in material selection: Contrast in the expression skills of ancient poetry is an expression skill relative to "positive contrast". In order to make the description of something more clear and prominent in the works, opposites and opposites are used to complement each other. It is different from "contrast", in which the relationship between two things is juxtaposed, and the result is to highlight both sides; Contrast, however, can clearly distinguish what is set off from what is set off, and highlight the one that is set off.
3. Dynamic and static combination in content: sometimes it can be understood as "dynamic and static combination" and "dynamic and static combination".
4. The foreshadowing and care of the structure: the author's casual hints in the reader make the poem structure rigorous, echoing from beginning to end and echoing the title. Structural contrast: contrast refers to a method of putting two contradictory things or two contradictory aspects of the same thing in a work. This method is suitable for highlighting the image characteristics and revealing the image meaning, and it is also easy to have a sharp and profound effect on the expression of the theme. Structural problems and suspense.
5. In terms of implication, we can borrow scenery to express our feelings, borrow things to express our aspirations, borrow ancient times to satirize the present, borrow ancient times to express our feelings, and imply, and so on.
In more cases, the artistic techniques of ancient poetry are not all single, but often comprehensive and complex. When appreciating, we should pay attention to analyzing the artistic characteristics in the specific context and the overall poetic context, and don't simply fall into the strange circle of terms and concepts. Sometimes, according to different questions and different requirements, we should make a correct judgment from the specified angle.
06
Pay attention to taste various language styles.
The examination of words in ancient poetry is often from literal interpretation to connotation interpretation, so it is very important to understand different language styles. The language style of ancient poetry is generally solemn, serious, humorous and humorous; Image, vividness and conciseness; Concise and meticulous; Implicit and clear; Sharp and peaceful; Delicate, euphemistic, generous and warm. The level of language sense largely determines the level of poetry appreciation.
1. Taste the words in the artistic conception: the words in poetry are in a unified artistic conception, and only by analyzing them in the artistic conception can we get a correct understanding. If we pay attention to the overall artistic conception of Remembering Brothers on a Moonlit Night, we can correctly understand how bright the moonlight is at home! I feel homesick and the moon in my hometown is brighter.
2. We should grasp the special grammatical phenomenon: in order to conform to the laws of poetry, variant sentences often appear. For example, "the bamboo language laundry woman returns, and the lotus leaf bends before the fishing boat." In poetry, we should also pay attention to the flexible use of parts of speech, such as "green" in "Spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan".
07
Pay attention to distinguish between various rhetorical devices.
In ancient poetry, the author often uses various rhetorical devices to enrich images.
1, metaphor: the most commonly used skill. You can also write the same thing with different metaphors. For example, Li Yu's "Like water flowing eastward" is written as "like water flowing eastward" and "with many worries and endless sources".
2. Synaesthesia: Communication of vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch, such as Lin Bu's "Dim fragrance floating in the moonlight at dusk", using visual "darkness" to write the smell "fragrance", highlighting the characteristics of plum fragrance.
3. Metonymy: for example, replace "boat" with "sail" and "doors" with "house of dignitaries".
4. Intertextuality: In a coherent text, the words that should be included together are arranged in the upper and lower sentences or the upper and lower paragraphs of a sentence, which saves words and expresses meaning. For example, Bai Juyi's "My master has dismounted and my guest has boarded the boat" actually said: "The master disembarked and the guest disembarked".
5. Question: For example, Li Yu's "How many worries can there be, just like a river flowing eastward".
6, exaggeration: such as Xin Qiji's "Dongfeng night flowers thousands of trees, and blows down, the stars are like rain."
Rhetoric commonly used in ancient poetry also includes personification, questioning and repetition, which need our attention.
08
Pay attention to the topic of poetry
The topic of poetry is very important, which often reveals important clues. For example, the topic of the exam is "appointment". The author has an appointment with someone, but the other person has not come for a long time. The environment is full of "frogs". Why not come? It highlights the author's anxiety about waiting.
09
Pay attention to the examination questions.
After appreciating ancient poems, there are often some notes, and the existing content in the title of filling in the form is actually an example. The content of the prompt is to give humanistic care to the candidates' answers, and paying attention to these aspects is conducive to solving the problem.
10
Pay attention to the application of association and imagination
Poetry appreciation is a kind of re-creation. The main ways of re-creation are association and imagination. For example, in Wang Jia's "After Rain Clears Up", the author did not describe the scenery of the courtyard next door, but wrote the real scene of "bees and butterflies climbing over the wall". If candidates hold on to this poem, they will think of the beautiful spring scenery next door through the fog of meaning, so that even passers-by will stop and watch, not to mention bees and butterflies!
The problem-solving skills of China's ancient poetry appreciation in Xiaoshengchu
Analyze image types
1. Question format:
(1) What kind of image has this poem created?
(2) What are the image features in this poem?
⑶ What kind of emotion does the poet express through the image-building in his poems?
2. Answer analysis:
Image (image):
A, people (characters or lyric heroes shaped in poetry);
B, things (objects in poems or miscellaneous poems);
C. Scenery (scene when writing landscape poems or miscellaneous poems)
(1) Know how to combine images into artistic conception, which highlights images.
⑵ Images contain the poet's thoughts and feelings.
⑶ To analyze the image of poetry, we should identify its nature according to the specific images and pictures described in poetry, and summarize the symbolic and social significance of poetry on the basis of reading poetry.
3. Answer steps:
(1) Summarize what image has been created.
⑵ Analyze the image characteristics by combining the poetry content or expression skills.
(3) Reveal the meaning of image expression (emotion, ideal, pursuit, personality, etc. ).
? Example of answer:
Zaomei
Wowkie Zhang
A tree with cold plum and white jade belt is near the village road and creek bridge.
I don't know if it started spraying soon, but I suspect it hasn't disappeared after the winter snow.
Q: How do poets show their self-image through plum blossoms?
A:
(Step 1) This poem shows the image of Chu Mei rising in the cold wind.
(2) The word "cold" points to the harsh living conditions of Mei tomorrow morning; The word "Jiong" shows the loneliness of Zaomei; The metaphor of "white jade stripes" and the illusion that plums are snow clearly show the quality of early plums.
(Step 3) The author takes Mei as a metaphor, showing a lonely, arrogant, tenacious and extraordinary self-image.
Analysis of artistic conception types
1. Question method:
(1) What kind of artistic conception does this poem create? What thoughts and feelings did the poet express?
(2) What kind of picture does this poem depict? What thoughts and feelings did the poet express?
(3) What kind of scenery are described in some poems? What kind of feelings did the poet express?
2. Answer analysis:
This is one of the most common problems. The so-called artistic conception refers to the imaginary realm created by the combination of objects (that is, images) that entrust the poet's feelings. Including scenery, emotion and environment. Three aspects are indispensable when answering questions.
3. Answer steps:
(1) Describe the picture shown in the poem.
We should grasp the main scenery in the poem and reproduce the picture in our own language. When describing, one should be faithful to the original poem, the other should be recreated with one's own association and imagination, and the language should be beautiful.
⑵ Summarize the characteristics of scenery creating atmosphere.
Generally, two disyllabic words can be used, such as loneliness and cold, tranquility and beauty, vigor and grandeur, bleakness and desolation, brightness and beauty, tranquility and profundity. , and should pay attention to accurately reflect the characteristics and emotional appeal of the scene.
⑶ Analyze the thoughts and feelings expressed by the author.
Don't be empty, but give specific answers. For example, it is not enough to answer "expressing the author's sentimental feelings", but also to answer "sentimental" why.
? Example of answer:
Two quatrains (Part I)
Du Fu
Jiangshan bathed in spring, how beautiful, flowers send flowers.
Swallows are busy nesting in wet mud and sleeping in pairs on the warm beach.
Note: This poem was written by the poet when he temporarily lived in Chengdu Caotang after "four tours at one year old".
Q: What kind of scenery does this poem depict? What kind of feelings did the poet express? Please analyze it briefly.
A:
(Step 1) This poem depicts a beautiful scene of early spring: the spring is bright, the fields are green, the river reflects the sunshine, the spring breeze brings the fragrance of flowers and plants, the soil melts into the soil, the swallows are busy building their nests with the soil, the sun is bright, the beach is warm, and Yuanyang is still sleeping on the sandbar.
(Step 2) This is a beautiful spring.
The third step shows the poet's happy and carefree state of mind after running around and living a stable life.
Analysis skill type
1. Question method:
(1) What expressive techniques (expressive techniques, artistic techniques, artistic techniques) are used in this poem?
⑵ Please analyze the expressive techniques (artistic techniques and expressive skills) of this poem.
(3) How do poets express their feelings? What's the effect?
(4) What are the characteristics of this poem (poem) in writing scenery (lyrical, describing characters /XXX)?
2. Answer analysis:
This kind of question focuses on the artistic expression characteristics of poetry as a whole, and should be answered mainly from the aspects of the overall conception and artistic skills of poetry.
3. Answer steps:
(1) Ming technique: point out exactly what technique was used.
⑵ Explain the reason: explain why this technique is used in combination with the poem.
⑶ Functional analysis: How can this technique effectively convey the poet's feelings?
? Example of answer:
Go early
the Chen Dynasty
Dewdrops invaded the camel's brown, Han Xiao was bright, and the stars were dry and bright.
Lonely bridges and dreams, grass insects in the depths of rice fields are singing.
Q: What is the main expression of this poem? What's the effect?
A:
(Step 1) Mainly use the method of comparison.
(the second step) the sky is not bright, and the stars are vertical and horizontal, especially bright, which sets off the darkness of the night; The sound of grass insects reflects the silence of the environment.
(Step 3) The contrast between them highlights the loneliness brought by the poet's early travel and inner wandering.
Analysis of feature types of languages
1. Question method:
(1) What are the linguistic features of this poem?
Please analyze the language style of this poem.
⑶ Talk about the language art of this poem.
2. Answer analysis:
This type of question is not a skill to figure out the usage of a single word, but the language style of the whole poem (word). The common mistake is to try to figure out the author's refined words and words from the use of language, and explain the cleverness of words. It should be noted that the characteristics of language cannot be equated with the use of language.
The words used to answer questions generally include: fresh and natural, bright and fresh, simple and natural, unpretentious, bright and simple, bright and straightforward, easy to understand, fluent and natural, easy to understand, gorgeous and gorgeous, gorgeous and gorgeous, profound and meaningful, euphemistic and implicit, subtle and deep, bold and unrestrained, graceful and restrained in style, touching and sad, gentle and sad, harmonious and concise.
3. Answer steps:
(1) Identifying features: accurately identifying language features with one or two words.
⑵ List examples: analyze this feature with relevant sentences in the poem.
⑶ Analysis: Point out how the author's feelings are expressed.
? Example of answer:
Heartbroken in spring
Get rid of the oriole, get rid of all the music on the tree.
They woke her up when she dreamed that she went to meet him in Liaoxi camp.
Q: Please analyze the linguistic features of this poem.
A:
The language features of this poem are fresh, natural and colloquial.
(Step 2) "Yellow" is a children's voice, which shows the innocence of women. "They woke her up when she was dreaming, saying that she went to the camp in western Liaoning to meet him there." In simple language, the oriole was beaten because it disturbed her dream of missing her husband.
(Step 3) This naturally shows a woman's longing for her husband.
Exquisite font
1. Question method:
(1) What is the most vivid word in this couplet? Why?
There is a saying that has always been praised. What do you think of it?
⑶ Find a word that best reflects the poet's feelings from a poem and make a concrete analysis.
(4) What is the function of words in expression? Please analyze it in detail.
Do you think there is a word in the poem that is well written? Why?
A sentence in the poem is well used. Do you agree with this statement? Why?
Once a word in a poem is replaced by a word, which do you think is better? Try to analyze it.
⑻: There are several ways to say a word in a sentence of this poem, which one do you think is better? Why?
The center of this poem (a sentence) is a word. Try to analyze it.
2. Answer analysis:
The ancients paid attention to the refinement of words in poetry, that is, they asked to taste the beauty of these refinement words. When answering questions, we should not talk about this word in isolation, but put it in a sentence and analyze it with the artistic conception and emotion of the whole poem. Terms commonly used in organizing answers: profound, implicit, prominent, vivid, vivid and so on.
The angle of word extraction: verbs, adjectives (overlapping use, flexible use as verbs, indicating colors), numerals and function words.
3. Answer steps:
(1) Interpretation: Explain the meaning of a word in a sentence.
⑵ Describe the scene: expand the association and put this word in the original sentence to describe the scene.
⑶ The role of the topic: What kind of artistic conception is highlighted by the topic, or what kind of feelings are expressed.
? Example of answer:
Nanpubie
Bai Juyi
In the bleak drudgery of Nanpu, the autumn wind is bleak.
Turn back immediately, my heart is broken, so I can leave and don't look back.
Q: According to the predecessors, the word "Kan" seems ordinary, but in fact it is very vivid and can truly reveal the image of the lyric hero. Do you agree with this statement? Why?
A: I agree.
Look, in the poem, it means to look back.
(Step 2) I leave people behind and often look back. Every time I look back, I feel deeply grieved. This word makes us seem to see the tearful eyes of the lyric hero, but we want to see them but dare not.
(Step 3) Just the word "look" vividly shows the sadness of parting.
Analytical concept (structural thinking) type
1. Question method:
(1) How was this poem conceived?
Please analyze the ingenious conception of this poem.
2. Answer analysis:
Poetry is thoughtful and there is a close relationship between a poem and a sentence. Then, to analyze the structure of poetry, we must grasp the relationship between poems. Some poems write scenery first and then express feelings, others write scenery first and then express feelings, and there are also theories of bedding, transition, contrast and transition.
3. Answer steps:
(1) Summarize the content of the poem.
(2) Reveal the relationship between poems.
(3) Point out what thoughts and feelings this idea conveys.
? Example of answer:
Fang Shan Shi Chun
Cen Can
There are crows flying in Liangyuan at dusk, and there are three or two families in the order.
I don't know how many people will go, but old flowers are coming.
Please analyze the beauty of this poem.
answer
(Step 1) Write a sentence or two about the prosperity of Liangyuan. Looking up at the crows flying in the sky, looking at a depression; Three or four sentences use "old bloom" to compare the fact that people go to parks now.
(Step 2) In this way, the first and second sentences set off a bleak atmosphere and laid the emotional tone for the whole poem, and the third and fourth sentences expressed their feelings and showed the main idea on this basis.