Source of works
The fifth poem of Twenty Drinks is a group of five-character poems written by Tao Yuanming, a writer at the end of Jin Dynasty and the beginning of Song Dynasty.
These twenty poems take wine as the theme, expressing the author's feelings and views on history, reality and life, expressing the author's dissatisfaction with reality and love for rural life, and fully demonstrating the author's noble and proud moral sentiment and life interest. The combination of poetry and wine naturally reveals the deep natural state of life and embodies a unique aesthetic realm.
original work
Drinking (5)
Tao Yuanming [Wei and Jin Dynasties]
Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots.
What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered.
Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely.
The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back.
That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say.
Translation of works
Living in the world, there is no noise of horses and chariots.
Ask me why I can do this. As long as you aim high, you will naturally feel your place is secluded.
Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely, Nanshan in the distance comes into view.
The smell in the mountains and the scenery in the evening are very good, and birds come back with their companions.
It contains the true meaning of life. I want to identify it, but I don't know how to express it
Annotation of works
1, building a house: building a house means living here.
2. Car and horse noise: refers to the noise of secular communication.
3. Jun: refers to the author himself.
4. He Nengrer: Why? Joel: Mm-hmm.
5. dūng lí: The place where chrysanthemums are planted is often used by later generations to refer to the chrysanthemum garden.
6, leisurely: the appearance of self-satisfaction.
7. See: See (read jiàn), verb.
8. Nanshan: generally refers to the mountain peak, and refers to Lushan Mountain.
9. at night: at night.
10, phase: intersection and companionship.
1 1, and return: go back together.
Creation background
Tao Yuanming's group poem "Twenty Drinks" is not a masterpiece of drunkenness, but the poet expresses his dissatisfaction with reality and his love for rural life on the topic of drinking, in order to escape persecution through drunkenness in the very sinister environment at that time. In his twentieth poem, he wrote, "But if you hate many fallacies, be lenient with others", which shows his good intentions.
Tao Yuanming's era is the era of gentry. Political darkness, official corruption, easy to be killed. He felt the coldness of the world and the hardships of life, but he didn't want to bow down for five buckets of rice. Finally, in the first year of Yixi (405), at the age of 41, he was ordered by Pengze to rest for more than 80 days, abandoned his official position, and returned to the garden for a long time. He stopped being an official and took charge of Lei Ji himself. Due to the long-term social division and turmoil, coupled with the extravagance of the rulers, many literati who dared to criticize state affairs were killed innocently. Therefore, the literati at that time did not dare to talk about politics, and all they did was to avoid politics. Some of them express that they have no political ambitions by traveling, retiring from official positions, drinking too much and talking openly about metaphysics, so as not to be suspected by the rulers and cause personal injury. The abnormal social atmosphere caused by this unpredictable dark reality cannot but affect Tao Yuanming, who was born in a ruined aristocratic family. From the time he first offered wine in Jiangzhou at the age of 29 to the time he went to Peng at the age of 4 1, he lived in seclusion several times before and after. In fact, he was an official for less than three years, and the ideal spark was fleeting in the dark reality. So he accused the dark society in intoxicating language, exposed the political crisis, and despised hypocrisy and secularism.
There is a small preface before the group poem Twenty Drinks, which is an important material for studying Tao Yuanming's thought and creation. It can be seen that the poet wrote the poem Drinking in a state of extreme loneliness and pain. "There is too much paper and ink to say", which shows that there is a gradual accumulation process from less to more. It is not temporary, but the poet expresses his thoughts and feelings accumulated in his chest at ordinary times through the most appropriate opportunity of "getting drunk".
The writing age of Twenty Drinking Songs is still inconclusive. There have always been six theories: Guimao in the second year of Yuanxing (403), Chen Jia in the third year of Yuanxing (404), Jiayin in the tenth year of Yixi (465,438+04), Bingwu in the second year of Yixi (406) and Yixi in the twelfth year (465,438+06,465,438+).
works appreciation
Although the theme of Tao Yuanming's group poem "Twenty Drinking Poems" is "Drinking", it contains rich and complex ideological content.
First, concern and criticism of social reality. This kind of poetry accounts for about half of the poems in Drinking. This fact eloquently shows that Tao Yuanming is not what people usually call detached from the secular, detached from things and indifferent to reality. The first poem, Drinking, expressed his infinite feelings about the turbulent political situation. Decline and glory are uncertain, and each other is more * * *. Born less in Gua Tian, rather like Dongling. Both hot and cold have metabolism, and that's human nature. If people can understand * * *, there will be no doubt about death. On the surface, the poet is lamenting the changes of time series and the ups and downs of personnel, but in his bones, he reflects his concern and hidden worries about the current situation. Xiao Tong, Prince of Liang Zhaoming, said in Preface to Tao Yuanming's Collection that "current events can be thought of, and the bosom is broad and true." This is very insightful. Tao Yuanming lives in troubled times. He is used to chaos and usurpation. During his lifetime, the power struggle within the Tokyo Sima ruling group broke out one after another and never stopped. At this time, Emperor Wu of Song, a new warlord who started by suppressing peasant uprisings and quelling civil strife, monopolized the military and political power of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was eager to stand on his own feet. On the eve of the Jin and Song Dynasties, Tao Yuanming was full of thoughts, but he was unable to change this situation. Therefore, he had to drown his sorrows by drinking. "Suddenly, he drank it all at once, and he was happy day and night." In his poem Drinking, Tao Yuanming not only expressed his anxiety and concern about the current situation, but also made the poet feel indignant and uneasy because of the dim social reality and the deterioration of moral atmosphere, and became the object of his repeated condemnation in his poems. There are many such examples, such as the second song, "Good deeds are rewarded, and Uncle Yi is in Xishan." What is empty if you don't report good and evil? "He complained that social good and evil are not reported, and the rewards and punishments are unknown. The sixth song "Thunder * * * destroys the same reputation" and the seventh song "Too much grass and no appearance", he accused the society of not distinguishing right from wrong and upside down the virtuous and foolish. In addition, such as the third song "Tao has been lost for thousands of years, and everyone cherishes its feelings", the twelfth song "Worldliness deceives each other" and the seventeenth song "Birds do their best to bow and hide". , are the drawbacks of the critical era. His cynicism and indifference are beyond the secular world, and his thoughts, feelings and fighting spirit are similar to the spirit of Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet, who takes disease as the enemy and leads a clean life. Although the two poets lived in different times and class positions, their respective situations were not exactly the same. One insists on innovating politics, which is not tolerated by conservative forces, and the other refuses to associate with the secular world and abandon his official position. However, their indomitable spirit of struggle and noble personality are consistent and come down in one continuous line. Although Tao Yuanming rarely mentioned Qu Yuan's name in Tao Ji, he was obviously and profoundly influenced by Qu Yuan. This is not only reflected in the attitude towards real life, but also in artistic expression. Rather than saying that Tao poetry "originated from", it is better to say that it is more effective in Chuci in some ways, which seems to be more in line with the actual situation. In the twelfth "Drinking", Tao Yuanming criticized the feudal literati's fascination with the situation and fame and fortune. " Nong has been gone for a long time, and the world is not so real. Draw lessons from Shandong history and make it pure. Although the phoenix bird has not arrived, the ceremony and music are temporarily new. The Jurassic stopped and sounded slightly, and drifting caught the crazy Qin. What's wrong with poetry and calligraphy? Once the dust settles. Just old people, pay less attention to things. How beautiful? Six people have no relatives. Driving all day, I can't see what I want. If you don't drink quickly, empty the headscarf. But hate is even more fallacious. You should be intoxicating. The poet lamented that the simple and natural social atmosphere in the agricultural era was gone forever, and praised Confucius, who was restless to return the society to simplicity, and Fu Sheng and Tian Sheng, Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty who tirelessly gave lectures on the Six Classics. At the same time, they also denounce people who don't write in real society. They ignored Confucianism and were greedy for new wealth. There is no one who cares about others like Confucius. At the end of four sentences, I suddenly talked about drinking to hide my inner anguish and anger. Poets hate those shameless literati, but on the surface they have to associate with them. In the thirteenth poem, it shows such a contradictory situation. Although poets drink with those who sit at the same table, they often disagree because of their different ideological interests. They called themselves "sober", and Tao Yuanming also appeared as a "drunk" and made intoxicating remarks, giving each other a "smile when awake, and everyone refused to accept his words." People who are "drunk" and "awake" are so uncoordinated that they are very humorous. "People wake up when they are drunk." The real awakens are not those who call themselves "awakens", but the poet Tao Yuanming. How can Tao Yuanming be slightly drunk? He is clear-headed and concerned about social reality. He just looks at the world with a little tipsy.
Second, it shows the poet's noble and faithful personality and integrity. This kind of poetry mostly uses metaphors and symbols to express their own feelings. For example, the eighth song: "Song Qing is in the East Garden, and the grass has no posture. Frost is a rare heterogeneity that stands out from the tall branches. Even foresters don't realize that being alone is very strange. " In China's ancient poems, since Confucius' famous saying "When the cold comes, the pine and cypress will wither" came out, the pine and cypress have been used as symbols of high morals and bright festivals, and they are used to each other, so far they have not been answered. Tao Yuanming inherited this traditional technique of expression and often compared himself with Song Qing in his poems. For example, "Fang Ju opens Lin Yao, and Song Qingyan watches the sleeping" in "Two Households in Heguo". In Return to Home, Loneliness and Loneliness, etc. The same is true of the poem quoted above. The first four sentences of this poem are a true portrayal of the poet's self-image, and its awe-inspiring image is a portrayal of the poet's noble character of refusing to go with the flow. Commenting on Tao Yuanming's poetry creation, Zhong Rong said: "Every time I look at his writing style, I must think of his morality." In addition, Tao Yuanming also used orchids as a metaphor. In the seventeenth poem, there is such a sentence: "Orchid gives birth to the vestibule, and the fragrance is waiting for the breeze. The breeze is gone, see you in love. " He wants to be as elegant and clean as an orchid from beginning to end, and he will never go with the flow as have it both ways did in Xiao Ai. Here, the comparison between Youlan and Xiao Ai, just like the previous poem Song Qing and Cao Zhong, contains the dark reality of burying talents and reversing right and wrong under the critical and strict gate system. Although the significance of this criticism is not as eloquent and vitriolic as some poems in Bao Zhao's "Quasi-Difficult Travel", it still reflects the difficult situation that many upright literati in China feudal society are unsatisfied in their talents and suffer for life.
Third, show the poet's determination to retire to the end and never give up halfway. How can we maintain a noble and loyal character and get rid of dirt? In Tao Yuanming's view, the only effective way is to stay away from officialdom and retire to the countryside. In the poem Drinking, there are many poems that reflect his mood.
1. The poet carefully and painfully recalled his life path. He said: "Young people are rare, and they swim well in the Six Classics. I'm not confused, but I've stayed for a long time and achieved nothing. In fact, I have lived with poverty, and I am hungry and cold. " (16) "I used to suffer from hunger, so I went to study and be an official. I won't be able to feed myself, I will be frozen and bound. It's time to set up a new year, but I'm ashamed of my ambition. So I tried my best to divide it and finally died in the field. Ran Ran star airflow, gracefully restored. The world is long, so Yang Zhu stops. " When the poet was young, he was full of vigor and vitality, respected the Six Classics and had the ambition to help the world. After several rounds in his career, his ideal was shattered. This made him very painful, but he didn't want to go with the flow, so he "finally returned to the field" and embarked on the road of resigning and retiring. The so-called "ambition is so shameful" and "the world is so long that Yang Zhu stopped there" are all based on the dark and muddy social reality at that time, and also reveal some real reasons why he "fled to Shandong to farm".
After returning to the field, Tao Yuanming should not only eliminate the attack of public opinion, but also overcome many difficulties in life. Tao Yuanming abandoned his official post and returned to the field, which was not understood by people who were confined to secular views, and attracted a lot of criticism and ridicule. He talked about this in the article "Sacrificing brothers to respect the future": "I have tasted that learning is excellent and being an official, lingering in personnel, wandering fruitlessly, fearing losing my ambition, and returning from the policy. I know what I want. I am always willing to join hands. " In the face of secular criticism and ridicule, the poet's attitude is to "put aside other people's views" and go his own way. In the poem "Drinking", he not only angrily pointed out that "Qian Qian has a million things to do, who knows right and wrong", but also said that "it's a long talk, please leave me alone". Tao Yuanming's thought and behavior of putting aside criticism and ridicule, resolutely "living in seclusion" and always living in seclusion requires a little courage and courage. About the life in this period, the poet described it like this: "The poor lived in poverty and the shrubs were barren." There are birds in the class, but no trace can be found. (15) Because of poor family background and lack of manpower, my family also presents a desolate scene. This poor life is more concrete and vivid in the sixteenth poem: "I am more hungry and cold." "Bad companions hate Taiwan, weeds have no vestibule. The vigil is brown, and the morning chicken does not crow. " It is impossible to write such a language without suffering from hunger and cold. Tao Yuanming deserves to be a strong man in life. Poverty and embarrassment not only didn't crush him, but made him stronger. "I have got what I deserve, and I can't violate it for a thousand years." Some kind people, out of concern for the poet, also advised him to be an official, but he refused. "I heard knocking at the door in the morning and poured the petticoats into the door. Ask your son who is soft, and he is blessed. I am far-sighted and doubt that I will keep pace with the times. It is not enough to live high under the eaves of Xuanjian's wisp of grass. I will be in Shang Tong all my life, and I hope you can put aside your mess. I was deeply impressed by my father's words and felt that my anger was not harmonious. Fiber bun can be learned sincerely, but cursing yourself is not a mystery. And * * * enjoy this cup, I can't drive back. " The "Father Tian" in the poem may be a real person or a poet's disguise. Tao Yuanming is grateful for the kindness of Tianfu. But it is unacceptable for the poet to ask him to be an official.
3. Tao Yuanming refused to share the ups and downs with the secular, but insisted on poverty. What kind of power is this supporting him? Looking through Tao Yuanming's collection, there are many reasons. One of them is to get spiritual strength from the ancient sages in Yin Gao. This is too important to be ignored. This is why he repeatedly mentioned Shang Shan Si Hao, Bo Yi Shu Qi, Confucius Yan Hui, Rong Qi period, Yang Yilun and Zhang Zhi in the poem Drinking. Some of the above figures are famous hermits, some are ancestors of Confucianism, and some are models who care about the poor and are ready to help others. They are all figures that Tao Yuanming sincerely admires and worships. Sometimes, poets sing praises for them: "The old man was an official, but he lost his time when he was strong." . Duman won't come back. He's been dead all his life. Zhongli returned to osawa, where the flurry began. (No.12) Sometimes, poets complain loudly about their bumpy experiences: "Yan Sheng means benevolence, and Rong Gong means goodness. If you don't get a year in the palace, you will starve to death. "(the eleventh song) Tao Yuanming's admiration for the dead in history has other profound meanings besides praise and worship. Praising them is a full affirmation of the road they have chosen, and it is another form of expression of the ideological understanding of "feeling that today is not yesterday"; Sympathy for them is to express his unfairness and the ups and downs of his life, which is the natural expression of his long-term resentment. If this situation is proved by other poems of Tao Yuanming, it will be more clear. For example, the seven poems of Ode to the Poor were written two or three years later than Drinking. In this group of poems, the first and second poems are purely self-chanting. He compares himself to a lonely cloud without "afterglow" to express his lonely and depressed mood living in the countryside. The next five poems are dedicated to six poor people and praise their noble integrity. In this regard, Qiu Jiasui once made a very incisive exposition. He said: "I tried to play a few poems, but I just made a story about the shadow of the ancients." I put myself in the position of looking at the worries of the ancients in my own capacity, so that people can read them if they praise the ancients, but they can't score if they praise themselves. This is covered after the narrative, so that they can say or do it without selling the truth. "Self-chanting and sub-chanting are juxtaposed, always under the' poor praise', and' pushing the ancients to worry about their own responsibilities'". Obviously, Tao Yuanming's "ode to the ancients" is actually "self-ode". In short, the poet saw his own shadow from these high-hidden sages, got comfort and sustenance, and gained spiritual strength to motivate himself to stick to the end and never give up halfway. " It's not bad to be poor. Who will pass on the immortal? "This is his conclusion.
Fourth, timely reflect the poet's pastoral life interest and negative thoughts of eating, drinking and having fun. In his poem Drinking, Tao Yuanming shows his interest in rural life in many places, the most typical of which is the fifth poem: "Building a house is in a human environment, but there are no chariots and horses." What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. It makes sense. I tried to distinguish it but forgot to say it. "This is a poem that has always been praised and has different views. From an artistic point of view, it depicts a far-reaching artistic conception with simple and plain language and flying charm. In the poet's pen, nature is full of vitality, giving people beautiful enjoyment and satisfaction. From the ideological content, it clearly shows Tao Yuanming's life interest of seclusion, picking chrysanthemums and enjoying the scenery, as well as the true meaning of life realized under the enlightenment of nature. In art, everyone's views are unified, and differences are mainly manifested in the understanding of ideological content. According to several poems describing rural life in Tao Ji, such as "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely", Tao Yuanming is considered to be "quiet" and "carefree", and then it is concluded that he is an idyllic poet or a recluse poet beyond the world. This is obviously not in line with the actual situation. This conclusion is not in line with the actual situation because of the lack of historical and comprehensive investigation of Tao Yuanming's works. Needless to say, in Tao Yuanming's works, there is indeed a "quiet" and "carefree" side, and his interest in rural life is also shown from time to time. This is not surprising, because after all, he is neither a "poor peasant" nor a "peasant poet", but an intellectual of the feudal landlord class. After returning to the field, although he took part in some minor farm work, he had more opportunities to get close to the working people at the lower level, had a certain understanding of their lives, and the ideological distance was shorter than before, but Tao Yuanming was still an intellectual of the feudal landlord class. As an intellectual of feudal landlord class, it is understandable that Tao Yuanming showed some idle thoughts and interests in his works. Just like any famous writer and poet in the history of China literature development, their thoughts, their works, positive and negative things often coexist. Tao Yuanming is certainly the same. You can't completely deny him just because he has a negative side. In fact, the ideological interest of feudal landlord class intellectuals shown in Tao Yuanming's works is, after all, non-essential and non-mainstream. What is essential and mainstream is his concern and criticism of the real society, his pursuit of ideals and hard exploration of life, his yearning for a better life and his praise of pure friendship, as well as his determination and noble personality to persist in seclusion because he refused to go along with the secular. However, his agricultural poems reflected the difficult situation of the working people at that time in a more tortuous way, which were positive ideological contents and essential and mainstream things in Tao Yuanming's works.
Secondly, this conclusion is not completely in line with the actual situation of the poem Drinking. Su Shi said: "The profound meaning lies not in poetry, but in poetry." Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan ",then picking chrysanthemums, not looking at the mountains. It is suitable at first sight, so I am carefree and forgetful, bored and tired. This is not found between words and sentences. "This paragraph gives a good footnote to this poem. When Tao Yuanming was picking chrysanthemums, his heart was idle. Occasionally, I see the twilight scene in Nanshan, where scenery and enlightenment, emotion and scenery blend, and I forget myself leisurely. However, this carefree state of mind is only his instantaneous ideological activity, which can't last long. This is rare in Ji Tao. Strictly speaking, this is the only poem in Drinking. It is in this leisure time that the poet also mentioned "the sound of horses and chariots". This shows that the noise and chaos of the world have not been completely eliminated from the poet's thoughts, but they are still beating his heart, making him restless and often immersed in painful memories. Moreover, the acquisition of this carefree state of mind is the result of his getting rid of secular fetters and abandoning his official position to live in seclusion. In a word, Tao Yuanming's poem "Building a house in the realm of man" shows his interest in seclusion and pastoral life, which has a "quiet" and "carefree" side, but he is not indifferent and indifferent to everything in the world. It is wrong to see the former and deny the latter; It is also incorrect to only see the latter and ignore the former. "The emphasis on life and death, the short-lived sadness, feelings and sighs about life, from Jian 'an to Jin and Song Dynasties, from the middle and lower classes to the royal family, spread in quite a period of time and space and became the typical tone of the whole era." Without exception, Tao Yuanming was infected by the popular "disease" in this era, and showed some unhealthy and even negative decadent thoughts and emotions in his creation. In the poem "Drinking", he lamented that life is short: "So, it is not a lifetime to cherish my body. How many times can life be restored? It's like being electrocuted. What can you do with this desire in the past 100 years? " (the third song) "the universe is long, and life is a hundred." Time is pressing, and the temples are already white. It would be a pity not to appoint a poor man. "People have life and death, this is the law of nature. Tao Yuanming was born again, not afraid of death, but he was more philosophical, which can be seen from his three elegies. He attaches great importance to life. He thinks that life is short, like a blink of an eye, and his heart is full of infinite sadness. Since life is so short and fleeting, how can we make this limited life continue or become full and valuable? He doesn't believe in alchemy and cultivation of immortality. " Wealth is not my wish, and the land of kings cannot be expected. "In Tao Yuanming's view, only eating, drinking and having fun in time can make up for a short life. He laughed at the people in Vanity Fair. "I refuse to drink, but I care about the name of the world. "Tao Yuanming doesn't mind that fame is behind him. The important thing is "contentment". As long as you can be "satisfied", even if you die before you die, it doesn't matter if you are buried naked after you die. Of course, the connotation of what he called "contentment" is various, and carpe diem is its main aspect. Tao Yuanming's negative and decadent thoughts have a great influence on later generations. In the poem Drinking, feudal dross coexists with the essence of democracy, and this essence and dross are sometimes intertwined. Positive elements contain negative factors, and negative thoughts also reveal desirable things.
The ideological content of this group of poems is divided into four aspects, which is for the convenience of writing and is actually much more complicated. Therefore, when discussing the ideological content of the poem Drinking, we should be careful, analyze it concretely and treat it differently. There is a phenomenon in the history of China's poetry development: poetry is closely related to wine. From the beginning of poetry, wine has entered the field of poetry, and with the development of the times, the relationship between the two is closer. China's first collection of poems, The Book of Songs, has been vividly described by a group of wine vessels. There are also wonderful scenes of entertaining the gods with wine in Chu Ci. In the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the proportion of wine in poetry increased, and drinking became a way or means for people to express their feelings and relieve their worries. Some drinking poets like Ruan Ji and Tao Yuanming appeared. Li Bai is a great romantic poet, famous for his binge drinking, and known as "Brewmaster". He left hundreds of poems about fighting wine for later generations, and the number of his famous poems was amazing. Other poets in the Tang Dynasty also wrote many famous drinking poems. After the Song Dynasty, although more people entered poetry with wine, the grand occasion was not as good as before, but as an important form of poetry, there was a great improvement. This is probably related to the traditional concept of "poetry expresses ambition and words express feelings". Little things like drinking can't be written into poetry. Otherwise, it will be criticized as "taking words as poetry" and will have to give way to words from now on.
To sum up, in the history of China's poetry development, poetry and wine have forged an indissoluble bond. Tao Yuanming is an outstanding figure among poets who enter poetry with wine. He wrote many drinking poems in his life. It can be said that he was the first poet who wrote a lot of drinking poems in ancient China. According to statistics, among his existing 142 poems, 56 are about drinking, accounting for about 40% of all his works. His "Drinking" poem, including the preface before the poem, also has ten poems about drinking. There are indeed many drinking poems in Ji Tao, which should be unprecedented, if not unique. The predecessors said, "There is wine in every chapter of profound Ming poetry". Bai Juyi also said that Tao Yuanming's poem "advised me to drink one glass after another and have nothing to say." Although these words are inevitably exaggerated or even misinterpreted, they show the basic fact that there are a large number of drinking poems in Ji Tao. Yan Yanzhi, a good friend of Tao Yuanming, wrote Historical Records of Zheng Tao, which also said that he was "drunk with sex". The anecdote of Tao Yuanming's good drinking is recorded in Song Shuzhuan. Xiao Tong's Biography of Tao Yuanming has a similar record, with slightly different words but the same meaning. Tao Yuanming is also outspoken about his drinking. He once said in "Autobiography of Mr. May 6th": "Sex is addicted to alcohol, and family poverty cannot always be obtained. Know from the old, or buy wine to recruit. If you drink, you will get drunk. I was drunk and retired, and I didn't hesitate to stay. " It is also said in the preface to return words: "Peng Ze went home for a hundred miles, and the benefit of the public field was enough for wine, so he asked for it." When looking for a job, wine became his first thought. The preface to the poem "Drinking" says: "Occasionally, there are famous wines, not every night. I care about my shadow alone, and suddenly I am drunk again. " It can be seen that wine is indispensable in his life, and it has accompanied the poet through extraordinary years. Tao Yuanming seems to realize the harm of alcoholism and decided to give up drinking. In the end, I had to give up because of lack of determination and ineffectiveness. Why is Tao Yuanming addicted to alcohol? This, of course, is directly related to his personal hobbies and the negative and decadent thought that life is short, eating, drinking and having fun at that time. But if this is the case, he can drink a lot as long as the economic conditions permit, so there is no need to blink and hesitate in the poem Drinking. There must be something hidden in this. To uncover this secret, we must first examine it from his time. Lu Xun said: "Tao Qian was at the end of Jin Dynasty, similar to Kong Rong at the end of Han Dynasty and Yao Kang at the end of Wei Dynasty, which was also the time of Li Dynasty." In the Jin and Song Dynasties, the political situation was even more sinister. In order to usurp the throne, Emperor Wu of Song stepped up the high-pressure policy, eliminated dissidents and strengthened his own strength. According to History as a Mirror, in the eighth year of Emperor Yi of Jin 'an, Emperor Wu of Song Jiao Zhao killed Liu Fan, the secretariat of Chongzhou, and Xie Hun, the left servant of Shangshu, and led the troops to attack Jingzhou. Liu Yi hanged himself after the defeat. The next year, he killed Zhuge Changmin and his younger brother CoCo Lee, Youmin and his younger brother Xiuzhi. In the 11th year of Yixi, Sima Xiu, the secretariat of Jingzhou, led an attack. Sima Xiu's army was defeated, and he turned to the later Qin Dynasty. Faced with the reality of this bloody battle, Tao Yuanming felt perplexed and afraid. As he later said in "The Love between Human Beings Don't Meet", "It's scary to cut fish with a dense net, and it's scary to scare others with a macro net. It's to flee from Shandong to agriculture, and the mountains are suspicious and the rivers are barking and hiding." A little carelessness will lead to death. Ji Kang, one of the seven sages of bamboo forest, became a victim of regime change. The lessons of history are still fresh in Tao Yuanming's memory. How can the whole body stay away from disaster? This must be a major issue for him to consider. Abandoning his official position and returning to the field is the first step he has taken, but Tao Yuanming also knows that this is far from enough. He has to be careful and keep his mouth shut, and will not reduce politics and personnel. Of course, we should also see that Tao Yuanming's seclusion in the countryside is not only for the whole body, but also has his positive significance, but the poet's motivation cannot be completely ruled out. However, as an upright poet, we can't turn a blind eye to all kinds of social injustice and evil phenomena and ignore Zhou Wen. In this way, things become complicated. On the one hand, he will be in trouble, on the other hand, he can't be indifferent to the world. How to solve this contradiction? "When Emperor Wen proposed to Liang Wudi, he was drunk for sixty days, which was hard to stop. The clock must ask current events, and the crime that you want to commit because of your ability must be avoided because of drunkenness. " Tao Yuanming was inspired by Ruan Ji's drunkenness to avoid disaster, so he expressed his feelings and attitude towards reality in the form of drinking and drinking poems. Even if he is wrong, it is only a slip of the tongue after drinking, and he can ask others to forgive him. This is the main reason why Tao Yuanming loves drinking and writes a lot of drinking poems.
Famous comments
In Song Dynasty, Su Shi wrote "Postscript of Dongpo: After Drinking Poems in Yuanming": "Picking chrysanthemums under the fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan", seeing mountains, scenery and enlightenment because of picking chrysanthemums. This sentence is the most beautiful. In recent years, the custom is' looking at the South Mountain', so this article is full of air. The ancients had a deep heart, and the layman suddenly changed his mind. This is the most serious thing. "
Ye Mengde's poem "Shilin" in Song Dynasty: "Jin people talk about drinking more, some people are intoxicated, but they don't really mean drinking. Time is hard to cover, and everyone has disasters, but relying on the meaning of drunkenness can be rough and fine. "
In Yuan Dynasty, Liu Lu's Notes on Selected Poems, Volume 5: "When the quiet festival retreats, the social customs change day by day. Every time I have wine, I get drunk and write poems to amuse myself. Today, Changli Han called it' escape with help'. "
In the Ming Dynasty, Zhong Xing and Tan wrote "The Return of Ancient Poems": "Beauty lies in drinking, only when you experience poems and miscellaneous poems, so it is far away."
Wang Fuzhi's Selected Ancient Poems in Qing Dynasty: Twenty Drinking Poems are still very popular. It is such a masterpiece of emotion, reason and spirit! I don't know how good the world is. "
The source of Shen Deqian's ancient poems in Qing Dynasty: "The word' seam' should be used in the life of Confucius. The word "Honesty and Diligence" is the best interpretation of China's Confucianism. In the end, drinking suddenly connected, which is the apotheosis of the ancients. Jin people's poems, broad-minded people lead Laozi and Zhuangzi, complex people lead them, and Tao Gong offers the Analects of Confucius. Under the Han people, before Song Confucianism, Yuan was the one who could push the disciples of Shengmen. Recreation also makes good use of Confucian classics, but it is not so seamless. "
Brief introduction of the author
Tao Yuanming (365 ~ 427) was a poet, ci writers and essayist in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. A latent and vivid figure, a private and quiet festival. Xunyang Chaisang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) was born. Jin Shu and Song Shu both called him the great-grandson of Tao Kan. He once served as a wine offering ceremony in Jiangzhou, joined the army in Zhenjun, and was with Peng. Later, he retired and left his career. Good at poetry and prose. Poetry often describes the rural scenery and their life in the countryside, which often implies the disgust of dirty officialdom, the spirit of unwilling to go with the flow and the yearning for a peaceful society; Every time I write a short-lived anxiety and a life philosophy of conforming to nature and being happy with it, there are more philosophical elements. Its artistic features are both dull and bright; The language is simple and natural, but it is quite concise and unique in style. There is Tao Yuanming's collection.