end. It's said to be returned, it's said to be returned, and the years are endless.
The reason why the house and the house are so expensive is because of the wild beasts. Not to mention Qiju, because of the 烃狁.
Pick the weeds, and the weeds will stop softly. When I say return, I say return, and my heart also stops worrying.
Worry is intense, hunger and thirst are present. Our garrison has not yet been decided, and the extravagant envoys have returned.
If you pick weeds, they will just stop. It is said to be returned, it is said to be returned, and the year is also the end of Yang.
The king's affairs are extensive, and there is no need to leave the office. Worried and guilty, I can’t do it!
Where is Bill? The beauty of Wei Chang. Where is Belus? A gentleman's car.
Driving military chariots and doing four kinds of farming. How dare you settle down? Three victories in January.
Driving the other four horses, the four horses raced. Gentlemen rely on them, villains rely on them.
The four male wings resemble fish-killing suits. Isn’t it a daily precept? 烃狋狋thorn!
I am gone in the past, and the willows are still there. Now that I'm thinking about it, it's raining and snowing.
The journey is slow, full of thirst and hunger. My heart is sad, but I don’t know how sad I am!
Translation:
Pick weeds in handfuls, and the new shoots of weeds have grown up. Talking about going home, talking about going home, the year is over again. Having a home means not having a home, just to fight with the hawks. There is no time to sit down and fight with the eagle.
Pick handfuls of weeds, which are tender and beginning to sprout. Talking about going home, I feel sad and worried. My heart is burning with sadness, and I am so hungry and thirsty. It’s hard to decide on the defensive position. Who can I trust to take it home?
We picked handfuls of weeds, but the weeds have grown old and twiggy. We talk about going home, and in a blink of an eye, October is here again. There are endless errands in the royal family, and there is no time to rest. It’s so painful to be filled with sorrow, and I’m afraid I’ll never go home again.
What flowers bloom best? Tangdi flowers are blooming in dense layers. What kind of car is tall and big? The general rides on the tall chariot. Driving a chariot to go into battle, four strong horses galloped together. How dare you try to live in peace in the border areas? How many wins should we strive for in January?
Driving four big stallions, the horses are tall and big. The general's majesty relies on the chariot, and the soldiers rely on it for cover. The four horses are neatly arranged, and the fish skin quivers and carved bows are hung. There will never be a day when we are not on guard, and when the military situation is urgent, we will not disarm!
Recalling that when we went on the expedition, the willows were still blowing in the wind; now on the way back, heavy snow is flying all over the sky. The roads were muddy and difficult to walk on, and we were tired from thirst and hunger. Full of sadness and sadness. Who can understand my sorrow?
The Book of Songs·Appreciation of Plucking Wei (Excerpt)
I am gone in the past, and the willows are still there.
（yù）
Today I think about it, it’s raining and snowing.
Rain: means to fall
In the past: in the past
祣: (modal particle)
Yiyi: describes the branches of trees that are weak and follow the wind Swinging look.
Feifei: Snowflakes are flying.
(Translation)
I recall that when I set out for the expedition, the willow trees were blowing in the wind;
Now on my way back, heavy snow is flying all over the sky.
(Note)
In the past: in the past.
矣: mood particle
Yiyi: describes the way the branches are weak and swaying in the wind.
Thinking: modal particles.
Feifei: the appearance of flying snowflakes.
Appreciation 1:
This is a famous sentence in the Book of Songs. It is like a painting, which vividly expresses the mood of a traveler who is away from home. When I went out, it was spring, and the poplars and willows were fluttering, but when I came back, it was already winter with rain and snow. It's hard to tell what he went through during the past year.
Appreciation 2:
"Plucking Wei" is an article in "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya". Annotators in the past have different opinions about the year of its writing. However, according to its content and the verification of other historical records, it is more likely that it is a work from the era of King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty. In the Zhou Dynasty, the yangnu (later known as the Xiongnu) in the north were very powerful and often invaded the Central Plains, bringing many disasters to the lives of the people in the north at that time. There are many records in history of the Emperor Zhou sending troops to guard the borders and ordering soldiers to send troops to defeat the wolves. Judging from the content of "Caiwei", it was probably written when soldiers were returning from hard work. The poem sings about the hard life and longing for home of the soldiers in the army.
The whole poem is divided into three chapters. The first three chapters are overlapped. It uses the inspiration of picking weeds to describe how soft and strong the weeds are. The soldiers in the garrison are far away from their hometown and have not returned for a long time. They feel homesick and worried. Endless! The author wrote: Shanwei, you have sprouted and been born. It’s time for us to go home! But in the blink of an eye, another year has passed and we can’t take care of our family. Why is this? We didn’t even have time to sit down for a while, also because of the lynx invasion. We need to attack! It's time to pick weeds again. The weed leaves have grown up and the branches and leaves are tender. It's time to go home! The sorrow in our hearts is so intense, we are rushing for the war, our garrison period is not yet determined, who can hardly bring us a letter home! Shanwei has grown strong and strong, it’s time to go home! It’s already October! But the king's affairs were not over yet, and he had no time to spare. His sadness was so painful, but no one came to comfort him! Chapters 4 and 5 are about the busy and tense border wars: What are the blooming flowers? It is the flower of Tangdi.
The flourishing of flowers is used to describe the flourishing of the chariots, horses and costumes of the troops going out on an expedition: What is that big, big thing? That is the military chariot of the generals. The chariots have already been driven up, the horses are tall and strong, battles are frequent, and the army has to move. How dare you settle down? Driving four tall stallions, the generals sat on the chariot, and the infantry hid behind the chariot. The horses were powerful and powerful. The soldiers held elephant bone bows and fish skin quivers at their sides at all times. The war of aggression is so powerful and rampant, how can we not strengthen our vigilance every day? These two chapters describe the fierceness of the 烃狁 and the grand military power of the Zhou family's army, with strict discipline and strong soldiers. But the life of a soldier is also difficult and tense. The author writes these things in a realistic way. Chapter 6 takes a turn and writes about the sad mood of the soldiers who suffered from hunger and cold on the way back home: I think of the willow tree with lush branches and leaves when I went to the army, but now I am returning home in the snow, the road is long and the weather is cold. , hungry and thirsty, it can be said to be very embarrassed and miserable. Xie Xuan, a native of Jin Dynasty, regarded the four sentences "I am gone in the past" as the best poems among the 300 poems. It had a great influence on the history of literature. It is often chanted and imitated repeatedly by later generations of literati. Since the Book of Songs is known for its simplicity and simplicity, there are not many such sad and touching works. Therefore, it has become a model of the lyrical works of the Book of Songs and has been praised by writers of all ages.
The theme of this poem is serious. The ferocity of the wolf and the sergeants of the Zhou family are ready. The author, as a garrison sergeant, describes the solemn and majestic military force and the tense and difficult life of commanding generals and dispatching Wu servicemen to defend China at the order of the emperor. The author's patriotism is expressed through his hatred of the lynx. It is also expressed through the strong contrast between their descriptions of their loyalty to their duties - "Don't forget to start a new home", "Don't forget to start a new place", "How dare you settle down", "How can I not avoid the sun" and their extreme homesickness in their hearts. The whole poem is set off with touching descriptions of natural scenery: the growth of Wei, the softness of Wei, the strength of Wei, the blooming of Tangdi flowers, the leaning of willows, the falling rain and snow, all of which highlight the soldiers' "sun precepts" life, but in their hearts. It is the feeling of longing for home. What is written here are the true thoughts of the soldiers. The sad mood does not reduce the value of this poem as a patriotic poem. On the contrary, it expresses people's innocence, simplicity, reasonable thoughts and emotions. It is this pure authenticity that gives this poem its strong vitality and appeal.
From the writing point of view, it uses the same Wei Qixing technique as many works in the Book of Songs, plus repeated refrains in composition and lexicon, so that the content and interest can be laid out layer by layer, and gradually It deepens and enhances the musical beauty and rhythm of the work. The whole poem contains narratives, discussions, scenery, lyricism, and psychological descriptions. The combinations are well-proportioned and very appropriate. Therefore, "Plucking Wei" is indeed one of the best chapters in the "Book of Songs". (Jiang Liangfu)
(Introduction to the author)
The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China. It was compiled in about the middle of the sixth century BC. It is said to be compiled by Confucius, the founder of Confucianism. Determined. The Book of Songs was originally called "Poems" and contains 305 poems (another 6 have titles but no content, that is, they have goals but no words, and are called Sheng poems), so it is also called "Three Hundred Poems". Since the Han Dynasty, Confucianism has regarded it as a classic, so it is called "The Book of Songs". Mao Heng and Mao Chang in the Han Dynasty once commented on the Book of Songs, so it is also called "Mao Shi". The authors of most of the poems in the Book of Songs cannot be verified.
Most of the poems recorded in the Book of Songs come from the folk. It is said that the Zhou Dynasty had a special poetry collector to collect folk songs to understand folk customs and political gains and losses. Most of the poems in the Book of Songs come from this. The other part is composed of poems written by ministers and scholar-bureaucrats to the Emperor of Zhou, praising virtue and whitewashing peace. Among them, some of the poems have been researched on their author, some are conjectures, and some are well-founded, but they are not very important. As for the compiler of the Book of Songs, some thought it was Duke Zhou, but it seems that this cannot be established now. There is also an argument that Confucius deleted poems, which is not convincing either.
The poems recorded in The Book of Songs span a long time span, from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, covering a wide range of areas, from the north of the Yellow River to the Jianghan Basin. In the Han Dynasty, there were three schools of Lu, Qi and Han first, who were established as academic officials, and then "Mao Shi". After "Mao Shi" became popular, the poems of Qi, Lu and Han were lost one after another. There are many interpreters of the Book of Songs in the past, among which the better ones include Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty, "The Book of Songs", Wang Fuzhi of the Qing Dynasty, "The Book of Songs", Ma Ruichen, "The Book of Songs", Wang Xianxuan's "The Book of Songs", etc.
The "Book of Songs" contains 305 chapters, divided into three parts: "Wind", "Ya" and "Song". "Wind" has the style of fifteen countries and is a folk song from various places. This part has the highest literary achievement. It contains songs about love, labor and other beautiful things, as well as laments and anger about homeland, longing for people, and anti-oppression and bullying. . "Ya" is divided into "Daya" and "Xiaoya". Most of them are poems for nobles to pray for good harvests and praise their ancestors' virtues. There are also some folk songs in "Xiaoya". "Ode" is a poem for worship in the ancestral temple. The poems in "Ya" and "Song" are of great value to our investigation of early history, religion and society. Confucius once summarized the purpose of the Book of Songs as "innocence", and taught his disciples and children to read the Book of Songs as the standard for speech and action. Among the pre-Qin scholars, many quoted the Book of Songs. For example, Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, Han Feizi, etc. often quoted sentences from the Book of Songs to enhance their persuasiveness when reasoning and demonstrating. Later, "The Book of Songs" was regarded as a classic by Confucianism and became the "Six Classics" (including "Poems", "Books", "Li", "Yue", "Yi", "Spring and Autumn") and "Five Classics" (without "Music"). ")one.
The area covered by the works of "The Book of Songs" is mainly the Yellow River Basin, starting from Shanxi and part of Gansu in the west, southwestern Hebei Province in the north, Shandong in the east, and Jianghan Basin in the south.
The process of writing the book
The earliest work in "The Book of Songs" was probably written in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. According to "Shangshu", "Binfeng·Owl" was written by Ji Dan, Duke of Zhou. The latest work was completed in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. According to Zheng Xuan's "Preface to the Book of Poetry", it is "Chen Feng·Zhu Lin", spanning about 600 years.
As for the collection and compilation of "The Book of Songs", there are sayings that "Wang Guan collected poems" and "Confucius deleted poems":
Wang Guan collected poems
"Han Shu· It is recorded in "Shi Huo Zhi" that the Zhou Dynasty court sent special envoys to collect folk songs across the country during busy farming periods. The historians of the Zhou Dynasty collected and compiled them and showed them to the emperor in order to understand the sentiments of the people.
Confucius deleted poems
This statement is found in "Historical Records". It is said that there were originally 3,000 ancient poems. Confucius compiled and selected 300 of them according to the standards of etiquette and justice, and compiled the "Book of Songs" .
It is now generally believed that the Book of Songs was collected by various vassal states with the assistance of the Zhou Dynasty court, and was later compiled and compiled by historians and musicians. Confucius also participated in this sorting process.
Style Classification
As for the classification of poems in the Book of Songs, there is a theory of "Four Beginnings and Six Meanings". "Four Beginnings" refers to the four first poems of "Wind", "Daya", "Xiaoya" and "Song". The "six meanings" refer to "wind, elegance, praise, fu, bi, and xing". "Feng, Ya, and Song" are the classifications of the Book of Songs according to different music, and "Fu, Bi, and Xing" are the expression techniques of the Book of Songs.
Feng, Ya, Song
"Wind" is also called "Guo Feng". There are 15 groups in one song. "Wind" is the general name of music. The 15 sets of national styles are not music from 15 countries, but music from more than a dozen regions. The national style includes 160 songs from Zhou Nan, Zhao Nan, Bei, Yong, Wei, Wang, Zheng, Hui, Qi, Wei, Tang, Qin, Bin, Chen and Cao. Guofeng was a popular local song at that time, with local flavor. In terms of content, most of them are folk songs. Most of the authors are folk singers, but there are also some nobles.
There are various views on the understanding of "Ya". One view is that it refers to the music in the areas directly ruled by the Zhou Dynasty. "Ya" means "righteousness", and this kind of music is regarded as "zhengsheng", which is intended to show the difference from music in other places. Some people also say that "Ya" is connected with "Xia", and Xia is the name of the area directly ruled by the Zhou Dynasty. There is also a view that "Ya" refers to elegant music that everyone can understand. There are 105 chapters in "Ya", divided into 31 chapters in "Daya" and 74 chapters in "Xiaoya". Most of "Ya" are works by court officials and officials, and a small part are folk songs. The contents are almost all about politics, some praising good people and good governance, and some satirizing bad governance. There are only a few poems expressing personal feelings. But there are no love poems.
"Ode" is a piece of music used by nobles to worship ghosts and gods in their family temples and praise the merits of rulers. It is accompanied by dance when played. It is divided into "Zhou Song", "Lu Song" and "Shang Song", with a total of 40 chapters. Among them, 31 "Songs of Zhou" are believed to be works of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and most were written before King Zhao and King Mu of Zhou; 4 "Songs of Lu" are believed to be works of the reign of Duke Xi of Lu; "Songs of Shang" are believed to be Works from the Song Dynasty before the Spring and Autumn Period.
Fu, Bi, Xing
"Fu, Bi, Xing" are the expression techniques of poetry. "Fu" is to tell the story directly and describe the process of an event. "Bi" is a metaphor, using one thing to compare another thing. "Xing" means to associate one thing with another.
Preface to Mao's Poems
In the early Western Han Dynasty, there were four main schools of teaching the Book of Songs. One is Shen Gong from Lu, the other is Yuan Gu from Qi, and the other is Han Ying from Yan. However, except for "Han Shi Wai Zhuan", these three works no longer exist. The other one is Mao Shi. That is, it was passed down by Da Mao Gong Mao Heng and Xiao Mao Gong Mao Chang. Each of the existing Mao poems has an explanation, called a "small preface". Most of their authors are unknown. Nowadays, it is generally believed that except for a few of the explanatory texts, most of them are unreliable. But the preface to Mao's poems had a great influence on future generations. The ancients loved to use the explanations in it when writing poems and articles.
Evaluation and influence
The Book of Songs has a profound impact on China's literary history, politics, language, and even thought.
Confucius had a high opinion of the Book of Songs. Regarding the ideological content of "The Book of Songs", he said, "Three hundred poems can be summed up in one sentence, and the thoughts are innocent." As for its characteristics, it is "gentle and honest, and poetic education" (that is, it is believed that the Book of Songs can clarify people's soul after reading it, and it is the best way to use it as a tool for education). Confucius even said, "If you don't learn poetry, you won't be able to express it." This shows the profound influence of the Book of Songs on ancient Chinese literature. Confucius believed that studying the Book of Songs can cultivate the ability to associate, improve observation, and learn satirical methods. You can use the principles to serve your parents and the emperor, so as to achieve order in the family, rule the country, and bring peace to the world.
In ancient times, the Book of Songs also played a political role. During the Spring and Autumn Period, in diplomacy between countries, songs or poems were often used to express unspeakable or unspeakable words, similar to today's diplomatic rhetoric.
The Book of Songs is the first of thousands of years of literature in China, and also the first of many Chinese literary works that have been dominated by realism for many years.
Nowadays, the study of the Book of Songs is more used to examine the differences in phonology between ancient and modern times, or to study the history of ancient times. There are even more ancient and modern writings on the Book of Songs.