Uploaded by: Zou Xianmei Update time: 2012-5-8 20:53:20 The fierce ambition spreads across the world, and the flying bird misses the distant place. Poems such as "Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern weeds and leisurely seeing the southern mountains" occupy a very important position in Tao Yuanming's poems. They show from one side the life trajectory of the poet from his determination to become an official to his seclusion. Expression In terms of technique, we make good use of supporting objects to express our emotions. The objects here are natural scenery such as autumn chrysanthemums, flying birds, and green pines. Through the description of external objects, we express our inner emotions and interests. Such objects that inject the unique emotional activities of the creative subject are literature. There are many interpretations of the word image, but the essence is the same. Cihai explains it this way: a kind of representation, that is, an imaginative representation transformed from a memory representation or an existing perceptual image. In the process of literary and artistic creation, image is also called "aesthetic image", which is the processing of experience materials provided by real life, and forms an image in the author's mind. Chinese textbooks explain "image" more clearly. An objective object is an artistic image created through the unique emotional activities of the creative subject. Simply put, it is something with a certain meaning and sentiment that is fused by the soul. Tao Yuanming is the founder of pastoral poetry in my country. After searching hard in the tangle of contradictions, I finally felt that "the truth is that I am not far off, and I feel that what I am today is not what I was yesterday." After retreating to seclusion, he condensed his life's efforts into excellent chapters that blended situations and situations in "Tao Yuanming." "It is said in the article: "To sum up the comments from various schools, the characteristics of Tao's poetry are plain, talkative, dry, and qualitative, as well as strange, beautiful, plump, and fancy..." "This kind of thing resonates with me, Just like the Buddhist saying of "a thousand lamps shining on each other", they enhance each other's brilliance. Therefore, whether it is a solitary bird in the clouds, the scenery of the rainy season, or the sloping river in Nanfu, or the new seedlings and autumn chrysanthemums, they are all written down and become interesting to the eye." Here, in addition to making a pertinent evaluation of Tao Yuanming's poems, Mr. Zhu Guangqian also mentioned Tao Yuanming's poems. Some extremely important images are micro clouds, flying birds, new seedlings, and autumn chrysanthemums. This article will talk about the most representative images in poetry and pottery in terms of autumn chrysanthemums and flying birds, as well as green pines, rice wine, etc., which are not the same here. 1. The image of autumn chrysanthemum: Qiu chrysanthemum has always been a common image in poets' writings in the history of Chinese literature. Qu Yuan wrote in "Li Sao": "Drinking magnolias in the morning are like falling dew, and eating autumn chrysanthemums are like falling flowers." ", the author compared Qiuju to Mulan, giving it a beautiful meaning. Sima Qian praised Qu Yuan in "Historical Records: Biography of Qu Yuan": "His ambition is pure, so he is called the fragrance of things; his conduct is honest, so he will not allow himself to die. "Shu" uses holy and fragrant things as a metaphor to express Sima Qian's admiration for his noble and proud life integrity and praise for his unswerving pursuit of a beautiful realm. Tao Yuanming's poems often use autumn chrysanthemums to describe themselves. Zhou Dunyi in "Love Lotus" "Tao Yuanming loves chrysanthemums alone" in "Shuo" is concise and concise, which further illustrates that Tao Ming's love for chrysanthemums has long been recognized by the world. Tao's poems use autumn chrysanthemums as images, which can be roughly divided into the following situations: (1) Expression of autumn chrysanthemums. The image of a handsome and graceful hermit is reflected in "Picking chrysanthemums under the grass in the east, leisurely seeing the Nanshan Mountain" "Twenty Poems on Drinking", this is a wonderful saying that is well known to women and children. In the leisurely mood of picking chrysanthemums, a person is transcendent. The image of a refined and extraordinary hermit stands erect between heaven and earth, free and elegant, as if in front of his eyes. Through loving and chanting chrysanthemums, the poet's noble and proud sentiments are expressed. Chrysanthemums have almost become the incarnation of Tao Yuanming, which also makes him One of the important reasons for being able to be independent from the hypocritical and dirty society. Lin Daiyu in "A Dream of Red Mansions" said in the poem "Yong Chrysanthemum": "Since Tao Ling's commentary, it has been said through the ages. "Since Tao Yuanming's personality has been integrated with the chrysanthemum's character, it is not only the chrysanthemum that "has been said to be noble through the ages", but also a true portrayal of the image of Tao Yuanming, who is elegant, handsome, and arrogant. Here we It is natural to think of Li Qingzhao, a poetess of the Southern Song Dynasty, who wrote "After dusk, there is a dark fragrance filling the sleeves of wine in the east fence", so I used Tao's poem "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing the Nanshan Mountain". The "hidden fragrance" here is chrysanthemums. The fragrance of chrysanthemums on the surface is actually the influence of chrysanthemum quality, that is, Tao Yuanming's character, on people's spirits. It implicitly expresses their admiration for him. The ancients also had the custom of drinking and appreciating chrysanthemums on September 9th in the lunar calendar. Meng Haoran, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote in his poem "Crossing the Old Friend's Village" that "On the Double Ninth Festival, I will come back to see the chrysanthemums." On the Double Ninth Festival, drinking wine and enjoying chrysanthemums is full of interest in life, which also shows Tao Yuanming's kindness from another aspect. The elegant hermit has a profound influence on future generations. He uses chrysanthemums to stand proud of the frost and snow, showing his outstanding character and integrity. "The chrysanthemums bloom in the forest and the green pines crown the rocks." With this pure and beautiful appearance, Zhuo is the best under Shuang. ""Two Poems with Guo Zhubo". The first two lines of the poem describe the external beauty of pines and chrysanthemums: the chrysanthemums are in full bloom, the fragrance overflows, and the woods add splendor to them... The last two lines reveal the inner beauty of pines and chrysanthemums: they are firm and beautiful. His posture is indeed a hero in the frosty sky. He embodies a kind of outstanding spirit in the noble and glorious autumn scenery. He expresses his fragrant and chaste character and integrity by singing the spirit of pine and chrysanthemum. Why does the chrysanthemum become an object that embodies the poet's character? What? This has to be analyzed from the character of the chrysanthemum itself.
Chrysanthemum is one of the flowers that blooms late in the four seasons. At that time, all the flowers are lost and thousands of trees withered. The poet Yuan Zhen once commented on it in his poem "Chrysanthemum", "If the flowers bloom, there will be no flowers." In the autumn wind, all things are quiet, only the chrysanthemums bloom proudly in the frost in the howling cold wind, bringing infinite vitality to the cold and desolate nature, which undoubtedly makes it a proud, noble and honest gentleman. However, Tao Yuanming is cynical, self-sufficient, unwilling to join the dark officialdom, cultivates his mind, and pursues the transcendent realm of being honest and contented. This perfectly overlaps with the extraordinary and unique character of the chrysanthemum. Tao Yuanming became the personified chrysanthemum, and the chrysanthemum also became Tao Yuanming. It is a symbol of poverty and moral integrity, and a noble and arrogant character. The two are combined into one, and they are indistinguishable. There is a preface to Xiao Tong's "Collected Works of Tao Yuanming": His article "Hides the plain waves and flows beside the current, and stems the blue clouds and goes straight up", which is a high evaluation of Tao Yuanming's clean and self-contained, proud and upright personality. (3) Use autumn chrysanthemums to convey beautiful emotions and express the pursuit of perfection and beauty. The fifth part of "Drinking" writes: "The autumn chrysanthemums are beautiful, and the dew is shining on them. The carefree things are floating around, and I leave behind the feelings of the world." From this, we can see the author's disdain for the muddy world, indicating that he is far away from the secular world and has a deep love for the world. The strong desire to pursue a beautiful state represented by Qiu Ju. There is a narration in the preface of the poem "Nine Days of Leisurely Living": "I am living leisurely, loving the name of Chongjiu. The autumn chrysanthemums fill the garden, and I hold the mash for a long time, and worship Jiuhua in the sky, placing my heart in words." Jiuhua, Chongjiu's name. The flower is chrysanthemum. Tao Yuanming loved chrysanthemums. What was unique was that he not only saw the medicinal value of chrysanthemums, but also noticed the aesthetic value of chrysanthemums and gave them personal significance. "Three paths are deserted, but the pines and chrysanthemums still exist." "Returning to Speech", after the author abandoned his official position and returned to the fields, he was particularly pleased to see that his beloved autumn chrysanthemums were still growing happily. In fact, the autumn chrysanthemums here are the beautiful life in the author's heart. symbol. Many critics have always said that Tao's poems "dilute nature" when evaluating his poems. This is inseparable from his indifferent and leisurely temperament, and it is also a concrete manifestation of his spiritual integrity. The elegant style of "Falling flowers are speechless, people are as pale as chrysanthemums" advocated by Sikong Tu, a poetry critic of the Tang Dynasty, in "Twenty-Four Poems", finds the best confirmation in Tao's poems. Tao Shi is as fresh and elegant as chrysanthemums; his pursuit of ideals and freedom is as proud as autumn chrysanthemums; his life path is as calm and affectionate as chrysanthemums. Gong Zizhen can be said to be Tao Yuanming's close friend. He wrote in "Miscellaneous Poems of Jihai": "Tao Qian resembles a sleeping dragon, and the pines and chrysanthemums are tall in Xunyang forever." Here the author also uses pines and chrysanthemums as a metaphor to make a comment on Tao Yuanming's character and poetry. Highly rated. 2. The image of flying birds. "Bird" is one of the common images in Chinese classical literature. The flying birds in Tao Yuanming's poems are endowed with rich connotations, including high birds, flying birds, tethered birds, solitary birds, etc. Here are just some examples of Tao Yuanming's poems about flying birds. The three aspects of flying birds are the images of high birds, restrained birds and returning birds. Let’s talk about the characteristics of the images of flying birds in Tao’s poems. These three images roughly show the author's mental journey from becoming an active official to being trapped in prison and then returning to nature, reflecting the author's bumpy and troubled journey life. (1) The image of a tall bird: Looking through Tao Yuanming's poetry collection, we can easily find that in his early works, there are many poems that express the poet's lofty ambitions: such as "When I was young, I was strong and powerful, and I traveled alone with my sword" and "A fierce ambition to travel all over the world" , "Qian He thinks of Zhu far away" and so on. As a teenager, Tao Yuanming was proactive and motivated, with the intention of assisting the emperor in establishing his career and benefiting the people; in his prime, Tao Yuanming actively participated in the world, hoping to revitalize the Jin Dynasty through his own efforts, promote advantages and eliminate disadvantages, and transform and clarify the decadent social atmosphere with his sincerity and benevolence. This is how you take on your responsibilities as a human being. Therefore, in poetry creation, the image of flying birds is often used to express his lofty aspirations. The earliest image of flying birds appears in "Mingzi? Part 2": "The phoenix is ??hidden in the forest, and the secluded person is in the hills." From this, we can see that Tao Yuanming's youth was full of fantasy and longing. In "Twelve Miscellaneous Poems" No. 5: "The fierce ambition reaches all over the world, and the Qianhe thinks of the distant country", he hopes that he can become a tall bird with "fierce ambition" and "far away". In "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas", "Jingwei holds a tiny tree and will fill the sea. Xingtian dances with his relatives, and his fierce ambition is always there." This expresses the poet's generous and unyielding mood and willingness, and implies the history of Liu Yu's usurpation of power to the Jin Dynasty. Countercurrent criticism shows strong feelings of family and country and a sense of resistance. Tao Yuanming was originally full of good wishes to help the common people, but the cruel reality ruthlessly shattered his dream. When he understood the decay and filth of officialdom and knew that his ideal would be difficult to realize, he showed a heavy sorrow for his departure. feel. Therefore, in some of his later poems, he lamented, "Looking at the clouds, I feel ashamed of the tall birds, and facing the water, I feel ashamed of the fish swimming in the water." "A Zuo, the first song to suppress the army and join the army," also revealed his regret for his career as an official. However, the image of "tall birds" in early works focuses more on expressing the ambition of "Kunpeng spreads its wings ninety thousand miles" and shows the poet's lofty aspirations of "thinking far away". (2) The image of the restrained bird: Tao Yuanming had the bitter experience of serving as an official and retiring three times in his life, and finally realized that "the world is against me, how can I ask for it again?" "Come Back and Come Back". He couldn't stand the corruption in the world and the corruption in the officialdom. Therefore, when he saw the birds flying freely in the sky, he deeply felt the unhappiness caused by being restrained by his appearance. "Fish." ("A Zuo of the Song of Zhenjun and Joining the Army"), clearly showing his shame and regret for entering the official career by mistake. "Long time in a cage" compares oneself to entering the officialdom by mistake to a bird being restrained by a cage and having a strong desire to break free from the cage.
"A tight net will frighten the fish, and a grand system will frighten the birds." In "Sentimental Scholars Don't Encounter Fu", he finally understood a truth: those in power are unreliable, and the officialdom is no different than a tight net for upright people. To the frightened fish, Hong Luo is to the frightened bird. The autocratic system of the rulers and the dangers of traitors who frame Zhongliang are like a huge snare, trapping an upright official in it, and his personality and aspirations will be distorted. But unlike all officials, he will never sacrifice his personality. To adapt to the filthy world, as mentioned above, Tao Yuanming entered the officialdom, just hoping to use his own efforts to bring about advantages and eliminate disadvantages, revitalize the Jin Dynasty, and use his sincerity and benevolence to transform and clarify the decadent social atmosphere, so as to shoulder his responsibility as a human being. However, after many twists and turns, he was still trapped in the helpless officialdom. He did not find an opportunity to display his "strong ambition", and instead lost his original extremely simple and precious freedom. The poet endured unspeakable depression and helplessness, and sang, "The clouds have no intention of leaving the Xiu, and the birds know when they are tired of flying" ("Returning Words"), "The birds are nostalgic for the old forest, and the fish in the pond are thinking about the old abyss." ("Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields"). After suffering from the conflict between becoming an official and becoming an official, he finally expressed the emotion of "escape from his salary and return to farming." "When you are awakened, you must return your thoughts, and all the birds will lose their good bows." ("Drinking Seventeen") The official career is dangerous, and the bird finally awakens in the painful pursuit. Only retreating to the countryside to preserve his noble and fragrant integrity is the wisest choice. . "Being a slave from afar, with one mind at both ends" (No. 1 of "Four Miscellaneous Poems") further illustrates the poet's extremely complex and tangled ambivalence when he became an official. It can be seen that the poet's meaning and emotion contained in the image of "restrained bird" are extremely profound. (3) The image of the returning bird. The last thing we talk about is the most familiar image of the returning bird. It expresses the poet's beautiful wish to return to the hermit garden and contains the author's attachment and conversion to the spiritual home that he dreams about deep in his heart. After experiencing all kinds of contradictory and painful torture, Tao Yuanming obtained the relief of "being in a cage for a long time and returning to nature" (Part 1 of "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields"), and felt that his body and mind had gained comfort and relief that he had never experienced before. The "returning bird" is the carrier of this emotion. "The clouds have no intention of leaving the Xiu, and the birds know when they are tired of flying." "Returning Letters" writes a lot of space about his infinite joy of returning astray and leaving the officialdom, showing the author's yearning and love for nature and seclusion life. , is a declaration of Tao Yuanming's complete break with the upper class society. In the poem "Returning Birds", "The returning birds are flying with their wings flying. Although they don't want to travel, they are in love with the forest when they see the forest. When they meet the clouds, they sing to each other and return." The returning birds sing to each other, either flying or Roosting is all leisurely and comfortable; "The mountain air is beautiful day and night, and the birds return to each other." ("Drinking" Part 3), the poet uses the birds returning to their nests in the sunset as a metaphor for breaking away from all the fetters of the world and feeling happy when they find their final destination. "The birds are happy to have their support, and I also love my house.
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