-Summer Academic Lecture in Guangzhou in September [2] What I am talking about today is the one written on the blackboard.
Title.
It is not easy to study the history of China literature. There are too few materials to study ancient times and too few materials to study the present.
Many, so up to now, a relatively complete history of China literature has not appeared. Today's topic is a part of the history of literature, and it is also
There is so little information that it is difficult to study. Because we want to study the literature of a certain era, at least we should know the author's
Environment, experience, works.
At the end of Han Dynasty, Wei Chu was a very important era, which made great changes in literature, because it was in the period of the Yellow Scarf Uprising.
After the chaos between [3] and Dong Zhuo [4], after the struggle between the parties [5], Cao Cao [6] came out.
-but when we talk about Cao Cao, it's easy to think of Romance of the Three Kingdoms [7], and even more of the flower on the stage.
Treacherous court official, but this is not the real way to observe Cao Cao. Now let's look at history, historical records and judgments sometimes.
It is also extremely unreliable, and there are many places that can't be believed, because usually we know that a certain dynasty is a little older, it must be.
There are many good people; One dynasty is a little shorter, and there are almost no good people among them. Why? Because of the age, Ben made history.
Koreans will certainly praise people from their own country. Because time is short, the people who made history are not in Korea, so they are free to criticize the people of other countries.
So in the Qin dynasty, there were almost no good people recorded in historical books. Cao Cao's history is also quite short, so he naturally escaped.
It is common to be spoken ill of by future generations. In fact, Cao Cao is a very capable person, at least a hero, although I am not.
It's Cao Cao's party, but anyway, I always admire him.
It is easier to study the literature at that time now, because someone has done the work: on the one hand, there are both strictness and strictness in the collection.
"Ancient and modern three generations, Qin and Han Dynasties, Southern Jin Dynasties" series [8]. Among them, the useful ones here are Quanhanwen and Quansan.
China people ","are all gold ".
On the one hand, there is Ding's poem All Han, Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties [9]. -Ding is a doctor now.
Yes, still there.
The collection of literary criticism about this era is the History of China Medieval Literature edited by Liu [10]. This book belongs to Peking University.
The handout "Mr. Liu is Dead" was published in Peking University.
The above three books are of great help to our research. Let us see that the literature of this era is indeed a bit extraordinary.
If what I said today is detailed in Mr. Liu's book, I will be a little bit; On the contrary, what Mr. Liu outlined, I will be more detailed.
A little bit.
After Dong Zhuo, Cao Cao was authoritarian. Under his rule, the first characteristic is that he is still punished. His legislation is very strict,
Because after the chaos, everyone wants to be an emperor and everyone wants to rebel, so Cao can't help it. Cao Caoceng personally said:
"Without me, I don't know how many people claim to be emperors!" [1 1] This sentence is not a lie. Therefore, it will affect
In terms of articles, it has become a sober style. -it means that the article should be concise and rigorous.
In addition, there is another feature, that is, it is relatively easy to get rid of. Why does he want to do business? Nature also has a lot to do with the prevailing atmosphere at that time.
Relationship. Because before the disaster of party struggle, everyone in the party pretended to be clean, but if they talked too much about "clean", they would become stubborn.
At the end of the Han dynasty, the act of cleaning was sometimes very ridiculous.
For example, when a celebrity and ordinary people visit him, they must say a few words first. If these words are incorrect, they usually
He will be treated with disdain, told to sit outside and even refused to see him.
Another example is a person whose fault lies with his brother-in-law. Once he went to his sister's house for dinner, he had to pay for the meal.
Give it back to my sister. She refused, so he left the money in the street after going out and paid it. [12] individual
It doesn't matter if you are so angry. If governing the country and pacifying the world are so stubborn, what would it be? So I know.
Cao Cao, who has this shortcoming, should stand up against this habit and advocate communication. Easy means casual. This advocacy influenced the literary world and produced it.
Produce a lot of articles that you can say whatever you want.
What's more, because stubbornness was abolished after enlightenment, heresy and foreign thoughts were fully accommodated, so the source of ideas outside Confucianism.
Source introduction.
To sum up, we can say that Wei Chu's articles at the end of Han Dynasty are clear. In Cao Cao itself, it is also a reform article.
Unfortunately, his articles are rarely circulated. He is very courageous and his writing is quite effective, but he didn't pay attention when he wrote the article.
Avoid writing what you want to write.
That's why Cao Cao said the same thing when he was seeking sages. It doesn't matter if you are unfaithful and unfilial, as long as you are talented. [13] This is again.
What others are afraid to say. When Cao Cao wrote a poem, he actually said "Zheng Kangcheng died after drinking" [14], which was not long after his introduction.
This is a fact that others dare not use it. Another point, for example, when people die, they often write some suicide notes, which is one of the things of celebrities.
Very fashionable things. At that time, the law had a certain format, saying a lot about where to be buried after death, or where celebrities were buried.
Beside the tomb; A fucking person, otherwise his legacy not only didn't follow the format, but also talked about what to do with the clothes and prostitutes left behind.
Title [15].
Although Lu Ji commented that he "provoked dust and slandered the queen" [16], I think he is a shrewd man anyway, himself.
You can make an issue of it, and there are ways to collect all the alchemists and scribes in the world, so that they don't have to go outside to make trouble for him. therefore
There are many alchemists and scribes in his room.
Di Pi [17] and his eldest son inherited his father's business and usurped the throne of the Han Dynasty. He also likes articles. His brother Cao Zhi.
[18] and Ming Di Cao Rui [19] both like articles. But by that time, Yu Tongtuo, more
Gorgeous in the world There is no Dian Lun, which has been lost now. It says "Poetry is beautiful" and "Prose is based on Qi".
The bits and pieces of Dian Lun are all in the books of Tang and Song Dynasties. A whole paper can be found in Selected Works [20].
see you again
Later, some ordinary people were very dissatisfied with his opinion. He said there was no need to include lessons in poetry and fu, and opposed those who encouraged poetry and fu at that time.
From the perspective of modern literature, an era of Cao Pi can be said to be "the conscious era of literature", or as modern times.
It is said to be a school for art's sake. So the poems written by Cao Pi
Fu is very good, but also because he gives priority to with "qi", so strong Yu Yanli. To sum up, Wei Chu's articles in the late Han Dynasty,
It can be said: "clear, bright, bright and strong." On the literary proposition, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi seem to be different on the surface.
Yes Cao Pi said that articles can be remembered for thousands of years [22]; But Zijian said that the article trail [23] is not enough.
In my opinion, Zijian is probably against his will. There are two reasons. First, Zijian's article is well done. He is an NPC.
He is always dissatisfied with what he does and envious of what others do. If his article is well done, he dares to say it is small.
Tao; Second, the goal of Zijian's activities lies in politics, which is not very successful [24] and the article is useless.
Yes
Apart from Cao Cao and Cao Pi, there are seven others: Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Liu Zhen and Du Fu.
Very capable of writing articles, and later called "Jian 'an Seven Sons" [25]. Seven people's articles are rarely circulated, and now it is difficult for us to judge;
However, it is probably nothing more than "generosity" and "gorgeous". Gorgeous is advocated by Cao Pi, and generous is because when the world is in chaos,
Many relatives and friends died in chaos, and it is inevitable that they are sad, passionate and "generous" for writing.
Seven children, especially Kong Rong, like to make trouble with Cao Cao. There is Kong Rong in Cao Pi's Dian Lun, so he also.
Dragged into the "Jian 'an Seven Children" together. It's actually wrong. Very different. But at that time, he was very famous.
Kong Rong likes to use satirical style in his composition, and Cao Pi is very dissatisfied with him. Kong Rong's articles are rarely circulated now, only he has them.
Up, you can see that he is not very sarcastic to others, only to Cao Cao. For example, fuck brother Yuan, and Cao Pi let Yuan's wife go.
Zhen Shiyin took it for himself, and Kong Rong wrote to Cao Cao, saying that Zhou had been beheaded and da ji had been given to the Duke of Zhou. Fuck it.
Make a ceremony, he said. It was probably the same at that time. Take today as an example. For example, Cao Cao wants to ban alcohol, saying that alcohol can ruin the country and must be banned.
Kong Rong is against him, saying that there are women in the world who are subjugated. Why can't they get married? [26] In fact, Cao Cao also drank.
Let's take a look at his How to Relieve Anxiety. Only Du Kang's poem [27] can you know it. Why does his behavior bring peace?
What about contradictions? There is no other way, because Cao Cao is the commander in chief, so he has to do so; Kong Rong is a bystander, so it's easy to say.
Some free words. Cao Cao saw that he had repeatedly opposed himself, and later killed him on an excuse. [28] There is probably no accusation that he killed Kong Rong.
Filial piety because Kong Rong has the following two propositions: First, Kong Rong advocates that the mother-child relationship is like something in a bottle.
If you want to empty the bottle, the relationship between mother and child will be over. Second, if there is a famine in the world.
Wait, there's food. Where's my father? Kong Rong's answer is: If his father is not good, he would rather give it to others. -Cao Cao
If you want to kill him, you will not hesitate to kill him on the basis of his disloyalty and unfilial. If Cao Cao is still alive, we can ask
He said that it doesn't matter if you are thirsty for talent and disloyalty and unfilial. Why did he kill people in the name of unfilial? However, in fact, even if Cao Cao is no better.
No one dared ask him. If we ask him, I'm afraid he will kill us, too! One of them opposed Cao Cao with Kong Rong.
Amitabha [29] was later killed by Huang Zu. Mi Heng's article is also good. He and Kong Rong have long been "homogeneous"
Write an article. So we can know here that the Chinese language is slowly growing up, which is the result of the times, not caused by Cao Cao and his son.
Gong. But gorgeous beauty is the credit advocated by Cao Pi.
Until Ming Di, the article had a major change, because of the words and [30].
Peace enjoys a high reputation and status. He likes to study Laozi and Yijing. As for what kind of person he is.
Is anybody there? The truth is hard to know and investigate now. Because he is Cao Shi, Sima hates him, so
Their records are full of dissatisfaction with peace. Therefore, there are many legends. Some people say that the face of peace is pink, while others say that he is Ben.
Born white, not pink. [3 1] But is it pink to make peace? I don't know, either.
But we know two things about peace. First, he likes talking. He is the founder of talking. Second, he likes eating.
Medicine is the ancestor of taking medicine. In addition, he likes to talk about fame and fortune. He is in poor health; Therefore, we must take medicine.
What he took was not ordinary medicine, but a medicine called "Wushi Powder".
"Five Stone Powder" is a kind of poison, which was first spoken and eaten. In the Han Dynasty, people still didn't dare to eat it, so they made peace and added medicine.
Change it and eat the beginning. Wushi Powder is basically composed of five medicines: stalactite, stone sulfur, Bai Shiying, Ziyingshi and Red.
Stone grease; Besides, I'm afraid I have to mix some other medicines. But there is no need to study it carefully now. I don't think you want to eat it.
From the book, this medicine seems to be very good, and people can turn weak into strong after eating it. Therefore, making peace and having money, he eats.
Yes; Everybody follow. At that time, the pernicious influence of Wu XIII was similar to that of opium in the late Qing Dynasty, depending on whether you take medicine or not.
Whether it is or not. Now, we can see some in the theory of pathogenic factors in stages [33] made by Sui Fang. According to this book, we can see that
It is troublesome to take this medicine. The poor can't bear it. If you take it, you will be poisoned if you are not careful. When you eat it for the first time
Wait, it's not that bad. Later, the drug effect was obvious, so it was called "San". If there is no "distribution", it will do more harm than good
Therefore, after eating, you can't rest, but walk, because walking can "radiate", so walking is called "walking". similar
When we look at the poems of the Six Dynasties, there is a saying: "Go east", which is what it means. Later, the person who wrote the poem didn't know why, and thought it was "ok."
"San" means to go, so it's funny to use the word "San" in poetry without taking medicine.
I had a fever all over after I left, and then I felt cold after I had a fever. Ordinary chills should wear more clothes and eat hot things. But after taking the medicine,
Chilling is just the opposite: wear less clothes, eat less cold food and drink less cold water. If you wear too many clothes and eat hot food, you are bound to die. Therefore, Wu.
Food powder to dispel colds. There is only one thing that doesn't need to be eaten cold, and that is wine.
After eating, take off your clothes and splash them with cold water; Eat something cold; Drink hot wine. It seems that five stone heads are scattered to eat.
There are many people, but few people wear thick clothes; For example, in Guangdong, there are no people wearing suits after one year. Because the body has a fever.
Therefore, you can't wear narrow clothes. In order to prevent skin from being scratched by clothes, it is necessary to wear wide clothes. Now many people think that Kim
Whoever wears fur slowly takes off his coat, which was a sign of luxury at that time. Actually, I didn't know they were taking medicine. A class of celebrities eat it.
Medicine clothes are generous, those who don't take medicine follow celebrities, and clothes are generous!
Also, after taking the medicine, I wear shoes, not socks, because my skin wears easily and it is inconvenient to wear shoes. So we looked at Kim.
When people painted or wrote articles at that time, they thought he must be very comfortable and elegant when they saw his clothes were wide and he didn't wear shoes.
In fact, his heart is very bitter.
Because the skin is fragile, it is better to wear old clothes than new ones, so clothes can't be washed often. If you don't wash it, you will grow more lice. So in
The status of lice in the article is very high, and "Ask questions about lice" [34] was actually handed down as a beautiful thing at that time. For example, I am playing here today.
Don't pick up lice when you are talking. But it didn't matter at that time, because the habits were different. This is just like the Qing Dynasty.
It is not surprising that people who advocate opium smoking see people with high shoulders. Not now, if most students, his
We find it strange that the shoulder has become a word.
In addition, you can also see books such as Yi San and Bao Puzi by Ge Hong [35].
After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, many people made fakes and fell asleep on the street, saying that they were "giving" to show their wealth. [36] Just like the Qing Dynasty.
Respect when reading, someone painted his lips with ink, which shows that he has just written a lot of words. So, I think, clothes are big, clothes are worn and clothes are scattered.
By analogy, later, you can learn without eating, which has nothing to do with the promotion of theory.
Because you can't be hungry when you are "fat", eat cold food quickly, and don't eat it several times a day no matter when.
Can decide. Therefore, it affected the "mourning customs" of the Jin Dynasty. -It turns out that in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were many gifts for parents. Think about it, for example
To visit a person, then, before you visit, you must ask the names of his parents and grandparents to avoid taboo. Otherwise, the mouth
The last time I said this word, if his parents died, the master would burst into tears [37]-he thought of his parents.
-give you a big boring. Be thin when mourning, don't eat too much and don't drink too much. But after taking the medicine,
In order to live, you can't mind your own business, so you have to chew, so it becomes "mourning rudeness."
At the time of mourning, drinking and eating meat was initiated by the rich and famous, and everyone followed it. For this reason, society pays tribute to this.
What kind of person is a celebrity? Eating originated with his comrades-in-arms Wang Bi, [38] and Yan.
He is also the founder of taking medicine. The three of them advocated that many people followed. Except for Xia Houxuan's works, most of them will make a fuss about it.
The circulation is not much, but now you can still see Wang He's articles. They were all born in the beginning, so they are also called Yue.
Zhengshi Celebrities [39]. But the end result of this habit is just taking medicine, or pretending to take medicine instead of making a fuss.
After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it became a talk without fuss, which can be seen in the book Shi Shuo Xin Yu [40]. This empty theory
There are many articles but few articles, which is far from the three of them. Of the three, Wang Bi died in his twenties, while Xiahou Che was Sima Yi.
[4 1]. Because they are related to Cao Cao, they must die. Cao Cao killed Kong Rong, which is also a crime of unfilial.
Yes
After their death, many critics accused him of his relationship with Wei. In fact, Yanhe should be scolded because he started taking medicine.
People. This kind of clothing style, Wei Jin, until the Sui and Tang Dynasties, still exists, because there was a "dissolution of the party" in the Tang Dynasty [4
2], that is, the prescription for solving Wushi powder, can prove that there are still people eating it, but it is a little less. No one has eaten it since the Tang Dynasty. as a result of
I haven't said it in detail, probably because the disadvantages outweigh the advantages, just like opium?
Huangfu Mi [43], a famous person in Jin Dynasty, wrote a book called The Biography of Gao Shi. We think he is great. But he is scattered.
An article is about the pain of nibbling. Because if you are not careful, you will die, or at least it will be very painful.
Or crazy; People who are originally smart will also become demented. So unless you know the nature of the medicine, you will be saved. There are many people in the family.
Know the medicinal properties. Most people in the Jin Dynasty were bad-tempered, arrogant, crazy and violent, probably because of taking medicine. compare
Only flies disturb him and even draw their swords to chase him; [44] Even if you speak, you should be careless, sometimes it's almost the same.
Crazy. But in the Jin Dynasty, infatuation was better, probably because of taking medicine.
At the end of Wei dynasty, besides making peace, there was a new group called "bamboo forest celebrities", which was also seven people, so it was also called "bamboo forest celebrities".
Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest [45]. Celebrities take medicine at first, and celebrities in bamboo forests drink. The representative figures of bamboo forest are Ji Kang [46] and Ruan Ji.
[47] But after all, bamboo celebrities not only drink, Ji Kang also takes medicine, and Ruan Ji is the representative who specializes in drinking. but
Ji Kang also drinks, and Liu Ling [48] is one of them. Almost all of them are against the old ethics.
These seven people have different tempers. Both Ruan Ji have a big temper; Ruan Ji changed a lot in his later years, and Ji Kang has always been like this.
Very bad.
When Ruan was young, there were blue eyes and white eyes when he went to see him [49]. White eyes are probably completely invisible eyes.
Son, I'm afraid it takes a long time to practice. I can pretend green eyes, but I can't pretend white eyes.
Later, Ruan Ji actually achieved the point of "not hiding people" [50], but Ji Kang did not change at all. And I got it all.
In 1820, Ji was killed by Sima Yi, just like Kong Rong and He, probably because of taking medicine and eating.
Reasons for the difference between wine and wine: taking medicine can make you immortal, and immortality can make laymen arrogant; Drinking won't make you immortal, so it's perfunctory.
Their attitude is probably drinking without clothes or hats. If there is such a state in normal times, we will say no.
Gifts, but they are different. You don't necessarily cry when you mourn; A son can't mention his father's name to his father, but he is a famous man in the bamboo forest.
Among the exiles, every son will call his father's name [5 1]. The moral codes handed down from ancient times are not recognized by bamboo celebrities. That is, like Liu Ling—
He once wrote an ode to wine and virtue, and everyone knows it. He denied the truth that had been stipulated in the world, and there had been this.
The thing is, once a guest saw him and he was naked. People asked him; He replied, heaven and earth are my home, and home is.
My clothes. Why are you in my pants? [52] As for Ruan Ji, it is even worse. He's not even up and down, ancient and modern.
It is true that in the biography of Mr. Adult [53], it is said: "The heavens and the earth are six open, the stars are falling, the sun and the moon are falling, and I am rising."
What will you be pregnant with? "He means that the God of heaven and earth is meaningless and everything is unnecessary, so he feels that the truth in the world is unnecessary.
Debate, the immortal can't be trusted, since everything is nothing, so he indulges in wine. However, he has another reason, that is,
He drinks not only because of his thoughts, but also because of his environment. Sima Shi wanted to usurp the throne at that time, and Ruan Ji had a great reputation, so
It is extremely difficult for him to speak, so he has to drink more and talk less. Even if he makes a mistake, he can drown his sorrows and forgive him. only
It depends on Sima Yi's request for Ruan Ji to get married, but Ruan Ji was drunk for two months and didn't have a chance to bring it up, so [54] is enough.
You know.
Ruan Ji is good at writing articles and poems. Although his poems are full of passion, many meanings are obscure. Song (surname)
Yan Yanzhi [55] said that he could not understand it well, and now it is even more difficult for us to understand his poems. He also mentioned immortals in his poems,
But he doesn't really believe it. Ji Kang's thesis is better than Ruan Ji's, with novel viewpoints, which are often opposite to the old saying. Confucius
He said: "It is better to learn the times." Ji Kang's theory of difficult and easy learning [56] shows that people are not good.
Learning, if a person can eat without doing anything, he will only wander around and don't like reading, so people nowadays are eager to learn.
Because of habit and need. And Guan Shu Cai Shu [57], who became suspicious of the Duke of Zhou and led the Yin people to revolt, was punished and kept it public.
Think about the bad guys. And Ji Kang's "On Guan Cai" also opposes the meaning handed down from ancient times, saying that these two men are loyal ministers, and he
Duke Zhou's suspicion is because the places are too far apart and the news is not well informed.
However, what attracts many people's attention and is dangerous to their lives is the "non-Tang Wu" in Breaking Up with the Mountain Residence.
Thin circumferential hole ". Sima Yi killed Ji Kang because of this article [58]. Unless Tang Wu Kong Zhou is thin, it is unnecessary in the present era.
Tight, but it was not small at that time. Rule the world with Wu; Duke Zhou is the auxiliary king; Confucius is the ancestor of Yao and Shun, and
Yao and Shun surrendered to the world. Ji Kang can't say it well. What about teaching Sima Yi to usurp the throne? Didn't do it
Law. At this point, Ji Kang had a direct impact on Sima's work, so he had to die. Ji Kang's opinion
Kill, because his friend Lv An unfilial, even Ji Kang, its crime is similar to that of Cao Cao killing Kong Rong. Wei and Jin Dynasties ruled heaven with filial piety.
Next, unfilial, so I have to kill. Why should filial piety govern the world? Because heaven comes from abdication, that is, from usurpation, if
Advocating the rule of the world with loyalty will make their foothold unstable, and it is difficult to do things and argue, so it is necessary to rule the world with filial piety.
Go down. But if it's just unfilial, it really doesn't matter at that time. The harm of Ji Kang is that he is making comments. Ruan Ji is different, not big.
Say something ethical, so the ending is different.
However, this was not the case in Wei and Jin Dynasties. People wore big robes and sleeves and drank alcohol. There are also many objections. In the article, we can also
From this point of view, Pei Wei's "theory of worshipping saints" [59] and Sun Sheng's "theory of Lao Zi's non-great sage" [60] are all aimed at Wang He.
Ours. Several times in history, Sima Yi was advised to kill Ruan Ji [6 1], but Sima Yi refused to listen, because.
Ruan Ji's drinking has little to do with the current situation.
But later generations will scold Ji Kang for Ruan Ji, and people will follow suit. Up to now, it has been 1600 years. Ji Zha said, "China.
A gentleman is polite and righteous, but he is not good at knowing people's hearts. "[62] This is true. Generally speaking, knowing is better than not knowing.
People's hearts, so many people in ancient times suffered great grievances. For example, Ruan Ji always said that they destroyed ethical crimes. But according to
Personally, I think this judgment is wrong. The worship of ethics in Wei and Jin Dynasties seems to be very good, but in fact it really ruined the ceremony.
Teaching, don't believe in ethics. On the surface, people who destroy ethics admit ethics and trust ethics too much. Because of the so-called worship of Wei and Jin Dynasties
The worship of ethics is for self-interest, but it is only accidental. For example, Cao Cao killed Kong Rong and Sima Yi killed Ji Kang.
Children are related to unfilial, but it is true that Cao Cao Sima Yi is a famous dutiful son. However, in this name, he has committed a crime against himself.
Just people. Therefore, honest people think that this kind of use insults the ethics, which is too unfair and helpless, and has become a lack of etiquette.
Teach, don't believe in ethics, and even oppose ethics. -But it's really just an attitude. As for their true colors, I'm afraid I believe them.
As a treasure, ethics is much more pedantic than Cao Cao and Sima Yi. Now let's talk about an easy-to-understand metaphor, such as one.
Warlords, in the north-in Guangdong, the so-called north is a little different from what I often say, and I often call Shandong Shanxi.
Moved to Henan and other places in the north-warlords once oppressed the People's Party, and then the Northern Expeditionary Army became strong, and he died.
He said that he had believed in Riqi of the Three People's Principles and was a disciple of the Prime Minister. That's not enough. He must be the anniversary of the Prime Minister.
At this time, will the faithful followers of the Three People's Principles go? If you don't go, you can say that you are against the Three People's Principles.
Sin, murder But since there is no other way under his influence, the faithful followers of the Prime Minister will not talk about the Three People's Principles, or
When people speak hypocritically, they frown, as if they were opposing the Three People's Principles. So I think the so-called opposition to ethics in Wei and Jin Dynasties
People, many of them are similar. They are pedantic and regard ethics as a treasure.
There is also an empirical study. People's words, thoughts and behaviors, if they think they are good, are willing to be different in the world.
People and their friends do it. But Ji Kang Ruan Ji is not like this. He doesn't want others to imitate him. Among the seven sages of bamboo forest is Ruan Xian,
It's Ruan Ji's nephew. He drinks the same. When Ruan Ji's son Ruan Hun also wanted to join, Ruan Ji said he didn't have to join because my family already had it.
[63] Ruan Ji should not refuse his son if he thinks his behavior is right, but Ruan Ji refused.
His son, we can see that Ruan Ji did not go his own way. As for Ji Kang, I didn't know him until I saw him break up.
Attitude is very arrogant; On one occasion, he was at home while the iron was hot-he liked it very much-Zhong Hui would come to see him, and he
Strike while the iron is hot, ignore the clock meeting. The meeting is meaningless, so we have to go. At this time, Ji Kang asked him, "What did you hear?
Why did you leave? "Clock will answer and say," you smell it, see it and walk away. "This is also the bane of Ji Kang's death. but
I saw the family instruction he gave his son [65]-Ji Kang was killed when his son was ten years old, so when he did this.
At the time of writing this article, his son was not ten years old-he felt as if he were two people. He taught his son family rules.
Be careful in life, and there are one lesson after another. There is a saying that officers should not go often or stay; The official gave it away.
Don't follow the children when they come out, because I'm afraid that when officials punish the bad guys in the future, you may be suspected of secretly reporting. one more
This means that if there is an argument at the banquet, you can leave at once, so there is no need to criticize, because there must be a right or wrong between the two.
Comments are disgraceful, A criticism is always right and wrong, and you can't be immune to it. People want you to drink, even if you don't want to.
To refuse resolutely, you must hold the cup kindly. From this point of view, we really feel very strange: Ji Kang is so tall.
Proud man, but his godson wants him to be so mediocre. So we know that Ji Kang is not satisfied with his behavior.
Yes Therefore, it is really difficult to criticize a person's words and deeds. In society, a son is not like his father, which is called "unfilial" and considered bad.
Things, but some people in the world don't want his son to be like his father. Look at Ruan Ji Ji Kang. That's it. this is because
Because they were born in troubled times, they have to act like this, which is not their nature. But here we can see the ritual destruction in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
The teacher really believes in ethics and is extremely stubborn.
However, Wang Bi was born in Ji Kang and others. Because of their fame, most people learn, but that's all they learn.
This is the surface, they are really in it, but they don't know. Because we only learn their fur, there are many boring things in society.
Talk and drink. Many people just talk and laugh, drink for no reason, and have no ability to do things, which also affects politics and makes them play "empty city tricks"
Meter ",has no practical significance. So is literature. Ji Kang and Ruan Ji are addicted to alcohol, and they can also make a fuss about it. Later, I came to the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was empty.
The legacy of laughing and drinking is still there, but the works of Yan Hong, such as Ruan Zhi, are gone. Liu Xie [66] said: "Ji Kang is a teacher."
Ruan Ji enlivened his spirit by sending messages. "This kind of" teacher's heart "and" make gas "are the characteristics of articles in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Correct initials
After the spirit of literati and bamboo forest celebrities disappeared, there were no writers who dared to teach their minds and make them angry.
In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the atmosphere changed. Social thoughts are much calmer, and Buddhist thoughts are everywhere. At the end of the Jin Dynasty, I also watched the chaos.
Get used to it, and the article will be more peaceful. The representative of peace articles is Tao Qian [67]. His attitude is very casual.
Drink, beg, talk and write when you are happy, without complaining. So now some people call him an "idyllic poet".
He is a very peaceful pastoral poet. His attitude is difficult to learn. He is poor, but his heart is calm. home cooking
M, just go to someone's door and beg. He was so poor that a guest came to see him without shoes. The guest brought shoes from the servant, and he
I stretched my foot and put it on. Even so, he didn't care, or "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely." This self
However, the state is really not easy to imitate. He is in rags, but he still picks chrysanthemums under the east fence, occasionally looking up and carefree.
Look how natural Nanshan is. Now rich people live in the concession, hire gardeners to plant dozens of pots of chrysanthemums, and then make poems.
I don't think it's like "appreciating chrysanthemums in autumn, Tao Pengze's character", and I think it's in line with Yuanming's lofty aspirations.
Tao Qian was at the end of the Jin Dynasty, just like Kong Rong and Ji Kang at the end of the Han Dynasty, almost at the time of the Li Dynasty. But he has nothing.
Yao said passionately, so he won the title of "pastoral poet". However, there is an article "Drinking Wine" in Ji Tao, which means
Politics at that time. [68] It can be seen that he has not been forgotten and indifferent by the world, but his attitude is better than Ji Kang's.
Ruan Ji is much more natural and unobtrusive. Another reason, as I said before, is habit. Because drinking at that time.
People will not feel strange when they see it, and it is common that the Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties are close, the times are not far, and there are many changes.
There is no big feeling. Naturally, Tao Qian is more peaceful than Kong Rong Ji Kang. For example, looking at the epitaphs of the Northern Dynasties, the promotion of official positions is often detailed.
It was written in great detail. A closer look showed that he had experienced two or three dynasties, but it didn't seem strange at that time.
According to my meaning, even in the past, poetry completely surpassed the so-called "pastoral poet" and "mountain poem" in politics.
People ",nothing .. Nothing is completely beyond the human world. Since it transcends the world, of course, there is no poetry.
Yes Poetry is also a personnel issue. If you have poems, you can know that you have not forgotten the world. For example, Mozi loves everything and Yangzi is for me. 〔6
9] Mozi certainly wants to write a book; Andy will definitely miss it. This is for me. Because if you make a book for others to read, it will change.
It's a person.
Thus, Tao Qian can never surpass the world, and he can't forget "death" when he is still paying attention to political affairs. This is his poem.
The article always mentions [70]