The language environment of ellipsis is always the same. The first is dialogue.
For example, "Zi Mozi sees you,' ... why is this human? The king said, "It must be stealing." "("Lost ") The subject" this "(this person) was omitted from the answer of the King of Chu.
The second is to carry forward. For example, "one point of hard work leads to decline and three points of fatigue."
(Cao Gui Debate) The first sentence is about "drums", and the second and third sentences follow the first sentence, omitting the "drums" after "in" and "three" respectively. The third time was after Mongolia.
For example, "I am in the army, and I am in the public." The subject of the first sentence is also "Gong" (you), because the word "Gong" appears after it and is omitted before it.
The Book of Songs? There is a prominent example in July: "In July, crickets come under my bed in August and October." The subject "cricket" in the first two sentences was omitted.
Ellipsis in classical Chinese is manifested in the following four points: (1) Predicate ellipsis: Predicate is the most important component to express meaning and cannot be omitted generally; There are many examples of omitting predicates in classical Chinese. Such as: ① medical treatment in China, followed by illness.
("Mandarin? Today ") (First-class doctors run the country, second-rate doctors cure diseases) (2) The system of the first king is mostly one country, one of the five countries, and one of Xiao Jiu. ("Zuo zhuan? According to the system formulated by the former king, the walls of metropolises do not exceed one third of the capital, the walls of medium-sized cities do not exceed one fifth of the capital and the walls of metropolises do not exceed one ninth of the capital.
(2) Heading ellipsis: that is, only modifiers appear in the sentence. For example, the head word "Du" is omitted after "Zhong" and "Xiao".
The flexible use of adjectives as noun words has a lot to do with this ellipsis. In the Chen She Uprising, the word "sword" actually omitted the word "armor" and "sharp" actually omitted the word "weapon".
(3) Omission of part-time language. Never make a mistake.
Don't call her back. ) 4 hard work, but talent, because of responsibility.
("Promoting Weaving") Try to let the only one promote weaving go to war. He has the ability to fight, so he ordered Huayin to supply the palace frequently. After the word "yes", the double word "zhi" (she) is omitted; After the word "Shi", the word "Zhi" (promoting weaving) is also omitted. After the word "responsibility", the bilingualism of "Huayin Order" was omitted.
(D) The prepositions "Yu" and "Yi" and the object "Zhi" of the preposition are often omitted. No, I am the king of words.
I can't. I have reported this to the king of Chu. (6) The people of Jingzhou are attached to the operators and are not convinced.
("Battle of Red Cliffs") (Also, the reason why Jingzhou locals joined Cao Cao was forced by the army, not from the heart. All landowners dead horse and buy five hundred gold, the situation gave birth to a horse? ("Warring States Policy? 500 yuan bought a dead horse, let alone a live one. (8) In case of disaster, Chu is a ladder. If it succeeds, it will attack the Song Dynasty.
The public defeat made a ladder for the king of Chu, which caused it and will be used to attack the state of Song. ) pet-name ruby if owned by all for lu.
You people are going to be taken away by Pei Gong. ) attending, alas! Insufficient vertical shaft, please! (ditto) (alas! People with small ambitions are not worth planning big things with him! (5) Omitting the preposition "Yu" before "Wang"; Example 6 The preposition "Yu" (Bei) is also omitted before "Ice Room"; The preposition "Yi" before "500 gold".
The situation of "saving" is not as common as "saving". Example 8 is the preposition "one" followed by the object "zhi" (ladder); Example 9 is the preposition "Wei" followed by the object "Zhi" (referring to Liu Bang); Attending is the preposition "Yu" followed by the object "Zhi" (explicitly referring to Xiang Zhuang, actually referring to Xiang Yu).
The conditions for ellipsis in classical Chinese are not as strict as those in vernacular Chinese. Such as: "There are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, [] black and white, [] touching vegetation, [] dying.
"(The Snake Catcher said) The second and third sentences omit the subject" different snakes "and the fourth sentence omits the subject" vegetation ". They are not subject ellipsis, but object ellipsis.
In other words, it is not necessarily the corresponding sentence component. This is a situation.
Another example is: "Chu people eat, Wu people follow, [] run, [] eat and follow." ("Zuo zhuan? Ding Gong four years) (Chu Jun cooked a meal, and Wu Jun caught up with them, so Chu Jun ran away, and Wu Jun ate the meal cooked by Chu Jun, and then chased Chu Jun.
The subject of the third sentence "Ben" is "Chu people", and the first sentence is omitted; The subject of the fourth sentence "eat from it" is "Wu people", and the second sentence is omitted. Omission of every other sentence is another case.
It can be seen that the conditions for ellipsis in classical Chinese are not as strict as those in vernacular Chinese. Therefore, when reading classical Chinese, we must carefully observe the context, so as to find out what we have missed and avoid the phenomenon of arrogance.
Incidentally, proper nouns are also omitted in classical Chinese. Such as: Appreciation of Taoyuan.
(Meng Jiao's Message to Shaanxi Zheng) (Appreciating Tao Yuanming's poems) Although this omission is not enough for training, we must pay attention to it when reading ancient books.
2. How to judge the ellipsis sentence, judgment sentence, prepositional structure postposition sentence and prepositional object in classical Chinese? I edited these together _-ellipsis sentence.
However, this phenomenon is more prominent in classical Chinese. Some sentence elements that cannot be omitted in modern Chinese are often omitted in ancient Chinese. (2) The form of ellipsis sentence is 1. Subject ellipsis; Subject ellipsis is very common in classical Chinese.
One of the main reasons is that the third person pronoun in classical Chinese generally does not act as the subject of the sentence independently. If the sentence repeats the previous sentence, the sentence with the subject omitted will naturally be much simpler.
Whether elements in a sentence are omitted or not should be inferred from the above or below meaning or the whole language environment. When translating, we should make up the omitted parts according to the specific situation.
Subject ellipsis can be divided into the following forms: connecting the past with the future, learning from the past, and dialogue. (1) The main body connects the preceding with the following.
Inheriting the former province means inheriting the former components and omitting the latter. Such as: ① Lian Po was General Zhao, and (Lian Po) cut it to pieces.
(2) There are different snakes in the wild in Yongzhou, black and white, and (different snakes) touch vegetation and (vegetation) dies. (2) The main body is backward.
The meaning of "the backward province of Mongolia" is that the components behind Mongolia are omitted from the front. Pei Gong said to Sean, "... I went to the army on business, but I went in on business."
(2) (er) It's a matter of time before you die, and the rest will be closed. (3) The dialogue of the subject is saved.
In the dialogue, it is omitted according to the specific dialogue language environment. This omission is the most flexible.
(1) (Mencius) said, "Who is happy if you are happy alone and with others?" (The king) said, "If you are not with others." ② Fan Kuai said, "What happened today?" Liang Dao: "It's urgent."
2. omit the predicate; Predicate is the most important part of a sentence. Whether in ancient or modern times, it is rare to omit predicates. However, there are more omitted predicates in classical Chinese than in modern Chinese, especially in compound sentence. If a verb is used in a sentence, another verb of the same kind can be omitted.
Sometimes omitted predicates need to be supplemented according to the context, so as not to affect the expression of meaning. (1) If the above predicate is omitted, please dance with a sword (for fun), because there is nothing fun in the army.
(2) Omit the following predicates, such as: Andy's neighbor is a dead sheep, which not only leads its party (chasing it), but also invites Yang Zijian (some versions are vertical) to chase it. (3) * * * metaphor is omitted.
It is based on the context that you will understand what is omitted. (1) and left the factory prison, history (as far as possible outside the prison).
When Zuo Gong was arrested and put into Dongchang prison, Shi Kefa was outside the prison every morning and evening. (2) After the reform of Guangdong and Guangxi (Ren), the eunuch cried goodbye and gave four big beads.
3. Omit the object; In classical Chinese, it is common to omit objects after verbs and prepositions, and most of them are pronouns "zhi". (1) The object after the verb is omitted. For example, Xiang Bo is Pei Gong's army. At night, he meets Sean privately. He has something to say.
(2) Omit the object after the preposition, such as: seeing is believing, trying your best, being ashamed, and not daring to compare with it. 4. Omit the concurrent language; The object of verbs such as "Shi, Ming, Ling" often doubles as the subject of the latter subject-predicate phrase, and this word is called concurrent language.
Generally speaking, the concurrent language in modern Chinese can't be omitted, but the concurrent language in classical Chinese is often omitted, and the pronoun "zhi" is often omitted. For example, why don't we meet and give it back to Zhao?
5. Omit prepositions; In ancient Chinese, the preposition "Yu" and the preposition "Yi and Zi" were often omitted. These prepositions and the following objects constitute prepositional structures, which are often omitted when used as complements. (1) The provincial preposition "Yu" is like: Jingzhou people attach symbols to force (Yu) soldiers to take advantage of the situation.
(2) omit the preposition "one", such as: try to fight other insects, and the insects will be exhausted; Try again, and the result is true. (3) Omit the preposition "Zi", such as: or Wang Ming announces urgency, sometimes going to (Zi) and arriving at Jiangling dusk-.
B. judging the difference between ancient and modern sentence patterns Modern Chinese generally uses the judgment verb "yes" between the subject and the predicate to express judgment, but in ancient Chinese, "yes" is often used as a pronoun. Therefore, in most cases, modal particles are used to express judgment.
C. Common sentence patterns 1. "... this person, ... also" indicates judgment; The "zhe" after the subject means pause, and the "ye" after the predicate means judgment, that is, "this sentence pattern is a typical sentence pattern expressing judgment in ancient Chinese.
Such as: ① General Lian Po and Zhao Zhiliang. (2) Chen Shengsheng is also from Yangcheng.
(3) Wu Guangzhe, Yang Xia also. (4) today's so-called Huikong Temple, Praise Lu Tomb.
(5) South Ghost, Tianchi also. 6. Qi Xie will be blamed.
All landowners who go today and never return will stand upright. 2. "... the subject followed by" zhe "means pause, and the predicate is not followed by" ye ",that is," zhe ".
The word "zhe" in this sentence pattern also needs no translation. Just add "yes" between the subject and predicate. Such as: ① Liu Jingting, born in Taizhou, Yangzhou, whose real name is Cao.
(2) Xiaomi, what the people planted. 3. "..., ... also" indicates judgment; Don't use "zhe" after the subject to indicate pause, only use "ye" after the predicate to indicate judgment, that is, "... yes"
The word "ye" in this sentence pattern also needs no translation. Such as: ① Harmony is a treasure on earth.
(2) Cao Cao is a thief in China. It's my fault.
Therefore, scholars have to think carefully and be cautious. My husband Han Tianzi did the same thing.
4. "... is also a" judgment; There is no subject, only "this also" is used after the predicate to express judgment, that is, "this also" type. The "this" in this sentence pattern needs no translation.
Such as: ① Pei Gong participated in Fan Kuai. (2) Chrysanthemum, the hermit in the flower; Peony, blooming with wealth; Lotus, the gentleman of flowers.
5. "..., ..." can also express judgment; You don't need "zhe" and "ye", that is to say, when translating into modern Chinese, you can just add "yes" between the subject and the predicate.
This kind of judgment sentence is usually called the concept judgment sentence. Such as: 1 Liu Bei, the world is fierce.
(2) the land of tiger food Qin, not credible. (3) the continuation of the Qin dynasty (the old road).
6."……,。
3. What are the sentence patterns in classical Chinese? The order of sentence components in modern Chinese is generally "Wang-Predicate-Object" and "Ding (Form)-Head Word", but in classical Chinese, the order of sentence components will change under certain conditions, which is the so-called inverted sentence in ancient Chinese. In other words, the order of some sentence elements in classical Chinese has been reversed. The structure of modern Chinese is [], () | []. () ... inversion predicate preposition object sentence with attributive postposition adverbial postposition 1 and predicate preposition sentence. In ancient Chinese, the position of predicate, like modern Chinese, is usually placed after the subject, but sometimes it is to emphasize and highlight the predicate. What's the matter, beauty? I'm a young man from China! Example 1: "What a pity! || You are so ungrateful! " "Yu Gong Yi Shan" Your heartlessness || What a shame! (2) Zhong || childe can be anxious and sleepy! ("Xinlingjun steals the charm to save Zhao") Childe can be anxious || Ann! 2. Preposition object (1) In the negative sentence, the pronoun is the object, and the object comes first. You are three years old. |||| [Mo] I [Ken] care. Avoid |||| [not] confidence. (Ancient) People || [Not] I bullied people. However, I am not a king, and || [not] has it. There is no inheritance in the future, I am |. |||| [Mo]' s [ability] is also an emperor, and so is the lover ||| | [non]' s knowledge. "When people || [mo] promise also. "(2) In interrogative sentences, pronouns are used as the object of verbs or prepositions, And the object comes first (who, he, Lao, Hu, evil, an, Yan, etc. A. (Historical Records. Xiang Yu Shu) Your Majesty || What are you doing here? You may delay, but time will not. B. Before the guest comes to Weiss, shall I ||| [Who and] go back? Once the mountain collapsed, why did Chang 'an || [Zhao Yu] support himself? Otherwise || [Why] How did you get here? |||| 【 How do you know? (3) Use "Zhi" as a sign to bring the object to the front. Song || What is the crime? "The heart of others, try to figure out"-|| What does the master mean? What's General Lee's name? "If you don't know this sentence, you can't solve this puzzle." ("Shi Shuo") 4 Only in classical Chinese, the position of the attribute is generally placed in front of the head word, but sometimes in order to highlight the position of the head word, emphasize the content of the attribute, or make the tone smooth, the attribute is often placed behind the head word. For example, "prefix+zhi+postposition attribute" is like: "the worm has no claws and strong bones and muscles." Those who admire the gentry but are not easy to realize their ambitions are "prefix+word+post-attribute+person" and "resounding stones everywhere." (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan) Loud stones are everywhere. 4. Preposition structure is postposition (that is, adverbial postposition) (1) Preposition phrase composed of preposition "Yu" is in classical Chinese. Take it from the blue, but take it from the blue. Take it from the public and fight for it. If you die, it will be good for you. If you are quiet, your daughter will be happy. Once I'm in the corner of the city. The preposition "one" is generally used as an adverbial in today's translation. For example, in Xiang Yu's book, "discussing things by things" means "discussing things by things" ... it depends on the situation, and its composition depends on the situation. "Born in front of me, its smell and smell are also in front of me. "Born in front of me" in the sentence (Han Yu's Shi Shuo) can be translated as "born in front of me", which is an adverbial postposition, that is, "born in my previous life, its smell and smell also preceded me. "In classical Chinese, there are many. The most common ones are as follows: 1. Omit the subject. 2. omit the predicate. 3. Omit the object. 4. Omit prepositions. 5. Omit quantifiers: It is easy to return for the first time (the second time) in summer and winter. ◇ Omit the subject ① "... () I went to the army and entered the public. Never ask questions. If you have the answer, go home and set aside wine to kill chickens for dinner. "(The story of Peach Blossom Spring) (The villagers) were frightened when they saw the fishermen. (fishermen) have the answer. (Villagers) should go home and put wine and kill chickens for dinner. " (3) The wild snakes in Yongzhou are black and white. They will do anything when they come into contact with plants. If it is not good, change it. ("The Analects of Confucius") (1) "Choose the good and follow it, (1) Change the bad. (2) Work hard, then decline, and finally run out. Zuo Zhuan exerted its strength, then () declined, and finally () exhausted. (3) Who do people regard General Lian and the King of Qin as? ◇ Object ellipsis: (1) verb object ellipsis; (2) Omission of prepositional objects.
4. How to judge the sentence patterns of classical Chinese, such as object postposition? Thank you. Hehe, curiosity is understandable, but special sentence patterns have no object postposition. It is a prepositional object. It doesn't matter. Don't worry.
The so-called special sentence pattern is relative to modern Chinese, so if you want to understand it, you need to know some knowledge of modern Chinese, and you need to know the position of the grammatical components of the subject-predicate object complement. Take the prepositional object as an example, such as "self-confidence" in Zou Ji's satirizing coachable, the king of Qi, in which "self" is the object component. In modern Chinese, this sentence means: "Zou Ji doesn't believe in himself." But in classical Chinese, this kind of sentence puts the object "zi" before the predicate "heart", so it is a special grammatical phenomenon compared with modern Chinese grammar, called prepositional object.
Of course, there are many special sentence patterns, such as attributive postposition, ellipsis, passive sentence and so on. The reason is the same. Don't worry, you will conquer it, I believe you!
5. Refer to the answer 1 for some exercises. The adverb "Xiang" in Peacock Flying Southeast (1) is mutual: "Meeting each other is often rare", "Liuhe just corresponds", "Meeting in the dead" and "covering branches and leaves are interlinked" (2) Adverb, single meaning. "Swear that the sky will pay off" (you, on behalf of) (3) Noun, appearance: "My son is thin and rich" (2) Usage of nouns such as verbs (1) "I learn from Tao" (the teacher said) Teacher, learn. "Teacher" and "Tao" should be used together according to the meaning of the sentence. Wandering around The noun after the wish verb is often used as a verb. From this, the nouns after adverbs are often used as verbs, such as "a wise monarch is not an official who does nothing, and he who does not fight does not enjoy it." (3) "my uncle's wife, Zhao Shuai, gave birth to a shield" (the death of Zhong Er) "wife", and gave birth to a wife for him. Secondly, the prepositional structure. Build houses. Nouns followed by prepositions are often used as verbs. (5) "The first person who breaks the Qin Dynasty and enters Xianyang is the king." (Hongmen Banquet) "The king is respected." Nouns followed by pronouns are often used as verbs. 3. Usage of prepositional object in classical Chinese (1) "What is the king doing here?" In interrogative sentences, pronouns are the objects of predicate verbs, and the predicate verbs often come first. (2) "Wes, who are we taking home?" In interrogative sentences, pronouns are the object of prepositions, and they are always prepositions. (3) "It is unnecessary for ancient people to bully the city." (The Story of Shi Zhongshan) In negative sentences, pronouns are the object of predicate verbs, and they are always prepositions. (4) "There is nothing in the book." (Zhang Hengchuan) In negative sentences, when the object is emphasized, the word "zhi" is often marked between the preposition object and the predicate verb. (6) "Since the beginning of teaching, the enemy is seeking." (Zuo Zhuan) When emphasizing the object, we often mark "yes" between the preposition object and the predicate verb. 4. Usage of ellipsis in classical Chinese (65438+) (Xiang Ru) Please kneel down. "(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) The subject is omitted. ② "The right and pursuit of changing clothes (the right of Yu Xia)." (Battle of Red Cliffs) Verb object ellipsis. (3) "There are different snakes in Yongzhou, and snakes are black and white; (snake) touches vegetation and dies; Bite with (snake), there is no defense. " (On Snake Catchers) Omit the subject and the prepositional object. (4) "During the Qin Dynasty, (Xiang Bo) walked with the minister, and Xiang Bo killed him, but the minister was still alive. "(The Hongmen Banquet) was masked and the subject was omitted. 5. Usage of passive sentences in classical Chinese (65433 (Shangqin)) uses "Wei" to indicate passivity, and "Qidian" is an unmarked passive sentence. (4) "If you don't hurry now, you may be the first person to do it." ("Battle of Red Cliffs") with "Wei
6. How to distinguish the omission of prepositional objects in classical Chinese sentences? There is also an adverbial followed by the so-called passivity, which means that the relationship between the subject and the predicate is passive, that is, the subject is the passive and victim of the behavior represented by the verb, not the active and implementer.
There is a symbol (1) with "for" or "for".
Institute. .. "passive" dead hand, laughing at the world. "
(... laughed at by the whole world) "(Giant) is far away from the county seat and will be merged by others. (Zi Jian) (2) Passive "loyalty, rape and slander" uses the "quilt" table, can you complain? "(loyalty is vilified by others, can you not dislike it? (3) use "see" or "see".
Yu.
"passive" ... I saw bullying "(... I was cheated for nothing)" I'm really afraid of losing Zhao when I see bullying you. "
(4) Use "in" or "by".
Yu. "
Passive "cannot tolerate distance." (Zhang Pu's "Five Tombs Monument" "I can't raise the land of Wu Jin, I am subject to people."
(Zi Tong Zhi Jian) ⑤ Use "Bei" to express passivity. "I still remember that the arrest of Duke Zhou was in the hope of Ding Mao in March."
(Zhang Pu's Tomb Monument of Five People is unmarked. This situation refers to passive sentences without passive verbs. For example, "Jingzhou people attach symbols to force soldiers to take advantage of the situation."
(Zi Tongzhi Jian) Here, "forced by military intelligence" means "forced by military intelligence". Note: "Jian" has a special usage, similar to the passive form of "Jian", such as "Ji Junshi or Seeing Anger" (in response to Sima's suggestion), but the "Jian" here is not passive, it is placed in front of the verb, indicating that the action is biased towards one side, "How to treat yourself", like "Forgive me" in modern Chinese.
Ellipsis (1) Subject ellipsis Yongzhou wild produces different snakes, (snakes) are black and white ... (2) The predicate omits "Fu Dou, Yong Ye". One drum, then (drum) and decline, three drums (drum) and exhausted ... (3) Verb object omitted as big as a work, worship (referring to Lin Xiangru) as Shangqing. "
(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (4) Ellipsis of prepositional objects This person has all heard of it (5) Ellipsis of prepositions. The general hit Hebei and the minister hit Henan.