1. The Confucianism embodied in the Grand View Garden
In "A Dream of Red Mansions", the Grand View Garden was originally built by the feudal nobles to welcome the noble concubines of the highest rulers
As a novelist, when Cao Xueqin created the Grand View Garden, he naturally had to inject the content of Confucianism
the feudal orthodox thought and culture into it; on the other hand, Grand View
p>The garden is the external manifestation of Cao Xueqin's inner value system. As a gardener
Cao Xueqin naturally wants to express the Confucian thought
part of his value system. . Therefore, Confucianism influenced the purpose and significance of the construction of the Grand View Garden, and thus its overall layout.
In "The Examination Questions in the Grand View Garden", Jia Zheng leads a group of Qing guests
When Xianggong and Baoyu visited the Grand View Garden, he revealed his love for nature
< p>Love of landscapes and yearning for a life of seclusion. Arriving at the Xiaoxiang Pavilion, Jia Zheng sighed that studying here on a moonlit night would be a life in vain. After entering Daoxiang Village, he felt the intention of "returning to farming" and ordered Jia Zhen to make a wine table and place it on the treetops with bamboo poles, which showed his love for the natural wilderness.Interesting love. When he entered Maotang and saw "paper windows and wooden couches, the atmosphere of wealth and honor was all washed away", he suddenly felt peaceful and happy in his heart. As a defender of the feudal
system, Jia Zheng's love for these forest and spring scenery was nothing more than
a little spiritual comfort and emotion when he was deeply feeling the turmoil of the officialdom
It's just a transfer of emotions, so when Jia Baoyu actually thought that Daoxiang Village was cut through
to be unnatural, unnatural, and incompatible with other landscapes, Jia Zheng
became furious. He believes that Baoyu is greedy for glory, wealth and enjoyment.
"In the end, it is the fault of not studying." The setting up of Daoxiang Village is to show that
Jia Mansion is a country that does not forget its roots and enjoys happiness with the people. In Jia Zheng's view, Baoyu's idea is contrary to the Confucian ideas of "contributing to the world" and "taking agriculture as the foundation".
"Etiquette" is an important part of Confucianism, which requires
to follow the ethical standard and pay attention to the ethics of "ordering the elders and the younger, and distinguishing between superior and inferior"
Morality, in a strict hierarchical class society, this ethical standard and distinction are reflected in all aspects of social life, and garden architecture is no exception. The construction of classical Chinese gardens must strictly follow the etiquette system and pay special attention to order and distinction. Royal gardens must have the style of royal gardens and private gardens must have the restraint of private gardens. . The Grand View Garden is a separate courtyard built to welcome the return of Yuan Chun to the province. It far exceeds the layout and scale of ordinary private gardens and has the grandeur of a royal garden.
From the perspective of the overall layout, "the mountains and rivers stretch across thousands of miles, and the towers rise five
in the clouds. The garden is decorated with the sun and moon shining, and the scenery captures the merits of creation." Judging from the specific structure, the Grand View Garden is built with mountains and rivers. The mountains include the main mountain, hills and hillsides, the water has main streams and tributaries, and the houses have All buildings, including the main hall and side buildings, are divided into host and guest; the garden has flowers, trees, pavilions, ponds and lakes; there are pear blossoms and rain in spring, and there are pear blossoms and rain in summer.
The lotus smells fragrant, there is a bright moon and clear waves in autumn, and there is white snow and red plum blossoms in winter. It is a scenery that can be enjoyed in all four seasons
. But after all, the Grand View Garden was just a provincial residence built to welcome one of the emperor's many concubines. It should not be too ostentatious and extravagant in terms of scale and momentum. Even Yuanchun Lamented that the Grand View Garden is "too luxurious and expensive" and believes that the garden is "prepared with all kinds of scenery in heaven and on earth.
Fangyuan should be given the name of Grand View Garden." Yuanchun's words and poems undoubtedly foreshadowed this Grand View Garden
The final decline of Grand View Garden: Grand View Garden is a private garden, but it was named "Grand View"
It takes in all the beautiful scenery in the world. p>
Light is infinite, but it will inevitably lead to disaster. Cao Xueqin named this garden "Grand View Garden" intentionally. It is said that "the gray line of grass and snakes lies thousands of miles deep", and the decline of Jia's family has been exposed from here. .
Confucius, the most sage teacher of Confucianism, put forward the proposition that "the wise are happy with water, and the benevolent
are happy with mountains." Since then, in Confucianism, mountains and rivers have been
Becoming the object of a gentleman's contemplation, a gentleman uses mountains and rivers to compare virtues, and certain characteristics of natural objects
can symbolize people's noble moral qualities. Therefore,
Chinese classical gardens are very particular about arranging mountains and rivers, planting flowers and grass, and often choose some natural objects that represent a gentleman's style
Decorate the garden. The Grand View Garden also pays great attention to this "Bede" thought in the landscape setting. There is no need to go into details about the mountains, rocks, streams and streams.
Take the plants in the Grand View Garden as an example. They are all very particular about their
spiritual connotations.
Bamboo has been endowed with a variety of cultural characteristics
in its long history and culture. Love, love, high moral integrity, elegance and refinement are its important contents
"It is better to eat without meat than live without it." "Bamboo" and "no bamboo makes people vulgar" have become people's aesthetic psychology. Therefore, bamboo is one of the indispensable plants in the creation of Chinese garden artistic conception. Lin Dai
Jade has a noble nature, stands proudly in the world, and has a clean eye. It is natural in Xiaoxiang Pavilion
that it cannot be without bamboo to accompany it. Another example is the red plum blossom, which stands proud of the snow, stands out from the crowd, has a distant fragrance, is bright and unrestrained, and has become an object of appreciation and chanting by literati. The white snow and red plum blossoms in the Cuicui Temple are the reflection of Miaoyu's spirit
rhyme. Others, such as the vanilla in Hengwu Courtyard, may seem useless, but in fact
have high medicinal value, which is a metaphor for Baochai's noble character. They are as fragrant and fragrant as
vanilla. Although he is very reserved and low-key, he is able to take orders in critical moments
; the sycamores and bananas in the Qiushuangzhai are a symbol of a gentleman
Though he is open-minded and upright, this is definitely Tanchun. . There are many symbolic plants like this
in the Grand View Garden. While they add beauty to the Grand View Garden
, they also inject profound philosophy into the Grand View Garden
p>
Learning meaning.
2. The Zen thought contained in the Grand View Garden'
The Grand View Garden was named Yuanchun and was built for relatives. "Illusion" is a clean world far away from the chaos and filth of the world. It gives Baoyu and the girls a carefree, peaceful and happy life. The Grand View Garden attaches great importance to the creation of a "Zen environment" in the landscape setting. If you enter from the main entrance,
"you will see only a strip of green peaks standing in front of you? They may look like wild beasts, standing vertically and horizontally, with moss mottled on them, or covered with wisteria, with a slight glimpse of sheep intestines.
A small path. "A green peak separates two completely different worlds:
One world is complicated and filthy; the other is so filthy.
Such tranquility and peace are a place where the soul can rest.
/p>
Sense. Another example is the Luxue Pavilion where all the sisters competed to create poems about the scene. It is famous for its "Snow on Dilu Night". The Luxue Pavilion is built on a river beach next to the mountains and rivers.
It has thatched eaves and earthen walls, horizontal bamboo fences, and you can fish by pushing the window. When it snows
During the festival, I sat in the pavilion and watched the white snow covering the dry reeds all around. There was silence between heaven and earth, which just fit Liu Zongyuan’s "lonely boat and coiffure man, alone." "Fishing for snow on a cold river" gives people a sense of emptiness and distance.
Another example is the concave crystal pavilion, which is a good place to enjoy the moon during the Mid-Autumn Festival. On the night of March and May, there is a bright moon in the sky and the shadow of the moon in the pool, competing for brightness up and down. It is like being in a Inside Jing Gong's Same Room. It is such a place, but it evokes the sense of life experience of Daiyu and Xiangyun, and they chanted "The shadow of the crane crossing the cold pond, the cold moon buries the soul of poetry". Miaoyu, who had been accompanying the ancient Buddha with a green lantern day and night, felt it was inappropriate to listen to the verses of "emptiness and silence", and stopped it because he thought it was related to people's temperament. It can be said that Cao Xueqin is very fond of and is good at creating places and landscapes full of Zen. There are many places like this in the Grand View Garden, and others such as "The Bells Ming and the Green Green" /p>
Temple", "Chicken Singing Daoxiang Village", etc., all bring people a tranquil Zen feeling
. The tranquil and ethereal artistic conception and atmosphere of the Grand View Garden is what Cao Xueqin found for her soul after experiencing the hustle and bustle of the world.
3. The Taoist Thoughts Contained in the Grand View Garden
The great Chinese philosopher Laozi once said: "Man follows the earth, and the earth follows the law
Heaven, and heaven follows the Tao. Tao follows nature." [43 He advocates that all things return to their true nature
Only in order to achieve their harmonious state. Chinese classical gardens are most influenced by Taoism
thoughts. They advocate imitating nature and creating nature in a wonderful way, achieving the aesthetic function of "although they are made by people, they appear to be created by heaven". When people are here in the Chishan forest, they feel relaxed and happy, transcendent and refined, "connecting with the spirit of heaven and earth". Gardens are the embodiment of the gardener's spiritual realm. Gardens imitate nature
not simply imitate the shapes of nature, but to obtain the interest of nature and create nature wonderfully. In Chinese gardens, there are no neat and orderly street trees like a guard of honor, no flat lawns, no regular flower beds, etc. that are often used in foreign gardens. The design
style pays attention to a kind of natural interest. There are no rows of trees and no fixed positions
of stones. They are clustered in groups of three and five, scattered and gathered freely. The wild interest is abundant and the scenery is green. Run, the mountains
have the momentum of the host and guest bowing to each other, and the water has a circuitous and lingering feeling. It is completely a natural scenery with twists and turns, water and flowers blooming.
In addition, Chinese ancient
classic gardens require the arrangement of gardening elements such as forests, springs, rocks, flowers, trees, vines, pavilions and pavilions, as well as the setting of various landscapes.
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Integrated and natural, it pays attention to a harmonious state.
Grand View Garden attaches great importance to the interest of nature in the creation of the environment, pursuing a
naturally harmonious realm, and the breath of Taoist thought can be smelled everywhere
.
The Grand View Garden is built with mountains and rivers in mind. The mountains are the bones of the water, and the water is the blood of the mountains.
The flowers, trees, vines, pavilions, pavilions, etc. are all close to the mountains and rivers, and are adapted to the location.
According to the circumstances, the scenery is random, and let nature take its course. For example, the Reed Snow Pavilion is built on a river beach near mountains and rivers. Because it is "covered by reeds on all sides", it is convenient for fishing in summer and snow viewing in winter. , so this pavilion was built.
Another example is Tubi Hall and Aojing Pavilion. “The high part of the mountain is called Tubi;
The low-lying part of the mountain near the water is called Aojing.” It can be seen that these two places, one up
and one down, one bright and one dark, one high and one low, one mountain and one water, are actually located here specifically for the purpose of playing with the moon. Those who love the high mountains and the small moon will go here; those who love the bright moon and clear waves will go there. "The setting of this place to enjoy the snow and the moon can be described as great. It is a piece of unique craftsmanship that can be picked up easily without leaving any trace
Only these two scenes show that Cao Xueqin is well versed in the art of gardening
Let nature take its course and create nature wonderfully.
As for other things such as building rocks to climb mountains, opening streams
to divert springs, planting trees on mountains, lighting flowers near water, etc., they are all the same...
·.
See : Analysis of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism contained in the Grand View Garden in "A Dream of Red Mansions" by Shi Haiying
Journal of Anhui Agricultural University (Social Science Edition) 2008 Issue 3
The above answers are for reference only. I hope it will be helpful to you Helps!
Hangzhou Library