Farewell, after Sauvignon Blanc, how can you not draw a fan sadly in the autumn wind: this trip is the end of the world; This time, but everyone in the world knows you? Even though the scenery in Qian Qian is very good, there are no old friends. Do you feel homesick when you are drunk? When I went, I hated to leave once in my life. Unexpectedly, after parting from you, all the good times and beautiful scenes were in vain; At the beginning, the only way was an unusual beginning. I didn't expect goodbye to be a distant mountain and water. ...
Endless parting, just because it is difficult to stay away from others, empty and melancholy. All my feelings have to be pinned on that seemingly simple but extremely grand farewell.
Farewell was an important thing in ancient times. We can see many customs related to farewell from ancient books and classics, which shows that the ancients attached importance to farewell etiquette.
First, the reasons for the farewell custom
Nowadays, parting is a very common thing: studying abroad, working abroad, traveling abroad, or going abroad on business from time to time, and so on. We just take it to the station or airport, wave our hands and forget about it. However, in ancient times, there was a custom of saying goodbye for the following reasons:
1, the ancients valued people. In China's traditional culture, there is the concept of "five ethics", which was put forward by Mencius and advocated by Confucianism. "Father and son are close, monarch and minister are righteous, husband and wife are different, young and old are orderly, and friends are trustworthy." It includes the feelings of father and son, patriotism, brotherhood, husband and wife, relatives and friends and so on. The ancients were deeply influenced by Confucianism and paid attention to friendship. It is very important to see them off when people around them want to stay away.
2. The traffic was inconvenient in ancient times. As we all know, the productivity in ancient times was low and the means of transportation were not as developed as today. Going out for a long trip is nothing more than taking land and water. But the weather is changeable and the road is difficult and dangerous, which makes the ancients very worried. They gave people a ride, repeatedly told them, and thousands of words turned into continuous blessings. At this time, the custom of farewell came into being.
Second, the ancient farewell place
In ancient times, there were usually fixed places for farewell: those who took the land were usually in the long pavilion or short pavilion, and those who took the water were at the ferry.
1, goodbye on land, goodbye at the pavilion. Pavilion has become a traditional farewell image in China's classical literature, which is closely related to the ancient farewell custom.
The pavilion, as explained in the dictionary, is an ancient roadside pavilion, which is often used as a farewell place; This also means a long journey. From Li Bai's Bodhisattva Man in the Tang Dynasty: "Where to return, the pavilion is shorter."
Before that, the pavilion didn't mean to leave. During the Zhou dynasty, the pavilion was set up in the frontier fortress to observe the enemy's situation. For example, Mozi uploaded: "A pavilion four feet high and four feet thick is two boudoir doors." By the Qin and Han Dynasties, pavilions and pavilions had become public security organs everywhere. Until the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the post station gradually replaced the pavilion system, but later the pavilion and post station were also abandoned. Slowly, the pavilion developed into a public house built on the roadside for passengers to stay and rest. For example, "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" uploaded: "Pavilion, people are stable." "Custom Pass": "Pavilion, lodging, traveling and lodging." At the same time, some people also use it as a place to welcome guests and send them off. Pavilions near the city are often places where people bid farewell.
This can be seen in ancient poetry. Such as Song Liu Yong's Yulin Order: "Cold cicadas are sad, pavilions are late, and showers begin to rest. All the accounts are not in the mood, and I miss the place. Lanzhou urges me to send it. " Lin Bu wrote in A Blush Lip: "Another farewell song and a long sunset. Wang Sun has gone, and there are countless roads, east and west, north and south. " In addition, the pavilion in the West Chamber is the most famous farewell words: I hate meeting you late and coming home late. It's hard to tie a willow with a long jade. I wish I could comb the forest to catch the oblique light. The horse limped and the car followed quickly, but he told Acacia to avoid it and left early. Hearing the sound of walking, I put down the gold; Seeing the Shili Pavilion in the distance, my muscles dropped: Who knows this hate?
The modern classic song "Farewell" sings: "Outside the pavilion, beside the ancient road, the grass is blue." Obviously, Li Shutong has also adopted the traditional custom of "seeing off in the pavilion".
2. Farewells at ferries are mostly Weiyang and Nanpu. "Weiyang" first appeared in The Book of Songs. Qin Feng Weiyang wrote: "I will send my uncle to Weiyang." Weiyang, south of the Weihe River, is a farewell scene standing by the water. Since then, Weiyang has become a farewell place for people. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Wei's Willow Branches said: "Wei River comes to Wan Li in the west, and pedestrians return to the water." Du Fu's "cold witch is ignorant, the sunset is in love with Weiyang", Du Mu's "cold gold and iron ring, wanting to cross Weiyang Tianjin" and "Weiyang" all mean farewell.
Another common farewell place by the water is Nanpu. There is a poem in Qu Yuan's "Nine Songs of Hebo": "Children fight eastward and send a beautiful woman to Nanpu." Nanpu and Weiyang have the same effect. Since then, many farewells have been by the water. Influenced by folk culture, the poet Mo Ke borrowed "Nanpu" to refer to it, so "Nanpu" is very common in farewell poems: Tang Bai Juyi said in Nanpu Bie: "Nanpu is sad, and the west wind lingers in autumn." Jiang Yan wrote in "Biefu": "Spring grass is green and spring water is rippling, sending you to Nanpu to feel sad." Obviously, Nanpu has become a place where the ancients bid farewell to the water.
Third, the way to say goodbye.
Fold the willow to bid farewell. Farewell is an ancient tourist custom in China, which is reflected in poems, operas, novels and other literary works. Sanfu Bridge: "Ba (Ba) Bridge, in the east of Chang 'an, is a bridge across the water. "The Han people saw the guests off here and folded the willow to bid farewell." This is the earliest written record about folding the willow to bid farewell. Therefore, it is generally believed that this custom was formed in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
About the origin of this custom, it is said that it is taken from the book of songs "Picking Wei": "I passed away in the past, Liu Yiyi; I think about it today, it's raining. " "Liu" and "Liu" are homophonic, so as to express reluctant feelings. In addition, as the saying goes, "If you have the heart to plant flowers, you can't open them." Willow has a strong vitality. Put it in the soil and you will live. Where you put it, you will live. Once a year, it will become gloomy everywhere. Farewell means that those who travel with hope can live tenaciously in other places.
At the same time, folding willows to bid farewell is a good wish for the safety of travelers. The ancients regarded willow as a "ghost-scaring wood" that can ward off evil spirits. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Jia Sixie's Book of Qi Yaomin said: "Once the willow branches are brought into the house in the first month, ghosts will not enter the house." Pedestrians wearing it can make ghosts daunting and hide far away, ensuring the safety of the journey.
Among the poems, there are countless lines to bid farewell to the willows: the northerners' Song of the Willows: "Looking at the Jinmeng River in the distance, the willows are teetering. I am a traitor and don't understand Chinese songs. " Anonymous "Farewell Poem": "Willow green hangs low and flowers fly in the sky. The wicker is broken and the flowers are flying. Will pedestrians come back? " Zhang Jiuling's poem "Folding Willow": "Slim the willow and hold it with affection. How expensive is a branch? Compassion is the spring of home. " Wang Zhihuan's "Farewell" poem: "The willow is an easterly tree, and the green folder is the royal river. I have been climbing hard recently, and it should be separated. " ..... All these show that it is a popular custom to fold willows to bid farewell.
Music to send. This is mostly a farewell way between literati in the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai sang in "To Wang Lun": "Li Bai was about to leave by boat when he heard the singing on the shore." Xu Hun's "Farewell to Xie Ting": "When my brother misinterpreted the boat, the red leaves and green hills were in a hurry." Bai Juyi described the importance of music in Pipa Xing.
Before this, Jing Ke also wrote the way of musical farewell in "Stabbing the King of Qin": "Go to Yishui, your ancestors, take the road. Gao Jianli strikes the floor, Jing Ke and sings. All the scholars cried in order to change their voices. He walked in front and sang:' the wind is rustling, the water is cold, and the strong man is gone forever!' After the generous feather sound, all the people were surprised and crowned. So Jing Ke got out of the car and finally ignored it. "
Have a farewell dinner. This also appeared in "Tang People Farewell", which can be seen from the Tang poetry. A famous sentence in the farewell poem-Wang Wei's "Send Yuan to Twenty Shores Xi": "There is no reason to persuade you to drink more wine." Li Bai's "Farewell to Jinling Restaurant": "A gust of wind brings catkins into the store, and the black-bone chicken presses the wine to persuade the guests to taste" and so on. Wine is the favorite of literati, and it is essential for farewell occasions.
In addition, the farewell time of the ancients was mostly early morning or evening, which can also be found in poetry.
There are so many farewell customs in ancient times. In contrast, modern people have no special form of farewell, just send a text message or a telegram. The custom of farewell is drifting away in modern social gatherings, with the same parting feelings and different expressions. Maybe people are too busy now, or maybe people are becoming more and more indifferent.
Occasionally, I read ancient documents, looking for different farewell ceremonies between the lines, and feeling the deep affection behind these customs, which moved me.