Si Liu (Parallel Prose): "Si Liu" is a kind of parallel prose, which is the common name of parallel prose. Compound sentence, that is, parallel even sentences, that is, antithetical sentences. Two horses are parallel, and two horses are even, which means two horses are opposite. The rank of guards in ancient palaces was ceremonial, so parallel couples were also called antithesis. Even sentences are mainly used to form upper and lower couplets with the same number of words, and the words of the upper and lower couplets are relatively flat. Articles written in this form of four or six sentences were called "four or six" in the late Tang Dynasty, followed in the Song and Ming Dynasties, and renamed as parallel prose in the Qing Dynasty. This kind of standardized and metrical style, which is mainly composed of even sentences, exists in opposition to the free prose style, and shows obvious differences in form, artistic conception and style.
Terminology Interpretation in the History of China Ancient Literature
Jian 'an Style: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Jian 'an poets directly inherited the realistic spirit of folk songs in Han Yuefu, which truly and widely reflected the social reality and people's sufferings and showed a broad picture of life in the times; Express the writer's ideal ambition and positive enterprising spirit; It also tells the sorrow that life is short and ambition is hard to pay. The artistic conception of the work is grand and the style is distinct, forming a rich, deep, generous and sad style. Later generations called this unique style of Jian 'an poetry "Jian 'an style". Wind refers to the ideological content of the work, while bone refers to the artistic form of the work. Representative writers are "Three Cao", "Seven Zi" and Cai Yan.
Zhengshi literature: During Zhengshi period, metaphysics rose and became the mainstream of the ideological circle, which had a direct and far-reaching impact on the literati and literature in Wei and Jin Dynasties. The most representative writer is "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest".
Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest: Hermits in the Zhengshi period, including Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Dan Tao, Wang Rong, Xiang Xiu, Liu Ling and Ruan Xian. They are far-sighted, self-willed and open-minded, drink and take medicine, and they are famous as soon as they enter. The political attitudes and ways of life of the seven sages are also different. Among them, Ruan Ji and Ji Kang have the highest character and literary achievements.
Taikang literature: Taikang was a prosperous period of literature in the Western Jin Dynasty. At this time, the situation was stable, and the literati had time and energy for literary creation and research. Because of the well-off society, many literati get carried away and sing praises, so the formalism style is becoming more and more serious. They pursue the gorgeous form of literary works, and their creative achievements are not too high. Therefore, the literary trend in this period tends to be flashy, and poetry is still carved and literary. The writers who represent this mainstream style should be the first to publicize Pan Yue and Lu Ji.
Metaphysical poetry: Scholar-bureaucrats indulge in pleasure and become more depressed, and the atmosphere of self-infatuation with metaphysics is getting stronger and stronger. In terms of content, it mainly talks about the metaphysics of Laozi and Zhuangzi, and a few expressions involve Buddhism, while in terms of expression, it is abstract and vague. There is hardly any artistry at all. The metaphysical poets in the Eastern Jin Dynasty were Sun Chuo and Xu Xun. (The most representative writers are: Liu Kun, Guo Pu)
Zuo Si Li Feng: Although Zuo Si's poems are few in number, they are rich in content and unique in style. They are unique in Taikang poetry and become the most accomplished poets in xipu's period. Zhong Rong thinks that his poem "Ode to History" is a "five-word warning strategy" and strongly advocates "Zuo Si Li Feng".
Palace-style poetry: produced in the court of Liang and Chen Dynasties, it mostly describes the pleasure life of women and the court. Its style is gorgeous and extravagant, pursuing form, carving, weak style of writing, flat content and narrow theme, which pushes the formalism poetry style to the extreme. Representative figures are Xiao Gang, Xiao Yi, Xu Ling and his son.
Yongming style: also known as new style poetry, is a concept put forward from the height of poetry rhythm, which refers to the transition stage of five-character poetry from classical poetry with relatively free rhythm to modern poetry with strict rhythm, and its theoretical support is Yongming temperament theory. It will appear in the Qi Yong Southern Dynasty next year. Zhou Qing has made great contributions to phonology and standardized the natural tones of Chinese pronunciation. Shen Yue directly applied the research results of phonology to poetry and put forward the requirement of consciously writing poetry with rhythm: "In a simple sentence, the phonology is different, and in two sentences, the weight is different." The poet consciously applied the theory of temperament to poetry creation, resulting in this new poetic style. The rhythm of poetry and the antithesis of poetry combine to form the "eternal style", and the best poet of this style is Xie Tiao.
Yu Xu's Style: Because Cui Xu, Xu Ling, Yu Jianwu and Yu Xin are all famous for writing colourful poems, people call this elegant style of colourful poems "Xu Slim Style".
Three Talented Scholars in the North: From the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Northern Qi Dynasty, several orthodox writers appeared in the Northern Dynasty, imitating the poetry creation of the Southern Dynasty. Although the level is limited, it is difficult to compare with the southern dynasties, but it marks the beginning of the recovery of the literature in the northern dynasties and took the first step of the integration of the north and the south. Wen Zi Sheng, Shao Xing and Wei Shou are very famous in the base. Known as the three great talents in the north.
Mystery novels: refers to surreal ghosts and gods, which were produced in large numbers in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and were related to the prevalence of religious superstitions at that time. It is the need for ordinary people to express their ideals and wishes. They express their resistance and pursuit of ideals through bold fantasies and twists and turns. The content of mystery novels is to promote superstition, talk about ghosts and gods and Taoism, and use unrealistic story themes, showing a strong romantic color and relatively simple art. The masterpiece is Gan Bao's The Search for the Gods.
Anecdotal novel: Anecdotal novel mainly recording anecdotes and trivia of characters, which prevailed in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. This has a lot to do with judging figures and advocating light social fashion since Wei and Jin Dynasties. Today, Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu is relatively complete.
Sounding for the Gods: Sounding for the Gods is the most successful novel in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The writer is gambo. It used to be 30 volumes, but now it's 20 volumes. Although his works contain immortal Taoism, ghosts and gods, etc., they have a wide range of stories, and many excellent folk stories, myths and legends have been preserved, which has wide social significance.
Shi Shuo Xin Yu: Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu is a pioneer in the narration of anecdote novels, which mainly records scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties, so Lu Xun called it a textbook for celebrities. It had a great influence on later novels and essays. There are imitators in later generations, such as Wang in Tang Dynasty, Wang Shu in Song Dynasty, He in Tang Dynasty, He in Ming Dynasty and Wang Yun in Qing Dynasty.
Landscape Poetry: It truly regards the natural landscape as an independent and objective aesthetic and description object, and its detailed description of natural scenery has laid a solid foundation for the development of Yongming's new style poetry and later landscape poetry. The representative writer is' Xie Lingyun'.
Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu, are four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty. In terms of literary opinions, the four scholars strongly oppose the wind of glitz and extravagance and advocate expressing true feelings. Emphasis on Liang Wenfeng's criticism is particularly conscious. The content of the four outstanding poems has developed greatly, from the court to the market, from Taige to Jiangshan and Saimo. The theme has been expanded, the thought is serious, and the form of five-character and eight-sentence rhythm poetry has also been preliminarily finalized. Their poems are full of strong enthusiasm and fantasy, with resentment and resentment, which not only embodies the prosperous atmosphere of the Tang Dynasty that Qi Liang did not have, but also has great momentum, broad artistic conception, strong rhythm, clear language, rich personality, strong but not empty, just and moist, engraved but not broken, pressed but not firm. These four outstanding writers have made great contributions to ending the trend of Qi Dyeing and opening the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Ten Talents in Dali: Ten poets in the Middle Tang Dynasty, namely Li Duan, Lu Lun, Ji Zhongfu, Han Yi, Qian Qi, Si Kongshu, Miao Fa, Cui Dong, Geng Jin and Xia Houshen. In the early years of Dali, he participated in important singing activities in Chang 'an, and his creative tendency was similar to that of poetry. Among them, Qian Qi, Lu Lun and Dai Shulun have the highest achievements. Dali poets' creative content is relatively poor, and their poetic style is characterized by appealing to both refined and popular tastes. Compared with the prosperous Tang dynasty, it changed from magnificent to exquisite, from imposing manner to lasting appeal, and the art was more exquisite.
Eight Chapters of Yongzhou: Liu Zongyuan's Eight Chapters of Yongzhou belongs to travel notes, describing the wonderful and moving places in the mountains and rivers, and the natural beauty of the mountains and rivers reappears in a beautiful place. He has outstanding artistic originality, is good at grasping the most important features of scenery, and is good at using dynamic and static techniques and a large number of metaphors and personification techniques. His travels show the scenic spots in Yongzhou in the form of galleries. (Write the name of the travel notes again)
Huajian Ci: During the Shu and Five Dynasties, Wei Wei, Zhao Chongzuo compiled eighteen words, including Wen and Wei Zhuang, with five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty into Huajian Collection, which was the earliest collection of literati Ci in China, hence the name Huajian Ci School. Its core content is not divorced from pleasure and love affair between men and women, and its style is gorgeous and beautiful, which has a direct and far-reaching impact on Song Ci.
Wen Wei: Wen is the first famous poet in the history of China literature. His main theme is palace poems. Wei Zhuang was another accomplished poet in the late Tang Dynasty. Both of them are equally famous, and they are called "Wen Wei".
Interpretation of Important Nouns in Ancient Literature
Literature of pre-Qin and Han dynasties
1. Myth: Myth is an image description and explanation of natural phenomena and social life made by ancient ancestors in an unconscious artistic way through fantasy, which shows the strong desire, optimism and heroism of ancestors to conquer nature with illusory imagination, and is an unconscious positive romantic artistic creation of early human beings. It is an important style of primitive literature and an important soil and arsenal for later literature and art.
2. The Classic of Mountains and Seas: an ancient geographical work related to witchcraft, with unknown author, written in the Warring States Period and supplemented in Qin and Han Dynasties. *** 18, which mainly records the legendary geographical knowledge, and also covers folk customs, products, medicine, witchcraft, sacrifices, etc. In particular, a large number of ancient myths and legends have been preserved, such as Jingwei's reclamation, Kuafu being killed by the Yellow Emperor every day, and Kunyu's water control. It is an ancient book with the most myths in the pre-Qin period in China, and it has important literary value.
3. Poetry 300: The Book of Songs. In the pre-Qin period, The Book of Songs was not called Jing, but called Shi or Shi San Bai. For example, The Analects quoted Shi to comment on Shi. There are 305 volumes in The Book of Songs, so it is called "Poetry 300". It became an official school in the early Western Han Dynasty and was honored as a classic. Originally called "The Book of Songs", later generations also called it "Poetry 300".
4. Six meanings of poetry: wind, elegance, ode, fu, comparison and prosperity. Style, elegance and ode are three components of The Book of Songs, which are also classified according to different regions and different music. Wind, also called national wind, is a kind of music song with local characteristics of vassal States, and elegance is a music song in Kyoto area of Zhou Dynasty, which is divided into elegance and elegance. Fu is a kind of music song in the royal ancestral temple when offering sacrifices or holding important ceremonies, which can be divided into three types: Zhou Fu, Lu Fu and Shang Fu. Three artistic expressions commonly used in The Book of Songs. Fu refers to the method of arranging narrative objects. Comparison is metaphor or analogy. Xing is to pick up something and say something else first, so that the words can be sung.
5. Four Poems: refers to the poems of Qi Yuangu, Lu, Yan and Zhao Maoji that appeared in the early Han Dynasty to teach the Book of Songs. The first three family members, Jin Wenshi, became a scholar in the Western Han Dynasty and died in the Three Kingdoms, the Western Jin Dynasty and the Song Dynasty respectively. Shi Mao is an ancient poem created by scholars in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Erya is widely used in exegetics, and there are many manuscripts of Zuo Zhuan that have been handed down to this day.
6. Ode to Songs: It is the three components of The Book of Songs, and it is also the classification of The Book of Songs according to different regions and music. Wind, also called national wind, is a kind of music song with local characteristics of vassal States. * * * Fifteen Kingdoms, 160 articles, mostly folk songs and a few noble works. Ya is a kind of music song in Kyoto area of Zhou Dynasty, which is divided into Ya and Ya. Elegance 3 1 article, enjoyed by many generations; Xiaoya has 74 articles, which are lyrical by many people. Yashi also has some folk songs. Ode is a musical song when the royal ancestral temple sacrifices or holds important ceremonies. It is divided into Zhou Song, Truffle and Ode to Shang, with 40 articles.
7. Fu Bixing: Fu Bixing is a symbolic artistic means of The Book of Songs. To put it simply, Fu directly tells the poet's feelings or quoted objects; Comparison is metaphor; Xing is the beginning and the beginning, usually at the beginning of a poem or a chapter, which may or may not be related to the feelings expressed in the poem. Fu Bixing later became a basic technique in China's poetry creation.
8. Naively think: The original sentence comes from the last chapter of The Book of Songs Truffle Biography. The general ideological tendency of Confucius' evaluation of The Book of Songs in the Spring and Autumn Period. "Three hundred poems, in one word, say: innocent thinking". The so-called "innocence" means "returning power", which means that the ideological content of the Book of Songs is pure.
9. There are three poems in this article: Spring and Autumn Annals is too short and obscure, so there are some works to explain. There are biographies of Zuo written by Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period, Biography of Ram written by Gong Yanggao in the Warring States Period and Biography written by Gu Liangchi in the Warring States Period. Gong and Gu expounded the "great righteousness" in Spring and Autumn Annals, while Zuo Zhuan narrated history with historical facts.
10. Mao Bamboo Slips: The annotations made by Mao Heng and Li Mao for The Book of Songs in the Han Dynasty are called Biography of Shi Mao, or Shi Mao for short. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan annotated Mao Shi, which was called Biography of Mao Shi or Zheng Zhu for short.
1 1. Shangshu: Shangshu in Han Dynasty is divided into ancient prose. During the reign of Emperor Wendi of the Western Han Dynasty, Chao Cuo compiled 28 Books of History based on Fu Sheng's recitation, which were written in official scripts prevailing in the Han Dynasty and called Jinwen Shangshu. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, another book written in ancient Chinese characters of the Warring States Period was found in the wall of Confucius Temple in Qufu, which was called "Ancient History of China", which was much more than the modern history of China 16. This book was lost in the war at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty. At the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Shi Meiluan presented the Classic of Ancient Chinese Literature in Zhang Yu, which has been verified by scholars since the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
2. Spring and Autumn Annals: This is the general term for the history books of various countries in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The Spring and Autumn Annals we are seeing now is a chronicle of Lu, from the year of Lu Yin to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong. The chronicle of Chunqiu is extremely brief, showing a distinct ideological tendency. The writing style of Spring and Autumn Annals, which takes one word as praise and one word as disparagement, has a great influence on later prose. Page 60
3. Mandarin: a history book recorded by the state. Written in the early years of the Warring States. It is generally believed that it was written by Zuo Qiuming in the late Spring and Autumn Period, so it is called Guoyu. This book respects both ceremony and morality; Respect God and value people. Page 60
4. Zuo Zhuan: Formerly known as Zuo Chunqiu, it is an independent chronological history book, which was written in the early years of the Warring States Period. The chronicle of Zuo Zhuan began in the year of Lu Yin and ended in the twenty-seventh year of Lu Aigong. In addition, it is accompanied by the historical facts that the Zhi family was wiped out by Korea, Wei and Zhao in four to fourteen years. Page 64
5. The Warring States Policy is a compilation of historical materials during the Warring States Period. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang sorted out a batch of books and got 33 articles, which were divided into twelve national policies according to the country and named as the Warring States Policy. The book mainly records the words and deeds of the counselors at that time. Page 73
12. Three Biographies of the Spring and Autumn Period: the collective name of Zuo Zhuan, Yang Gongzhuan and Gu Liangzhuan. The Biography of the Ram was written by the Qi people, Ram Gao, during the Warring States Period, and by Emperor Shishou of the Han Dynasty and his disciple Hu Wusheng. Gu Liang Zhuan was written by Lu people in the Warring States Period and later by Han people. Both biographies focus on the subtle meaning of Chunqiu. Zuo Zhuan focuses on supplementing historical facts and has high literary value.
13. Confucius and Mencius Confucius was the founder of Confucianism, and later called him "the most holy". The Analects of Confucius is a bibliographic work that mainly records Confucius' words and deeds. Mencius was an important representative of Confucianism in the mid-Warring States period, and was later called "Ya Sheng". Mencius is a documentary prose which mainly records Mencius' words and deeds.
14. Laozi and Zhuangzi: the collective name of Laozi and Zhuangzi. Laozi is the founder of Taoist school, and Laozi is the record and development of his thoughts in Taoist post-study. Zhuangzi was a representative of Taoism in the middle of the Warring States Period, and Zhuangzi was a compilation of his later works.
15. Understanding people and commenting on the world: Understanding people and commenting on the world is a method of reading poems put forward by Mencius, which later became one of the basic methods of literary criticism in China. To correctly understand the meaning of a work, we must understand the author's life and times and avoid subjective assumptions.
6. The Analects of Confucius is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. This book was written by Confucius' disciples and later scholars in the early Warring States period. In the Han Dynasty, there appeared three different books: The Analects of Confucius, Qi, and Ancient Essays. The Analects we see today is based on Lu's Analects and refers to Qi's Analects and the ancient prose Analects. * * * Including 20 articles on study and politics. Page 87
7. Cowardly spirit: Mencius put forward a method of moral cultivation. Mencius attached great importance to moral cultivation. He also said: "I am good at cultivating my lofty spirit." The so-called noble spirit is cultivated through the accumulation of righteousness. It is "supreme, strong and powerful" and "filled between heaven and earth", showing a lofty and fearless mental state. Page 99-100
16. "Han Feizi": a collection of political philosophy founded by Han Feizi, a representative figure of legalism at the end of the Warring States Period. There are 55 articles today, and a few chapters have been occupied by later generations. His works comprehensively developed predecessors' theories and established a totalitarian legal theory system based on law and integrating law, technology and potential. Most of his essays are reasoned, logical, thorough, profound, clear-cut, sharp in words, steep in style, good at analyzing analogies, summarizing and summarizing, and good at clarifying things with historical stories and fables.
17. "Songs of the Chu" has three meanings: first, it points out a new poetic style that appeared in the Chu region of the Warring States; Second, it refers to the works written by Han people in the Warring States period in this new poetic style; Third, it refers to the collection of works edited by Han people. Representative writers include Qu Yuan and Song Yu. Li Sao, Nine Songs and Nine Chapters and Nine Debates are representative works.
18. coquettish: the book of songs and songs of the south are called coquettish only because they are taken from the important works of the book of songs and songs of the south. Guo Feng is an outstanding representative work and original work of China's ancient realism, while Li Sao is the representative work and original work of China's ancient positive romanticism. These two works have created two outstanding traditions of China ancient literature, and have long been models for future generations to learn.
19. Qu Song: The collective name of Chu Ci writers Qu Yuan and Song Yu in the pre-Qin period. Qu Yuan is the pioneer of Chu Ci. Song Yu was slightly later than Qu Yuan, and was also famous for Chu Ci. He made an important contribution to the formation and development of Fu, and later generations called it Qu and Song.
20. "Nine Songs": A set of sacrificial songs composed by Qu Yuan on the basis of popular sacrificial songs in Chu, with a total of eleven songs. The gods sacrificed are divided into three categories: gods, secular gods and ghosts. The gods are Emperor Taiyi of the East, Oriental King, Yunjun, Priestess of Death and Siming. Most of the five related lyrics show admiration and praise for the gods, and they are written very solemnly. There are Xiang Jun, Mrs Xiang, Hebo and Shan Gui on the earth. These four poems are all love songs. People praise pure love by describing God's love life, which is mostly fresh, sad and affectionate. There is only one article about ghosts, national mourning, which is a warm tribute to the soldiers who died in the Great Patriotic War. It is warm, solemn and stirring, vigorous and simple.
2 1. Tian Wen: Qu Yuan's long poem is second only to Li Sao. In the form of backchat, more than 70 questions1have been raised continuously, covering astronomical geography, myths and legends, ancient history rumors, social politics, personal life and so on. It shows the poet's rich imagination and extensive knowledge, as well as his spirit of dare to doubt, criticize old ideas and explore truth. The whole poem is mainly composed of four words, four sentences and one section, and it is known as "a must through the ages" by using backchat and uneven levels.
22. Hundred Schools: refers to various academic factions that appeared during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and represented the interests of different classes and strata. At that time, various schools wrote books, recruited disciples to teach students, publicized their own ideas, and argued with each other, forming a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contended. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, there are 10 schools of thought, including Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Fa, Ming, Mo, Zongheng, Agriculture, Miscellaneous and Novels, among which Confucianism, Taoism, Mo and Fa have great influence, especially Confucianism and Mo.
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