Author: Tang Du Fu
There are dangers only in heaven, and the sword gate (1) is strong in the world.
even the mountains are southwest (2) and the stone corners are north (3).
the two cliffs lean on each other, depicting the shape of a fortress.
One wife is angry, but one million can't (4).
Zhu Yu walked in the Central Plains, and he was (5) miserable.
Before the Three Emperors and Five Emperors, chickens and dogs were released.
the late king (6) was still soft and far away, and the official tribute (7) and the road (8) were lost.
Up to now, heroes have always looked up to bullies.
annexation (9) and separatist regime (1), trying not to compromise.
I will really kill the crime, and I want to shovel the pile!
I'm afraid this will happen again, and I'm disappointed in the breeze.
1. Notes
(1): In the north of Jiange County, Sichuan Province. According to "The Unified Records of the Qing Dynasty": "Sichuan Baoning House: Dajianshan is twenty-five miles north of Jianzhou. Its mountain wall cutting is interrupted, and the two cliffs are embedded, such as the opening of the door and the planting of the sword, so it is also called Jianmen Mountain. "
(2): It is beneficial to local regimes.
(3): Obvious to the enemy of the Central Plains imperial court.
(4): use "and while one man guards it, ten thousand cannot force it" in Li Bai's Shu Dao Nan. Beside: near.
(5): Minshan Mountain and Emei Mountain are both in Sichuan.
(6): refers to the kings of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties.
(7): Specially refers to the tribute. "Zhou Li": "Do your job according to your ability; Make its tribute, each with its own. "
(8): that is, the way to "put the chicken and the dog separately".
(9): refers to kings, such as Qin Shihuang.
(1): refers to bullies, such as Gongsun Shu and Liu Bei.
Second, the creative background
In March 759 (the second year of Tang Suzong Ganyuan), 6, soldiers of the Tang Dynasty were defeated in Yecheng. The provinces took the opportunity to expand their power and compete with the Tang Dynasty for the world. The Tang dynasty fell into a situation of disintegration. When Du Fu moved to Chengdu with his family from Tonggu, Qinzhou in December this year, he passed through Jianmen. He marveled at the danger of the terrain, associated it with the Anshi Rebellion caused by the strength of the buffer region, realized that the land of Jiannan was easy to be secured by the warlords, and expressed deep concern about the future of the country.
3. Appreciation
The first eight sentences of this poem are abrupt and describe the author's consternation when he first saw Jianmen Mountain. Such a strange and magnificent mountain is really made in heaven! The mountains are connected and surround the southwest, and the stone horns on the mountains all point to the north. The two cliffs are towering, like walls and walls, like battlements. As long as one person is angry and holed up, even a million people dare not come near! These vivid descriptions, on the one hand, directly describe the grandeur, danger and grandeur of the mountain by using the method of fu, showing the magnificent momentum, which is very vivid and makes people feel as if they are in the scene. Yang Lun said: "Song Qi knows Chengdu so far, chanting Du Fu's first four poems, sighing and thinking that it is a true record." (Du Shi Jing Quan) The word "danger" and "strength" are used to describe the sword gate in the poem, and the whole article originates from these two words. On the other hand, it is more important that the poem adopts the method of "Fu with Xing", which embodies profound political thoughts. In particular, the sentence "even the mountains embrace the southwest, and the stone corners all face north" is rich in meaning and intriguing. Pu Qilong's Reading Du Xin Jie said: "All people take the land risks as their arguments" and "embrace the southwest and see the music as their protection; Angle to the north, see clearly with our enemy. I want to shovel the roots of the pile at the end of the article. " From the steep mountain, the poet has clearly realized that such a dangerous geographical environment is easy to be used by careerists and is in danger of breaking away from the central dynasty and local separatism at any time. "Stone Corner", on the surface, describes mountains, but in fact it symbolizes those local warlords with ulterior motives.
On the basis of concrete description, the author expresses his opinions on current affairs. The poet first wrote that the current imperial court exploited the people, and things such as pearls and jade went to the Central Plains day by day, so the Shu people were poor, and even Minshan and Emei Mountain looked sad for them. Among them, the word "Zou" was adapted from The Biography of Han Poems, with six clouds: "Fu Zhu comes from the rivers and seas, jade comes from Kunshan, and those who are not satisfied are still good at it." This tactfully pointed out that the Tang Dynasty exacted and searched the people of Sichuan, thus revealing the reasons why the world made enemies. After that, the author changed his pen and expressed his views from a historical perspective. Recall that in ancient times, Sichuan did not reach the Central Plains. At that time, people were indifferent to each other, and even chickens and dogs were casually released. After the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, although the policy of appeasement was carried out for distant places, its officials were appointed and paid tribute, which set a precedent for the later generations to levy exorbitant taxes and levies, and gradually lost control over the domineering people, resulting in the local warlords swaggering and dominating the country, giving way to each other and killing each other inextricably. Every sentence of these arguments is about history, and every sentence is related to reality.
in the last four sentences, the poet expressed his strong anger at those who started the war and separated the motherland, and his worries about the future of the motherland. The poet said: I want to condemn God, and I really want to level the mountains. I can't help feeling melancholy and silent when I think that things will happen from time to time in the future! These last four sentences are very important and are the key to the whole poem. "Sin really kills" and "shovel overlapping" echo the strong and dangerous descriptions at the beginning of the article, so that the above descriptions are implemented; "Afraid that this will happen again" is a summary of the arguments of "annexation" and "separatist regime", and further expresses the anxiety about the future situation. Mr. Chen Yi-yun said: "There are two things that poets worry about: First, the sword gate is a natural barrier, which is conducive to the warlord's seizure of danger, and it has existed since ancient times, and it is difficult to protect it today; Second, the land of abundance, rich in products, if you ask too much, it is inevitable to make enemies and create chaos. This is the theme of this poem. " This deep anxiety makes the ending of the whole poem more gloomy and powerful. However, in the last sentence, the author deliberately made a remark, "The breeze is silent and melancholy", which vividly painted the image of the poet's unspeakable words, vaguely revealed his helpless emotions, and gave people a sense of carefree meaning. Poetry rises abruptly, changes in the middle, and finally falls down slightly. The whole poem rises like a raging tide, and the people move around, vividly showing the process of the author's mood change in front of the readers, thus realizing the magnificent and vast poetry.
IV. Historical Evaluation
Yang Lun commented on this poem in Du Shi Jing Quan: "The argument is the rhyme, at least the poem is extremely beautiful, and Shaoling is so beautiful that he wants to drive the poem" Jian Ge Ming "to the top." Du Fu's comments in his poems are the first of its kind in the Song Dynasty, but the comments in Du Fu's poems are also different from those in the general Song Dynasty. On the one hand, the poet's discussion is closely combined with the description of scenery and personnel, and the discussion is based on vivid images and naturally arises. On the other hand, the author is full of his passion in his discussion, and his words touch the readers' heartstrings, so it is not boring. On the other hand, the author's comments are aimed at the real society everywhere, so they are not vague.
V. Author's introduction
Du Fu (712-77), with a beautiful word, was born in Gongxian County (now Gongyi, Henan Province) of Han nationality. Du Fu's great-grandfather (Du Shenyan's father) moved from Xiangyang (now Hubei) to Gongxian (now Gongyi, Henan). A great realistic poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He is concerned about the country and the people, and his personality is noble. About 1,5 of his poems have been preserved, and his poetic skills are exquisite. His influence on China's classical poems is very far-reaching, and he is called "the sage of poetry" by the later deities, and his poems are also called "the history of poetry". Du Fu and Li Bai are both called "Li Du". In order to distinguish them from the other two poets, Li Shangyin and Du Mu, that is, "Little Li Du", Du Fu and Li Bai are also called "Great Li Du".
Du Fu's poems are called "the history of poetry" because many of the poems written by Du Fu are gloomy and frustrated, worrying about the country and the people. Du Fu's poems are good at ancient style and rhythmic poetry, and they are diverse in style. He accurately summarizes his own work style with the word "depressed and frustrated", and mainly focuses on depression. Du Fu lived in the historical period when the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline. His poems mostly involved social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings. His poems reflected the social contradictions and people's sufferings at that time. His poems recorded the historical changes of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and expressed the lofty Confucian spirit of benevolence and strong sense of hardship, so they were called "the history of poetry". Du Fu was concerned about the country and people, with noble personality and exquisite poetic skills. Du Fu wrote more than 1,5 poems in his life, many of which are famous works that have been praised through the ages, such as "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", and Du Gongbu Collection has been handed down from generation to generation. Among them, the "Three Officials" are Shihao Officials, Xin 'an Officials and Tongguan Officials, and the "Three Farewells" are Newly Married, Homeless and Farewell to the Old. The poems handed down by Du Fu are the most extensive in the Tang Dynasty and one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty, which have a far-reaching influence on later generations. Du Fu's works are called scars in the world and sages in poetry. The people are suffering, and the bottom of the pen is turbulent.
Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and creatively developing them. He is the pioneer of the new Yuefu poetry style. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. His "May 7th" ancient novel, which is also a history of poetry, begins to narrate and focuses on the whole story, marking the high achievement of Chinese poetry art.. Du Fu also showed remarkable creativity in the Five-Seven Rhythm, and accumulated complete artistic experience in temperament, antithesis, and refining words and sentences, which made this genre reach a fully mature stage. Du Gongbu has been handed down from generation to generation. His works include both sides of the yellow river recaptured by the imperial army, Chunwang, Jueju, Wangyue and so on.
VI. Traditional Contrast
Volume 218_42 Sword Gate Du Fu
Only when there are dangers in heaven, the sword gate is strong in the world.
even the mountains embrace the southwest, and the stone corners all face north.
the two cliffs lean on each other, depicting the shape of a fortress.
when one husband is angry, one million can't be near.
Zhu Yu walked in the Central Plains, and he was very sad.
Before the Three Emperors and Five Emperors, chickens and dogs were released.
the late king was still soft and far away, and his official tribute was lost.
Up to now, heroes have always looked up to bullies.
annexation and separatism, trying not to give way.
I will really kill the crime, and I want to shovel the seal.
I'm afraid this will happen again, and I'm disappointed in the breeze.