What kind of thoughts does Tao Yuanming have?

Abstract: Freud's theory of personality structure analysis opened up a brand-new field for literary criticism and had an important influence on later literary criticism. Tao Yuanming's poetry collection "Together" embodies Freud's theory of "ID", "ego" and "superego". Among them, "shape" is the representative of id, "shadow" is the embodiment of self, and "God" is the symbol of superego. Keywords: Tao Yuanming; id； Self; In the study of Tao Yuanming's superego, the poem "Shadow God" has always been regarded by researchers as an important work to examine Tao Yuanming's thought. In the Qing Dynasty, Ma Xie said in Volume II of the Original Meaning of Tao Poems: "The heart of Yuan and Ming Dynasties lies in three forms and gods." This view is fair, because these three poems actually describe the constant struggle of the poet's inner triple personality, which is very similar to Freud's theory of "ID", "ego" and "superego" in psychoanalytic criticism. This paper aims to use the critical method of Freud's personality structure theory to analyze and interpret the poem "Form and Ghost" from another angle, so as to promote the study of Tao Yuanming. First, the theoretical framework Freud believes that personal personality can be divided into three levels: ego, id and superego. Id is the most primitive part of personality structure, a primitive and innate unconscious structure, and the embodiment of instinct and desire. When the need of the id arises, the individual must meet it immediately, so it follows the principle of happiness. Ego is an individual's differentiation and development from the real environment after birth. The ego represents what we call rationality and common sense, which is in contrast with the erotic id. Superego is the highest part of personality structure, which is gradually formed by the social, cultural and moral education of individuals in life. The superego has two important parts: one is self-ideal, which requires one's behavior to conform to one's ideal standard; The second is conscience, which is a kind of constraint and stipulates that there is no mistake in one's behavior. Therefore, superego is the moral part of personality structure and follows the principle of perfection. Second, the analysis and discussion of "Shadow God" poems with the theory of personality structure (1) The natural expression of the id-"Shadow Gift" is the embodiment of instinct and desire, not bound by external social constraints, and has the characteristics of self-centeredness and animal instinct. In Tao Yuanming's subconscious, he instinctively has a deep attachment to life. Under the circumstances that life is limited and short, his "ID" spontaneously advocates that we should eat, drink and be merry in time and pay attention to the pursuit of carnal and material desires. Let's look at the dialogue between "shape" and "shadow": the world is endless and the mountains and rivers remain unchanged. Vegetation is common sense, frost and dew is glory. It is said that people are the smartest, not as good as this. When you are alive, the election will be over and you will come back. No one is in Xi Jue, and I personally know this. But the rest of the creatures are flat and have clear eyes. I didn't get promoted, and Phyllis no longer doubted it. I hope you can listen to me, and you can't quit after drinking it. In this passage, "Xing" expresses the impermanence of life and envies the eternity of mountains and rivers, thus giving a sigh that people are not as good as plants. Although the shape of plants has been exhausted this year, it will be brilliant next year, just like "endless wildfires and high spring breeze", but the shape of people can't be like this. "I have no room for improvement, and Phil no longer doubts." Faced with this reality, the rescue method of "Xing" is to eat, drink and be merry in time. At the same time, it also represents the decadent hedonistic outlook on life popular in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Since the end of the Han Dynasty, the political turmoil and the extreme darkness of society have shaken the exclusive position of Confucianism. In the social environment where a little carelessness will lead to death, people realize the insignificance of individual life, which leads to the discussion of the meaning and value of life. Indulging in drinking and forgetting worries has become the same means and form for literati to pursue life beyond the realm. It is one of the typical explorations of the value and significance of life to seize the short life and devote to luxury enjoyment. In the mid-Western Jin Dynasty, Shi Chong, Wang Kai and others pursued physical satisfaction and sensual pleasure to the extreme. The extravagance of wine, beauty and material wealth is an indispensable part of their lives, and Ruan Ji before Tao Yuanming also obtained temporary spiritual pleasure through drinking. At this time, Tao Yuanming, like all of us, also had his own physiological desires, and he was faced with temporary confusion like people at that time. Therefore, this poem is not only a description of the prevalence of hedonism at that time, but also a publicity and extravasation of his inner self. (2) Self's realistic adjustment-"Shadow answer form" and "self" are between the ID and the outside world, and are a rational and conscious realistic ID. The ego is active according to the principle of reality, and most of its psychological energy is spent on controlling and suppressing the ego. Tao Yuanming is, after all, a "green man, good at six classics" (the sixteenth part of Drinking). Although the value theory system of Confucianism had been shaken at that time, the Confucian thought of applying what they have learned and the brilliant example set by wise men in previous dynasties still had great influence among scholars, and so did Tao Yuanming. Therefore, the ego in Tao Yuanming's personality is bound to suppress the hedonic side of the ego and move towards "determined to escape from the world and love Philip Burkart" (the fifth of Twelve Miscellaneous Poems), so it is the pursuit of life set by the ego according to the realistic principle. It can be seen from the words of "shadow" answering "shape" that living is meaningless and health is bitter. I really hope to travel to Kunhua, but I will never say goodbye. Meeting a son is no different. If you take a rest in the shade of a tree, you won't leave until the end of the day. This is difficult and constant, and it always goes away. Without a name, you will be exhausted. If there is a legacy of love, why not do it yourself? Wine cloud can eliminate the best, and this is not bad! It is also the disillusionment caused by the fear of death. "This is both difficult and constant, and it disappeared when it got dark. Being anonymous, five emotions are hot, but Xieying is "do good and keep love, and don't be tired of yourself." "It's not bad that wine clouds can dispel worries." This way represents the traditional Confucian spirit in China. Confucianism advocates "three immortals", that is, establishing virtue, making contributions and making statements. Therefore, it can be said that establishing goodness and seeking fame are the roads set by Confucianism for ordinary scholars. Mr. Chen Yinque's view of this poem is: "If you advocate a famous teacher's words, Gai will never be immortal, but only a good name can be immortal, so spiritual immortality is expected." This is the meaning of Confucianism, which is quite different from the purpose of Taoism. "To some extent, this is an interpretation of Tao Yuanming's self-reality. (3) Freedom and liberation of the superego-the superego in God's interpretation is at the highest level of personality, guiding itself according to the ideal principle and limiting the id. One of the most important parts is self-ideal, that is, asking one's behavior to meet one's ideal standard. In the face of the pain of form and shadow and their respective solutions, God's explanation is undoubtedly a satisfactory solution to the problem of life and death. " He brushed away all kinds of doubts and fears that covered the shape and shadow, and soared from the shackles of vulgar thoughts with a detached mental attitude. " The army is selfless and motivated. People are among the three talents, don't take me as a reason! Although you are a foreigner, you were born attached. I like the same thing, but I don't! Great Sage of Huang San, where is this restoration? Peng Zu loves Yongnian and can't live in it. The old man and the young man die together, and the wise fool has no plural. Drunk or forgetful, will not promote aging! In view of the desire of "Xing" to pursue sublimation in order to live forever, and then turn to hedonism, "God" is explained by four words: "Old and young die together, wisdom and stupidity are not plural" and "getting drunk or forgetting the sun does not promote old age", and anyone is bound to die. Peng Like Zu, who is famous for his long life, can't live a hundred years in the end. Drinking can relieve their troubles. As for the "shadow", God also advised, pointing out that it is also undesirable, and issued "Who should be honored for doing good?" "Questioning, because in a society where right and wrong are indistinguishable and good and evil are indistinguishable, it is impossible to establish good and seek fame. It is precisely because of the clear understanding of "shape" and "shadow" that "God" realizes that the only way to get rid of self is to conform to the objective development law of all things and not take life and death as joy or sorrow. Tao Yuanming measured reality from the perspective of nature, discovered the ugliness and hypocrisy of reality, and advocated returning to natural humanity and the natural simplicity of primitive society. " In the longitudinal waves, I don't like it or fear it. You should do your best, there is no need to worry about it. "It is the yearning and practice of one's own personality ideal, and has nothing to do with life and death or fame. What it reveals is a kind of elegance and calmness beyond things, which makes people have to exclaim that he is a "fairy". 3. Conclusion: It can be seen that the ideological contradiction embodied in Tao Yuanming's poems about ghosts and gods is the result of the constant entanglement of his triple personality, which is not an isolated and unconnected individual, but an inseparable whole. Throughout Tao Yuanming's life, his repeated career as an official is actually the result of the joint action of these three forces. When I lived in the temple, I had the idea of returning to the fields, but I did not lose great achievements after retiring to the countryside. The dark social reality made him see the ambiguity of seeking fame, and finally looked down on all the gains and losses of life with a detached spirit. Mr. Lu Xun said: "If you want a paper, you'd better take the whole article, the author's whole person and his social state into account. This is more conclusive. "This is the most appropriate way to analyze Tao Yuanming. I believe that analyzing the poems of "Shadow God" through Freud's theory of personality structure will make people understand Tao Yuanming's mental journey and the reasons why he retired from the countryside and saw through life and death, so as to better understand Tao Yuanming's poems.