Special discussions on Yangzhou Tanci can actually only be found in two books: "History of Storytelling" and "History of Yangzhou Folk Art". There is a section on "Xianci" in "The History of Storytelling" (written by Chen Ruheng), which briefly introduces the history, music, bibliography, art, and actors of Yangzhou Tanci (also known as Xianci), but the full text is less than a thousand words. "History of Yangzhou Folk Art" (written by Wei Ren and Wei Minghua) includes two articles: "A Essay on Yangzhou Xianci" and "About "Zhang Jiaxuan Ci"", which introduce the name, origin, historical materials, bibliography, music, artistic characteristics of Yangzhou Xianci and Zhang Jiaxian Ci He made a comprehensive and systematic discussion on the inheritance system and artistic attainments of Ci, with two articles totaling 30,000 words. But for Yangzhou Tanci, there are still many research topics. This article intends to discuss three issues, namely: the relationship between Liu Jingting and Tanci; Yangzhou in Tanci; and the tunes of Tanci in history. These three questions are precisely related to the history, bibliography and music of Yangzhou Tanci.
1. The relationship between Liu Jingting and Tanci
As a type of music, the most basic theoretical research topic should be to clarify its origin. The origin of Yangzhou Tanci has always been a problem. The earliest source of the word "Xian Ci" in history can be found in Li Dou's "Yangzhou Hua Fang Lu". However, "Yangzhou Painted Boat Records" was only written in the 60th year of Qianlong's reign (1795 AD). So, did Yangzhou Tanci exist before Qianlong? There are very few materials that can be directly used in this regard. The only thing worth studying is that Liu Jingting, a great storyteller in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, has something to do with Tanci. Liu Jingting is a native of Taizhou, Yangzhou Prefecture, and the dialect he speaks belongs to the Yangzhou dialect system. If Liu Jingting's storytelling includes Tanci, then we can say that Yangzhou Tanci was formed in the Ming Dynasty.
As to whether Liu Jingting can rap and play lyrics, Mr. Chen Ruheng has always held a negative attitude. He said in Chapter 6 of "The History of Storytelling":
He Yuan Zhichun
"In a section of Kong Shangren's "The Peach Blossom Fan·After Yun", Liu Jingting played and sang a set of "Moling Qiu" ]. Long before the publication of "Peach Blossom Fan", the fourth chapter of Yuan Yuling's "Shuangying Zhuan" Zaju "Yu Tiao Pai Ge" said that Liu Jingting was both speaking and singing. Therefore, some people think that Liu Jingting is not only good at speaking and commenting. , can also play and sing on the strings, just like today's tanci artists, but according to my personal research, Liu Jingting only said it alone, there is no string accompaniment, and there is no sufficient evidence of playing and singing at the same time. He is a person who specializes in talking about historical novels, that is to say, he is not a lyricist who plays and sings small books." Later in Chapter 8 of "The Storyteller Liu Jingting", Mr. Chen once again reiterated his opinion:
"Among the four unique works of Wu Youding's "Listening to Liu Jingting's History", one of them contains two lines: "A song is about Jingyanggang, the water is flowing in front of the door and the sunset is red." He said that in "Water Margin" In "Wu Song Fights the Tiger", the poet uses the word "yiqu". Is Liu Jingting singing the lyrics there? This is a strong evidence that Liu Jingting also wrote poetry in the past. , because of the harmonious rhyme, these places have always been ignored. The word "qu" has a oblique tone. The second word in the above poem just needs a oblique tone, so the poet just chanted it casually, or Liu Jingting said it before telling the story of fighting a tiger. He once recited a poem, so the poet used the word "Yiqu" to describe his storytelling."
In addition, Mr. Chen Ruheng once told me in person that he thought Liu Jingting's storytelling only meant commentary. , and it can never contain TanCi.
But the historical issue is more complicated. Some materials can prove this argument, and other materials often can prove another argument. The information about Liu Jingting and Tanci will be reviewed separately as follows: 1. Qian Qianyi's "Zuo Ningnan Portrait Song Composed by Liu Jingting" says: "It has been buried in national history biographies for thousands of years, and the academy's Tanci is the envy of thousands of people." After Zuo Liangyu's death, , Qian Qianyi wrote this poem to persuade Liu Jingting to compile Zuo Liangyu's deeds into "Tanci", which seems to indicate that Liu Jingting can write Tanci. Qian Qianyi, also known as Muzhai, was a poet in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. He was a friend of Liu Jingting and often listened to Liu Jingting's stories.
2. Qian Qianyi's "Recruitment of the Burial Site for Liu Jingting" compared Liu Jingting to the ancient Youmeng, and also said that "Youmeng came on stage to perform, laughing and talking to himself, such as the Jinyuan Yuan version, The beauty of today's tanci. "
3. Gu Kaiyong's "Liu Shengge" says: "Listening to the sound of Zheng Yu in front of the king's table, I can still see Gongsun Liuli dancing with his sword." Gu Kaiyong lived in the seventh year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty. (1650) In Huaiyin, he listened to Liu Jingting's book writing and gave it to him for writing "Song of Liu Sheng". The "voice of Zheng Yu" in the poem seems to refer to Liu Jingting's musical accompaniment during his storytelling.
4. Zhu Yishi's "Listening to Yagyu Sheng Jingting's Ci" says: "The interruptions and sudden continuations are misty, and the songs turn into tears and depression." Zhu Yishi, whose courtesy name is Jinxiu, was born in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. . This poem was written after listening to Liu Jingting's story telling. The poem says that Liu "turned to crying after singing" during the story telling, which means that the singing soon turned into crying. So, there seems to be singing in Liu Jingting's performance.
Yangzhou West Lake
5. "Liu Fengchun's Biography" written by Gong Weiliu says: "Liu Fengchun, whose courtesy name is Jingting... I heard Tanci being said in the market, so I heard it." Gong Wei Liu, courtesy name Ziyang, was born in Taizhou in the late Ming Dynasty and was a fellow villager of Liu Jingting. The article said that Liu Jingting learned storytelling because he listened to "Tanci" in the market. The "Tanci" that Liu Jingting heard was popular in northern Jiangsu, which proves that Tanci existed in Yangzhou in the late Ming Dynasty. 6. Yu Huai's "Banqiao Miscellaneous Notes" says: "Liu Jingting... often goes to Nanqu, together with Zhang Yanzhu and Shen Gongxian. Zhang and Shen sing songs, and Jingting sings lyrics.
"Yu Huai, whose name is Tanxin, is a friend of Liu Jingting. It is clearly stated here that Liu Jingting is good at "tanci".
7. Shen Longxiang's "The Biography of Liu Jingting" says: "Jingting... I heard Tanci being spoken in the city, and I felt good about it. Then, he often flew to talk about it, so he heard it. "Chen Longxiang's original name was Mo, and his courtesy name was Xingzhi. He was from Taizhou. The article said that Liu Jingting fell in love with this profession because he heard "Tanci" at the market. Liu Jingting was probably greatly influenced by Tanci at first, but he himself is better at speaking.< /p>
8. Kang Faxiang's "Quan Meisheng Lian visited Liu Jingting's hometown in his spare time, and wrote poems to prepare his remarks" says: "Invisible storytellers are blessed with jade, humorous and angry curses, and miscellaneous songs and tears." "Kang Faxiang, named Ruibo, was from Taizhou. It is said in the poem that Liu Jingting's storytelling is mixed with "singing and crying".
9. Wang Ruyu's "Reading Yu Tanxin's "Banqiao Miscellanies" and occasionally chanting about it" says : "I know all about Liu Jingting's Tanci, and I have been wandering around for ten years. "Wang Ruyu, a native of Daoguang. The poet called Liu "Tanci Liu Jingting".
In the materials cited by Mr. Chen Ruheng, there is a direct description of Liu Jingting's ability to sing Tanci. For example, the last line of "Peach Blossom Fan" During the performance, Liu Jingting said: "Since the Book of Han is too long, I have compiled a new song called "Duan Lingqiu". Let's sing it while drinking. ”
To sum up, the following conclusions can be drawn: First, the storytelling Liu Jingting first heard included tanci; second, this kind of tanci was popular in northern Jiangsu, and it should be Yangzhou tanci. Third, Liu Jingting’s storytelling is mainly about “speaking”, but it also contains elements of “singing”, but this element is less
The history of the formation of Yangzhou Tanci should be earlier than the era when Liu Jingting lived. That is, after the middle of Ming Dynasty.