Basic knowledge of tour guides - couplets and ancient poems - key points
Couplets and ancient poems
1. Couplets:
Couplets, and Called couplets, couplets, couplets, and couplets, it is a unique traditional literary form in my country that has a short system, concise writing, a long history, and is both elegant and popular.
2. Occasions for using couplets:
Couplets are mainly hung indoors or posted on doors. Many places of interest are decorated with couplets, which reflect their human sentiments and prove their historical relics. , becoming an indispensable part of these places of interest.
3. The main stages of the origin and development of couplets:
The origin and development of couplets have mainly gone through four stages: (1) The gestation period of couplets - from the pre-Qin to the Tang Dynasty dynasties; (2) the emergence period of couplets - the Five Dynasties; (3) the development period of couplets - Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty; (4) the heyday of couplets - Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty.
4. The first couplet in the development of Chinese couplets:
The first couplet in the development of Chinese couplets, according to the records of "History of the Song Dynasty. Mengshi of Western Shu", was the first couplet in the later Shu Dynasty. Written by Meng Chang: "The New Year is full of Yuqing, and the festival is called Changchun."
5. Figures in the Ming Dynasty who pushed couplets to a new climax:
Xie Jin and Zhu Yunming of the Ming Dynasty , Wen Zhengming, Tang Bohu and other Jiangnan talents pushed the couplets to a new climax.
6. The first person to systematically classify couplets:
The first person to systematically classify couplets was the Qing Dynasty writer Liang Zhangju.
7. Classification of couplets according to application scope:
Can be divided into spring and autumn couplets (including festival couplets), door couplets (including industry couplets), happy couplets, elegiac couplets, social couplets, and hall couplets , couplets of places of interest, couplets of literary and artistic works, and miscellaneous categories.
8. The meaning and characteristics of Spring Festival couplets (including festival couplets):
Spring couplets are also called spring posts. They are the couplets used during the Spring Festival. They are the earliest and most widely used couplets in Guangdong. of a type. The content mainly expresses people's joyful mood and positive spirit of saying goodbye to the old and welcoming the new. Spring couplets are usually posted on the door, often with horizontal inscriptions.
9. The meaning and characteristics of door couplets (including industry couplets):
Door couplets are also called door posts and door pairs. It is a couplet that mainly reflects the characteristics of family status and the nature of the industry. Some of them are permanent couplets carved and embedded on both sides of the door, and some are posted during openings or celebrations.
10. The meaning and characteristics of the happy couplet:
The happy couplet is a special couplet for weddings, also called a wedding couplet. They are often posted next to doors, cabinets, etc. The content is mostly auspicious words for happy marriage and longevity, etc.
11. The meaning and characteristics of Shou couplets:
Shou couplets are couplets specially used to wish birthdays to the elderly. Most of the content is to praise the elders for their merits and achievements and wish them good health and longevity. Among the longevity couplets, there are some "self-birth couplets" written by oneself. Most of them are cynical and expressive works, which can often reflect the author's true feelings and life interests.
12. The meaning and characteristics of elegiac couplets:
Elegiac couplets are couplets specially used to mourn the deceased and conduct funerals and sacrifices. They evolved from ancient elegy words. Most of the contents are to evaluate the achievements of the deceased, praise their spiritual sentiments, and express the grief of the living. The hospitality is profound and the words are sincere.
13. The meaning and characteristics of communicative couplets:
Communicative couplets are a type of decorative couplets that are specially used by people to reward friendship. It is mostly used among celebrities and literati and scholars, and the works often have high artistic quality.
14. The meaning and characteristics of hall couplets:
Hall couplets are a kind of decorative couplets used by people to beautify halls and living rooms. They often express the taste, aspirations and ambitions of the owner and the author. The concept is elegant and the style is extraordinary.
15. The meaning and characteristics of scenic spots and historic sites:
Couplets hung, embedded or engraved on scenic spots and memorial sites of historical celebrities and historical relics.
16. The meaning of couplets in literary and artistic works (including inscribed paintings):
Couplets appearing in literary and artistic works.
17. Couplets that can be classified into miscellaneous categories:
Couplets that can be classified into miscellaneous categories include lantern couplets, mystery couplets, promotional couplets, etc.
18. The tones of couplets:
The tones of ancient Chinese can be divided into four tones, and the four tones can be divided into two categories: level tones and oblique tones. In modern Chinese, oblique tones include rising and falling tones, and flat tones include yinping and yangping. Couplets require the alternation of flat and oblique lines in a couplet, usually two syllables in one shift; the upper and lower couplets require the alternation of flat and oblique lines. Under normal circumstances, the last word of the first couplet uses oblique tone, and the last word of the second couplet uses flat tone, which makes people read smoothly, profoundly and with lingering flavor.
19. The meaning of positive pairing:
Positive pairing means that the couplet and the couplet are synonymous and juxtaposed in terms of content and theme. They express the theme from different angles and interact with each other. Replenish.
20. The meaning of opposition:
Opposition means that the content of the couplet and the couplet are exactly opposite or relative, with sharp contrast and strong changes, which can often leave a very strong impression on people. Deeply impressed.
21. The meaning of string pairs:
String pairs point out that there is a certain relationship between sentences and couplets such as progression, transition, condition, cause and effect, etc., and the upper and lower parts are connected in content. It is coherent and cohesive in tone.
22. The meaning and characteristics of banners:
Banners are also called horizontal batches, banners, horizontal couplets, etc., and are affixed (suspended) in the middle position above the couplets, with four characters For many.
23. The relationship between banners and couplets:
Banners are an important part of couplets. The relationship between banners and couplets mainly includes the following:
< p> A. Freehand couplets and title on the banner. Many couplets of places of interest and historical sites are in this form. The couplets write the places of interest, and the banners point out the names of the scenery.B. The couplets draw dragons and the banners are dotted with eyes. Usually it is in the form of couplets, external things, and the banner points out the essence and meaning.
C. Coupons and amounts are complementary and complement each other. Couplets and banners complement each other in content and meaning.
24. Gantry writing method:
If it is a long couplet and you cannot finish it in one line, you can write it in another line. Generally, you write from both sides to the middle, leaving a few spaces in the last line to form The "men" glyph is called "Longmen writing".
25. The components of couplets other than the main text:
Couplets sometimes include inscriptions, inscriptions, etc. in addition to the main text, explaining the author, writing time, origin and background, etc.
26. How to write banners:
In the old days, banners were written horizontally from right to left, but now they are also written from left to right.
27. The meaning and function of the leading word:
The leading word is to introduce a series of parallel sentences and parallel sentences in the couplet, so that the couplets are naturally connected and hierarchical, and create rhythm. Words that have ups and downs and make the music harmonious and graceful.
28. Reference factors for breaking up couplets:
A. Master the characteristics of more long couplets and fewer short sentences. What is difficult to segment is mostly long couplets, and short sentences are generally used in long couplets. Parallel sentences and parallel sentences of three, four, and seven characters are often used extensively to elaborate descriptions and express emotions. The dual sentence pattern is also commonly used in long couplets.
B. Pay attention to the leading words in the couplets. Some leading words in couplets are often followed by a set of parallel sentences or dual sentences. By grasping the leading words, you can clearly understand the following sentence patterns.
C. Use repeated words. Some couplets have repeated words, which can be distinguished and segmented according to the position of the repeated words.
D. The upper and lower couplets refer to each other and make sentence fragments. The grammatical structure and rhythm of the upper and lower couplets are similar. Therefore, when you encounter a sentence in one couplet that is difficult to interpret, you can refer to the corresponding sentence in another couplet to help you find the sentence reading.
29. The earliest reliable poetry in my country:
The earliest reliable poetry is the more than 300 poems collected in the "Book of Songs".
30. The evolution of ancient poetry:
Ancient poetry has experienced the evolution of four-character poems, five-character poems, and seven-character poems.
31. The earliest form of poetry in my country:
The four-character poem is one of the earliest forms of poetry in my country.
32. The poetic form of "The Book of Songs":
In addition to the four-character poems, the "Book of Songs" also has some works with sentences of different lengths. It is customary for poems in this form to It's called miscellaneous poetry.
33. Poems that belong to miscellaneous words:
Chuci also belongs to miscellaneous words, which were popular in the Chu country about three hundred years after the appearance of "The Book of Songs".
34. The era when five-character poetry became a common genre for poetry authors:
From the late Han Dynasty to the Jian'an period to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, five-character poetry became a common genre for poetry authors, producing many excellent works .
35. Characteristics of seven-character ancient poetry:
Among ancient poems, seven-character ancient poetry has the most lively form, the most diverse genres, the freest processing of syntax and rhyme, and a lyrical narrative One of the most expressive forms of poetry.
36. The earliest existing complete and mature seven-character poems:
The earliest existing complete and mature seven-character poems are two "Yan Ge Xing" written by Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period.
37. The development of seven-character poems:
It was not until the Southern Dynasty and Song Dynasty that the writing of seven-character poems gradually attracted attention. Bao Zhao is the first person in my country to write a large number of seven-character poems. His representative work "The Road Is Difficult" contains eighteen pure seven-character poems. Xie Huilian and Xie Zhuang, both of whom were at the same time as Se Baozhao, also wrote some seven-character poems. From this time on, the foundation was laid for the form of the seven-character poem. Starting from the Liang Dynasty, the prototype of seven-character modern poetry began to appear. It developed to the Tang Dynasty, and finally the seven-character quatrains and seven-character rhymed poems of modern poetry were formally formed. Until later generations, seven-character ancient poetry and seven-character modern poetry were one of the main forms used by poets.
38. The meaning of ancient poetry:
Ancient poetry is also called "ancient poetry" and "ancient style". It refers to ancient poetry that is different from modern poetry and is not restricted by meter. Ancient style poetry emerged earlier, and its reputation began when modern style poetry matured in the Tang Dynasty. Some poems written after the Tang Dynasty that imitate the ancient style are also called "ancient poetry" or "archaic poetry".
39. The scope of ancient poetry:
Ancient poetry and modern poetry are divided from the perspective of meter. They are generally poetry before the emergence of modern poetry in the Tang Dynasty, but ancient ballads, proverbs, and the Book of Songs , Chu Ci and Yuefu poetry, etc., are not included in the scope of "archaic poetry" because they have their own characteristics and are neutral categories.
40. Ancient poetry has four structural characteristics:
First, there is no limit to the number of sentences and words. There is no limit to the number of words in each sentence of ancient poetry. It can be three words, four words, five words, six words, seven words, or mixed words. Generally speaking, poems are classified according to the number of words: those with four characters and one sentence are called four-character ancient poems, abbreviated as "Siyan"; those with five characters and one sentence are called five-character ancient poems, abbreviated as "Wugu"; those with seven characters and one sentence are called seven-character ancient poems, abbreviated as "Four Characters". "Seven Ancients". Ancient poems with irregular sentences are called miscellaneous ancient poems. It is rare to see pure three-character or six-character ancient poems.
Second, the use of rhyme is relatively free. Ancient poetry can be rhymed with either flat tones or oblique rhymes, or both can be used interchangeably. You can rhyme every sentence, you can rhyme every other sentence, or even three or four sentences. Some ancient poems have the same rhyme from beginning to end, and some change rhyme in the middle. Some rhyme changes are regular, and some have no rules to follow. Some rhyme characters use the same rhyme part, and some use adjacent rhyme parts.
Third, do not pay attention to flatness. There are no special regulations on the level and obliqueness of ancient poetry.
Fourth, there is no need to fight. Antique poems generally do not use antithesis. Even if antithesis occasionally occurs, it is not a requirement of meter, but only a rhetorical need. If fighting is used, the position is not specified. He also doesn’t shy away from emphatic words in battles.
41. The meaning of modern-style poetry:
Modern-style poetry is also called modern-style poetry, which is relative to ancient-style poetry. There are strict regulations, so it is also called metrical poetry.
42. Types of modern poetry in terms of form and sentence structure:
From a formal point of view, modern poetry includes three categories: rhymed poetry, quatrains, and long rhymes. Looking at the multi-sentence patterns, nearly all poems include five-character and seven-character poems.
43. The meaning of rhythmic poetry:
The so-called rhythmic poetry is a nearly complete poem with eight lines in each poem and strict regulations on rhyme, level, antithesis, etc. The eight lines of rhythmic poetry can be divided into four couplets, which have special names: first couplet, chin couplet, neck couplet, and tail couplet. The upper sentence in a couplet is called a sentence, and the lower sentence is called a couplet.
44. Classification and sentence pattern characteristics of nearly complete poems:
Rhymed poetry: eight lines each;
Five-character rhythmic poetry: eight lines each, each A sentence of five characters;
A seven-character rhyme poem: eight sentences per poem, seven characters per sentence;
A long rhyme poem: more than ten sentences per poem;
Quatrains: four sentences each;
Five-character quatrains: four sentences each, five characters each;
Seven-character quatrains: four sentences each, seven characters each ;
45. The balance of rhythmic poetry:
To put it simply, it means that in a sentence, the balance and obliqueness are alternated, in a couplet, the balance and obliqueness are relative to each other, and between the two couplets, the obliqueness and obliqueness are mutually intertwined. The flat tones and oblique tones are alternately used in the poems, resulting in the rhythm of the rhythm, harmony and beauty.
46. The meaning of "sticky":
"sticky" refers to the difference between the second word of the sentence in the latter couplet and the second word of the couplet in the previous couplet. The flat and oblique characters should be consistent, that is, flat and oblique, and oblique and oblique. If the rules are violated, it means "loss of adhesion", which is a taboo for poets.
47. The meaning of "pair":
"Pair" means that within a couplet, the balance of the sentence and the couplet must be opposite. If the sentence is used in one position, is a flat-tone character, then the couplet must use a oblique-tone character in the same position, that is, flat to oblique, oblique to flat. If the rules are violated, it is "out of order", which is a taboo for poets.
48. The meaning of antithesis:
The so-called antithesis refers to the fact that in poetry, the words and syllables of the upper and lower sentences are opposite each other. Antithesis is the institutional requirement of modern poetry. The antithesis in rhymed poems is usually in the chin and neck couplets. There are also some rhymed poems in which the antithesis is used in the first couplet.
49. Forms of antithesis:
There are mainly four forms of antithesis:
A. Work pair; B. Wide pair; C. Running pair; D. Borrowing pairs;
50. The meaning of work pairs:
Work pairs refer to couplets that are correct and completely in line with the standard. Not only should the syntactic structure and parts of speech be the same, but also subcategories should be taken into account when encountering nouns. The meaning of the correct sentence cannot be repeated, otherwise it will be called "joining the palms", which is a taboo for poets.
51. The meaning of wide pairing:
Wide pairing refers to a pairing that is not very strict. As long as the parts of speech are the same and the syntactic structure is roughly the same, it does not require that the subcategories must be the same. .
52. The meaning of flowing pair:
Running pair refers to a form of antithesis in which the sentence in a couplet is connected with the meaning of the couplet to form a complete meaning.
53. The meaning of borrowing and pairing:
Borrowing and pairing refers to words used for contrast. The literal meaning of the word can be correct but the meaning of the word cannot be correct, or the homophony of the word can be correct but the meaning of the word and the literal meaning cannot be correct. The right form of fighting. Also called "false pair".
54. The meaning of rhyme:
Rhyme, also called associative rhyme and leaf rhyme, means that the last word of each sentence or alternate name sentence in a poem should belong to the same rhyme part ( The ancients grouped words with the same rhyme into one part, called the rhyme part), which is an important feature of poetry.
55. Requirements for rhyming in modern poetry:
Rhyming in modern poetry has the following requirements:
A. Only rhyme in flat tones, and rhyme to the end, midway No rhyme changes allowed.
B. The position of the rhyming words is fixed at the end of the couplet, that is, the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth lines of the verse, and the second and fourth lines of the quatrain. The first sentence may or may not rhyme. Under normal circumstances, the first sentence of the five-rhythm does not rhyme, while the first sentence of the seven-rhythm mostly uses rhyme. If the first sentence does not rhyme, the ending characters of this sentence are generally in oblique tones. The ending characters of the third, fifth, and seventh sentences that do not rhyme must all use oblique tones.
C. Words must rhyme with the same rhyme part and cannot rhyme. But if the first sentence rhymes, you can borrow words with adjacent rhymes to make the rhyme words for the first sentence, which is called "borrowing rhyme".
56. Definition of Ci:
Ci is a poetry genre in which words are written according to the melody of the music score. It sprouted in the Sui Dynasty, rose in the Tang Dynasty, matured in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and flourished in the Song Dynasty.
57. The main stages of development of words:
The development of words mainly goes through four stages. The main ones are: (1) The germination and rise of Ci - Sui to mid-Tang Dynasty; (2) The development period of Ci - Late Tang and Five Dynasties; (3) The heyday of Ci: (4) The decline of Ci - Yuan Dynasty after.
58. The first literati in the Northern Song Dynasty to devote himself to ci writing:
Liu Yong was the first literati in the Northern Song Dynasty to devote himself to ci writing. He created many slow Ci poems. , which improves the expressive ability of Ci and expands the subject area of ??Ci. This is a major contribution to the history of Ci development.
59. The person who was considered the authentic representative of Ci:
The person who was considered the authentic representative of Ci at that time was Zhou Bangyan. He was good at music and lyrics, and wrote many melodically beautiful lyrics and music that maintained the traditional style and catered to the tastes of people from all walks of life, from the court nobles to the philistines and prostitutes. Known as the Metrical School, later generations praised him as "the top poet", and his influence lasted until the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
60. After the Song Dynasty moved to the south, the most outstanding poet:
After the Song Dynasty moved to the south, the most outstanding poet was of course Xin Qiji. Together with Su Shi, he was called "Su Xin" and became the representative of the Yi Fang School of Song Ci. It can be said that he was the real master of achievements in Song Ci.
61. The meaning of word tone:
Word tone is also called word card. The so-called melody is the name of the tune and music score based on which the lyrics are written. At the beginning, the title of the poem is often the title, and the name is consistent with the content of the chant. Later, when the song is continued, the title is inconsistent with the content of the chant. When the song is continued, the title is inconsistent with the content of the chant, and another Add a title or a preface (of course, you don’t have to add it), and the tone of the words will only have the meaning of melody and meter.
62. The meaning of "子" in the tune:
The word "子" in the tune is the provincial name of the tune, such as "Picking Mulberries", "Bu Suanzi", etc.
63. The meaning of "ling" in the tone of the word:
The word "ling" in the tone of the word is the song or Xiaoling; generally it is a word with fewer characters and a shorter tone, maybe Drinking orders that originated in the Tang Dynasty, such as "Ru Meng Ling".
64. The meaning of "Yin" in the tone of words:
The characters "Yin" and "Jin" in the tone of words belong to the middle tone, which are generally longer than Xiaoling. Long tunes should be short (less than 100 words), such as "Qingmen Yin", "Good things come soon", etc.
65. The meaning of the word "slow" in the tone of words:
The word "slow" in the tone of words means slow music, that is, slow words, most of which are long tunes, such as "Shengsheng" slow".
66. The meaning of the word "piece":
"piece" is also called "阘". A section of the word is called a "piece", which means "over", which means that the music has been played once. The rest or end of the music is called "que", so the piece is also called "que".