I. Introduction to posthumous title:
Posthumous title, a monarch, governor, minister and empress in ancient East Asia (including China, Korea, Vietnam and Japan), was evaluated according to his life story and moral cultivation after his death, and was given the title of good intention and judgment. In addition, some neighboring countries influenced by China culture also used posthumous title, but not every ancient East Asian country used it.
According to the study of inscriptions on bronze in the Western Zhou Dynasty, as late as Zhou Muwang, there are many ways to posthumously confer titles on the deceased with higher status or status. In ancient times, besides calling the emperor "posthumous title", calling ministers, scholars and celebrities "posthumous title" was also a kind of honorific title. Some people's posthumous title, such as Ceng Wenzheng (Zeng Guofan), Yue Wumu (Yue Fei) and Tao Jingjie (Tao Yuanming), has almost become their aliases because it is often called by later generations.
In the later period, the power of entrustment to the deceased was highly concentrated in the hands of the emperor, relying on the "imperial decree." The emperor's posthumous title was generally announced by the succeeding emperor with the consent of the etiquette officer, and the courtiers' posthumous title was given by the court.
Second, the relevant provisions of posthumous title:
1, grade introduction
There are strict differences between emperors and their officials. Before the Sui Dynasty, the emperor's posthumous title was one or two words, such as Liu Ying and Hui Di in the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Heng, Liu Qi and Jingdi in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Liu Xiuzhen, Guangwu Emperor in the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, since the Tang Dynasty, the number of posthumous title Ci by the emperor has gradually increased. For example, in the 13th year of Tianbao, Xuanzong Li Longji decided to change the first emperor's posthumous title into seven characters, such as Li Yuan's "Emperor Yao, Great Sage, Great Light" and Li Shimin's "Emperor, Great Sage, Great Light". The posthumous title of emperors after the Tang Dynasty was generally too long. Among them, Nurhachi and posthumous title, the Qing Taizu who was crowned as the top scholar, are as long as 25 words, "Cheng Guangyun, Shengde, Shen Gong, Evonne, Li Ji, Ren Xiaorui, Wu Duan, Qin Yi, Hong Wen and Emperor Ye Ding".
The words used in Destiny are specific and standardized, so we can't use words at will, and we can't interpret words at will.
Starting from the earliest classic document "Yi Zhou Shu Xie Fa Jie", there are more than 100 Xie Fa in the past dynasties, with about 400 words recorded, each of which has a special meaning.
For example, respecting the virtuous, respecting things, saying "public", acting purely, and not saying "Ding".
Don't say "Germany" when arguing, but say "Xiang" when the armor is tired.
An Min said "success" and Bude said "admiration", both of which are good words.
The name is indifferent, saying "fallacy" is not good, saying "crime"
Gu Wei called it "ugly" in his words and "boastful" in his words.
Being good at internal affairs, saying that "Yang" goes against the sky and abuses the people, and saying "resistance" all contain derogatory meanings.
Peace of mind, peace of mind, about "Yi", as the end of "Jing"
A Textual Research on "Hu" and "Kang" of "Happy Year"
Well-intentioned people are simply "intimate" and "worry" when they encounter national difficulties.
In short, fleas and koo say "mourning", but they are afraid to say "mourning" in the same place.
The above words do not contain praise or criticism, but only indicate the situation.
Generally speaking, every word has several meanings, not just one word.
2. The Minister's posthumous title.
Compared with the emperor, posthumous title, a vassal, is more concise, or a word or two, and his choice of words is also limited to a certain range. Posthumous title, a famous minister in Ming and Qing Dynasties, is defined as two words with strict norms. According to Ming Hui Dian, posthumous title's first word was Wen, and the highest level was "",followed by "".
Similarly, with the word "Wu", posthumous title is composed of Ning, Yi, Min, Hui, Xiang, Shun, Su, Jing and Zhong ... posthumous title's words are Wen, Wu, Ding, Lie, Jane, Su, Yi and Jing in turn ... In this way, posthumous title not only has concrete examples, for example, Zhang Zhi, an important official in the late Qing Dynasty. When he learned that Zeng Guofan was awarded "Zheng Wen" after his death, he was greatly wronged and said angrily, "If Zeng Guofan was born, he could also praise Zheng Wen. What should I do? " It's a pity that he came last, but only got "Wen Xiang", not only far less than Zeng Guofan's "Zheng Wen", but also ten steps lower than Li Hongzhang's "Wenzhong".
2、
The meaning of folding posthumous title
The so-called posthumous title is to make a general evaluation of a person's life in one or two words, which is a conclusion. There are three kinds of praise, three kinds of pity and three kinds of contempt.
Beauty is like words, and Wu, Ming, Rui, Kang, Jing, Zhuang, Xuan and Yi are all good words.
Evil, such as arrogance, spirit and jealousy, all contain negative meanings;
Peace, sorrow, sorrow, sorrow, sorrow, a little sympathy;
In addition, posthumous title of Sun Quan is a "great emperor", which is quite special.
Because the obituary was a criticism of the dead, it was a disgusting thing in ancient times. Therefore, the Northern Song Dynasty made a rule: there is no evil obituary, only beautiful obituary and fair obituary.
The number of words in posthumous title
Posthumous title's word count, starting from one word, has developed into many words, which has become a pile of commendatory words. In the case of one word or several words, people usually call the emperor posthumous title, such as Yang Di.
However, since Wu Zetian, the precedent of the emperor's superposition of swearing words before his death was his own. Its essence has changed from objective judgment to blind flattery, and the increase of words is the development of flattery. In the Tang Dynasty, the dead emperor was called posthumous title for short. Posthumous title, emperor of the Ming Dynasty, has sixteen characters. Posthumous title, emperor of the Qing Dynasty, has 22 characters. So many words, of course, can't be called by their first names, only used in specific occasions.
Interpretation of Yizhoushu
D, Tai, inherited, made great contributions, and was finally buried. This is the posthumous system. Then describe the funeral ceremony. People who make mistakes are also traces of their actions. No, so is the merit list. Car clothes, job badge. So the big line is famous, the small line is famous, the line is out of itself, and the name is born in people.
Man cannot be called God. No fame, no kindness.
Jingmin is the law of the emperor. Jing 'an
Virtue is like heaven and earth. Just like heaven and earth.
Different people have different opinions. People will go back in time.
Determined to be open. Selfless also.
We should wait in all directions. It should be implemented in all directions.
Reward the celebration and punish the king. You can do four things.
From this, you are a group of people. People follow it.
Praise the good and give the simple and sacred. What is life? What is good is true, and what is paid is simple.
It is sacred to respect guests with courtesy and to respect guests with courtesy. Thicker than ceremony.
Looking around, it's bright. It's lit up
If you can't sue, it's clean. If you recite it backwards, it won't work.
Jingwei, Tiandi, Wen Yue. The way to be it.
Morality is widely read and written. Know everything.
Learn to be diligent and ask questions. Don't be embarrassed to ask.
Kindness and love for the people. Yi Hui Cheng Zheng.
The people pay tribute to the words. Be courteous.
Give the people a title. Rise with ...
The scholar is soft and gentle, and speaks virtue. Let the people live in peace and let the people live in peace.
Don't fight for morality by exhortation. Don't refuse threats.
Just stiff and rational, talking about martial arts. Just want nothing, be strong and unyielding. Be loyal and forgiving, and be upright.
Threaten the enemy with strength and fight with strength. Take morality as the enemy.
Determine that the disaster is military. Recruited by soldiers, so you can decide.
Punish the people and win the battle. Laws can make people obey.
Be ambitious and poor, and go forward bravely. If you are ambitious, you will become extremely poor.
An Min established a government and said "success". Political stability.
The origin of the cycle is healthy. Sex is unscrupulous.
Gentle and happy. Harvest, diligent in civil affairs.
Happiness soothes people and says health. There is no danger in four directions.
People are happy and healthy. Teach if you have money.
Bude is righteous, saying "Mu". Therefore, Jiang Mumu.
I feel sad when I see my face. Sexual exposure.
Gong Zhao. There are instruments to be like, and the line is beautiful.
Zhao De said Zhao happily. Can be humble.
The sage heard of Zhao. Eucharist.
It is better to cure without healing. There is no disaster.
Deacons have a system of making peace. Not arbitrary.
Bu Gangzhi Ji Yueping. Political affairs of history.
Help the scenery from righteousness. Made of righteousness.
Imagine the scenery. Jane, Qiang Ye.
Buyi line only talks about scenery. Do the right thing.
Innocent chastity is called chastity. Act innocently and stick to your ambition.
Worrying about grams is chastity. You can worry about what's wrong
Don't hide or bend. Calm and selfless.
It's far to wear earth clothes. Forced positive decision.
Jing Ke moved people to say "Huan". Respect it.
Break ground for the country. It is also the reason why people are exposed to the soil.
Can think and debate. Otherwise, let everyone have their own time.
Righteousness means that the people say Yuan. People say what they mean.
The founding capital is the Japanese dollar. If you are not good, why did you start?
The theory of virtue is called Yuan. Value righteousness and govern the country by virtue.
Zhou Wenxuan wins the mountain on the moon. Smell, just smell good things.
The soldiers are eager to be called Zhuang. The number of signatures is strict.
Baa, beat Yuezhuang. Cross the border and enable the service.
Defeat the enemy, Zhiqiang, say Zhuang. If you don't shave, you win.
Died in Yuezhuang, vilen. Why did Yan die?
Repeatedly conquering Yuezhuang. Be strict with it.
If you are brave, you won't say Zhuang. Kung fu is not good.
Be gentle and kind to people. Know its nature.
Love for the people is good, it is good. With the meaning of giving.
Night vigilance is respectful. Respect your body and think about it.
Combine kindness with law and respect. How can you be disrespectful?
Gondek said "Sue". Let it end its respect.
Calm down and make a decision. Strict word fruit.
Don't give birth to a country. Born in a foreign family.
Love the people is easy to govern and easy to wear. Good people rule.
You can't wear ceremonies. There is nothing wrong.
It is a shame to have a short rest at home. Unmarried, unmarried.
Short fold is not sorrow. Know death.
Hidden strokes cannot be said to be hidden. Don't change its nature by hiding it.
If you don't show your body, the country will be hidden. Give priority to leisure.
Seeing beauty is strong and long, but it is hidden. More beautiful than its order.
An official should know the truth. A capable person.
Four lines of labor sacrifice yue funeral. Don't worry about being immoral, but don't talk about morality.
Died young in the middle of the year. Time does not represent ambition.
Fear mourns from everywhere. Judging from this place, these words are dangerous.
There is no valley in a fierce year. Don't plow the crops.
From the outside to the inside, it's a mess. When the family dies, the official dies.
Happiness and laziness are a waste. Addicted to vocal music, lazy in politics.
I'm worried about my country. Still how much mourning.
In the country, I am eager to see bones. The problem of soldiers and robbers.
Trouble is called sadness. A country without a government is always in chaos.
Make the people sad. Abuse of power and thieves.
Really generous. Use your heart and observe less.
Morality should be in harmony with Mo. It is its virtue, and it should be reconciled.
Qin Shi is very selfless. Selflessness and righteousness.
If you think about the fruit, you will see it from a distance. Self-employment is more than specialization.
Giving is not just love. Greedy words.
In danger, I offer my loyalty. It's hard to take risks.
Ke went to Wei. Be brave and sensitive.
Gram is called Wei. Although Wei is not disobedient.
The more you teach, the longer you learn. And Taoism.
Zhao Min's line is straight. You can do it quickly, but you can't go deep.
Alienate the right of inheritance. Not his brother.
Holidays are so cheap. Conquer one's desires.
Change the past days. Things have changed.
Love for the people is a punishment. Political rule and legal rule.
Slag removal and soup abuse.
A virtue, perseverance and simplicity. No compromise.
Simple and easy. Don't believe this.
Respecting the virtuous and the righteous means respecting. Respect the wise and spoil the righteous.
Respect for things is a kind of respect. Sacrifice also.
Respect the virtuous and emphasize the road. Respect morality, let work.
Can be exchanged for respect. Speak for yourself.
Deacons are firm and respectful. Stay upright.
Love and respect the people. Shunchang took over from his younger brother.
Hold a ceremony to honor the guests. Welcome guests.
The absence of pyrene relatives is even more respectful. Xiu De covered it up.
Respect good people, and let good people respect you. Don't be selfish, push others.
I noticed that he was going to say Qin. The power is awesome, so is the instrument.
Think of quiet people and decide. Think about trees.
If you are unhappy, decide for yourself. It doesn't hurt to do it.
An Min is very worried about this. In order to worry about the people.
Angola's civil law existed in ancient times. Don't lose the old meaning.
Land reclamation is good. Take this as a righteousness.
Armor is helpful. Urgently conquer.
Be careful, lest you be jealous. Think about what you should avoid.
The quality is deeply protested. Deep, so I can bear it. (This work, Historical Records, was written by Li, but now it is simplified to Li. It is still involved in ancient Chinese)
Repay the fine. Quit at a loss.
Gentle, virtuous and kind. Sex is pure and beautiful.
The mind can control justice. Get things done.
A wise man is a wise man. The wisdom of attention.
There is a sacred sacrifice to know the quality. Be reasonable and don't hide.
Five cases of peace are called filial piety. The fifth sect.
Kindly love your loved ones and be filial to your parents. Zhou loves his relatives.
Abide by virtue and never return to filial piety. Observe morality without violating it.
Zhao is very filial. Collaboration has begun.
Steady people's hearts and overcome difficulties. Self-discipline
Zhi Jie * * * is fine. With the help of capital, * * * becomes.
Zhen heart fear yue hectares. Zhen Jing.
Min is respectful and cautious. Be cautious and respectful when you are ill.
Jing Yue meat in peace. Live in peace with everyone.
Self-respect, say fine. Be respectful and honest, and talk less.
Soft music will eventually calm you down. Be generous and happy, and be kind to yourself.
Wade just said, "I'm scared." Beware of chaos.
Rice year hand-baked moon lake. Jiuya.
Bao Min, Aiyue Lake. Sixty is the word "chun" and seventy is the word "sorrow".
It's too late to make amends. Diligence makes up for it.
Violent conflict with Congo. Less fierce and more lenient. Fruit, dare to do it.
Strong fruit flavor. Not just strong.
Strong righteousness is right and powerful. Asking is innocent.
Management code won't kill Qi Yue. Perseverance.
Festive research that has attracted much attention. Make a promise.
Manage the people and do your best. There is no grace in the gram.
A beautiful and indisputable peace. There was little rest at birth.
Moral purity means thinking. Tao is great, and virtue is one.
Big provinces are full of people's thoughts. Get close to people without killing them.
Think outside and inside. Speak for goodness.
Look before you leap. Think and change.
See you at home and abroad. Be what you look like.
The ancient description is now called fame. Say what you want to say.
Zhao Gong Ning Min Shang Yue. Meritorious person.
G kill Bing Zheng yue yi. Responsible, Ren Xian.
Peace of mind is so quiet. Unpleasant politics
Advocating righteousness and promoting goodness and saying "Huai". Call someone.
Good heart and short pregnancy. The short one is not sixty, but thirty.
You can't say what you mean. Can't justify it.
People with peaceful merits are more fierce. Make meritorious deeds with martial arts.
Sticking to morality and respecting industry are getting worse.
Sticky cutting wings. So is the cutting work.
Think deeply, say wings. Be careful.
Chastity on the outside is white. Positive and complex, the end begins with one.
You will be famous if you don't work hard. Of course, I can't see the sage Si Qi.
When you die, you will become a soul. Ambition is not life.
You can speak spiritually when you see God die. If there is a ghost, don't do it.
Chaos does not harm the spirit. You can't treat injuries and chaos.
Good sacrifice to ghosts and gods. Blasphemy is not far off.
I know a lot about ghosts and gods. Its intelligence is very clever.
Killing innocent people is getting worse.
It's hard to get over the thorns. Remonstration is remonstrated, remonstrated is remonstrated.
Don't forget to sting. Forget the people who love themselves.
The flea is lonely and short, and it is sad. Early unknown personnel.
Public mourning is short. Respect for benevolence and righteousness has contributed a lot.
People are fickle and impatient. Computational migration.
Don't regret. Know without changing.
Arrogance is ugly. Do whatever you want.
You can't help but say that you are quiet. Weak injury is not ling.
The lonely anchorage of fleas is called seclusion. Die on the throne.
The chaos of moving sacrifices often calls for seclusion. Yi Shen's class.
Soft quality counsels wisdom. Gain the trust of others.
The name is not nice, but the quality. If it is not good, it corresponds.
Good temperature, good fun. He is very talkative. Coke.
Kindness and obedience. Can make everyone submit to their kindness.
You can learn more about the Constitution. Although versatile, it is not the way.
Ambitious, poor and confused. Self-sufficient people will not be confused.
The more unhappy, the thicker. You think it's good.
It is good to be polite at home and abroad. Friends commit adultery at home and don't give gifts.
Go to the ceremony and say goodbye to everyone. No ceremony, no parents.
Foreign guests at home and abroad dress appropriately. Be upright.
Zhang Yi covered Jian Yue. Clear meaning covers up the past.
There is no truth in Chinese. Celebrate your birthday.
Go against the sky and abuse the people Respect for the great is not right.
Fame and reality are beautiful. Words are beautiful, but actually they hurt.
Choose the good one and compare with it. For example, follow the good ones.
The party that hides mourning, Jason Wu's party, is also committed to literature. In addition to martial arts, the style of work is Tao, and the service is far away. Hard work, soft work, shoes for Zhuang work. If you do something, you don't declare it. If you don't have Ned, you'll be flat. If you lose your will and don't turn, you will know, and the rest will be the same as you. Moreover, it will; Diligence, labor is also. Follow, follow; Cool, painful; Zhao, beginning also; Hey, rule also; Kang, An also; Yes, I know. Enjoy, worship; Hu, big also; Service, defeat also. Grasp, shun also; Just, will also; Cold, too; Tin, and also; Code, often also; Hey, let go; Oh, insufficient; Saint also; Hui, love also; Sui, An also; Strong and long; Qiang, strong also; Test, into also; Weeks, even; Huai, thinking also; Type, method also; Cloth, giving also; Sensitive person, sick; Jie Li, Ke Ye; Load, things also; Mi, also.
3. posthumous title Rules
Posthumous title usually uses one word for reference books, but two or three words are also useful. Use one word, such as: Qin Mugong, Jin Wengong; Use two or three words, such as Wei, Zhao and Gong.
After Qin Shihuang unified China, he agreed to take the title of "Emperor" as the supreme ruler. At the same time, because the decision of "posthumous title" would lead to the situation that "the son discussed the father and the minister discussed the monarch", the funeral law was abolished. Ying Zheng claimed to be the first emperor, and there were several descendants, such as II and III.
By the Han Dynasty, the funeral ceremony system was restored and the funeral ceremony system became more and more strict. The imperial court formally established the post of "Da Honglian" to manage the funeral ceremony of princes and princes. After the Han Dynasty, posthumous title was mostly composed of two Chinese characters: the full name of Emperor posthumous title of China was Emperor Xiaowen, and posthumous title of Xiao He was Hou.
The Tang and Song Dynasties are the development period of funeral etiquette. On the one hand, funeral ceremony became a tool for feudal emperors' glory and vanity, and at the same time, it also became a means to control ministers' praise and criticism. Starting from Empress Wu Zetian, she broke the old example of Emperor posthumous title with the word "123". As the Empress Dowager, she called her husband Tang Gaozong Li Zhi "the emperor among emperors", reaching four words. After Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor, he set a precedent for the emperor to respect four generations of ancestors, and even set a precedent for the emperor to praise the beauty of honorific words before he died. Some emperors can be worshipped several times when they are alive. For example, in the 27th year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 739), he was honored as "SHEN WOO, a literary student in Kaiyuan". The accumulation of honorifics also influenced the accumulation of posthumous title. Since Tang Gaozong, most emperors' posthumous title has more than four words.
The queen's honorific title is the national emblem.
For example, the Tongzhi emperor of the Qing Dynasty honored his mother Nora as the "Queen Mother" and the emblem as "Cixi". Badges can also be accumulated in celebrations. At the end of Nora's emblem, there are as many as 16 words, "Cixi Duankang Zhao Yi Royal Village Cheng Shougong is a relative of xian Chong Xi", and her posthumous title is a 23-word "Qin Xiao Cixi Duankang Zhao Yi Royal Village Cheng Shougong is a relative of Xian Chong Xi and Tianxing Sage Empress" (see Cixi's article). Posthumous title, the Song Emperor, was more beautiful than the Tang Dynasty, and he also wrote the word "posthumous title" for ministers. It is worth mentioning that Song Taizu, the minister of the Song Dynasty, was proud of the word "Wen" because he emphasized the martial arts. At the end of the Song Dynasty, there were more than 40 people in posthumous title who were/kloc-0, and only 20 people were "martial".
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the contents of funeral ceremonies were basically fixed. First, the number of posthumous title words of people at all levels is fixed.
The characters of posthumous title, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, were 17 or 2 1 (Ming Taizu), 1 for the prince, 2 for the county king and 2 for the minister, for example.
Posthumous title, the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, was from Qi Dao Gao Chunren to Emperor Xiaowen.
The obituary of the Qing emperor is 2 1 (Emperor Guangxu) or 23 or 25 (Nurhachi), the prince of Heshuo is 1, and the minister is 2, for example.
Emperor Kangxi's posthumous title was: He, Yun, Rui Zhe, Diligence, Diligence, Glory, Integrity, Neutrality and Virtue, and the emperor achieved great success.
Emperor Xianfeng's posthumous title was: Xie, the leader of the Central Committee, boasting Mao Qiude and Zhen Wu Yuan, and Gong Duanren was the emperor of Kuanjian County.
Emperor Qianlong's posthumous title is: Fatian Longyun is the pure emperor of the filial piety of Fenwu.
Prince Gong's single-minded posthumous title is: loyalty.
Bao Qingtian's posthumous title is: filial piety (Song Renzong gave him posthumous title after Bao Gong's death to evaluate and affirm Bao Gong's loyalty and filial piety. )
Posthumous title, the minister of the Qing Dynasty, stipulated that after the death of Yipin Minister, the emperor was asked to decide whether to award it to posthumous title. Officials below the first level will not be posthumously appointed unless there are special instructions. Only those who have been to the Imperial Academy or have been awarded a bachelor's degree by posthumous title use the word "Wen". In posthumous title, the word "Wen" is the rarest. There are only special decrees, not ministers; Only eight people (such as Zeng Guofan) were awarded "Zheng Wen" in the Qing Dynasty for more than 200 years. There are posthumous title in Zheng Wen: Wen Zhong (such as Li Hongzhang), only about ten people in the Qing Dynasty won this posthumous title; Then there are "Wen Xiang" (only those who have achieved martial arts, such as Zuo), Wen Gong, Wen Cheng and so on.