Concubine Yang was talented, good at greetings, proficient in music, good at singing and dancing, and beautiful. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was addicted to Concubine Yang's beauty, and lived a "spring night is short and the day is high." "The king does not come to court early". The war started by Fan Yang awakened the two of them from their sweet dreams. After Yang Guifei fled to Maweiyi with Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, she unfortunately became a victim of the war. Her whereabouts are still being traced by future generations.
Smoke and dust arose from the Jiuzhong City Tower, and thousands of people rode at the southwest gate.
The green flowers wavered and stopped, more than a hundred miles west of the capital.
The Sixth Army had no choice but to turn around and die in front of E Mei Ma.
There is no one to collect the flowers and flowers on the ground, and the green buds and jade are scratching their heads.
The king hid his face and could not be saved. Looking back, blood and tears flowed.
In June of the fifteenth year of Tianbao (756 AD), Luoyang fell and Tongguan fell. Emperor Xuanzong of the prosperous Tang Dynasty fled the capital Chang'an in a hurry, and his beloved concubine Yang Yuhuan died in Maweiyi. This very eye-catching scene has aroused the admiration of many literati. However, literati's poems and historians' accounts are not the same. There are still many doubts about Yang Guifei's final fate. It can be said that there are different opinions and no consensus.
Some people say that Yang Yuhuan may have died in the Buddhist hall. "The Biography of Concubine Yang in the Old Book of Tang Dynasty" records: After the Forbidden Army general Chen Xuanli and others killed Yang Guozhong and his son, he believed that "the thieves are still there" and requested to kill Concubine Yang again to avoid future troubles. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty had no choice but to say goodbye to his imperial concubine and "hanged himself in the Buddhist chamber." "Zizhi Tongjian·Tang Ji" records: Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered the eunuch Gao Lishi to take Concubine Yang to the Buddhist hall and hang her to death. "Supplement to the History of the Tang Dynasty" records: Gao Lishi hanged Concubine Yang to death under the pear tree in the Buddhist hall. Chen Hong's "The Song of Everlasting Regret" records: Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty knew that Yang Guifei was bound to die, but he couldn't bear to see her death, so he had people take her away. She "went about in a hurry and died under the ruler". "Yang Taizhen Gaiden" written by Yue Shi records: When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty bid farewell to Concubine Yang, she "begged for her face and paid homage to the Buddha." Gao Lishi then hanged the imperial concubine under the pear tree in front of the Buddhist hall. Mr. Chen Yinke pointed out in the "Yuanbai Poetry Notes and Notes": "What can be noted is that the music history said that the concubine hanged and died under the pear tree, which may be influenced by the Xiangshan (Bai Juyi) sentence "A pear blossom brings rain in spring." Guo'er, that's ridiculous." Yue Shi's statement comes from "Supplement to the History of the Tang Dynasty", while Li Zhao's statement is probably influenced by "Song of Everlasting Sorrow".
Concubine Yang may also have died in the rebellion. This theory is mainly found in some descriptions in Tang poetry. In the second year of Zhide (757 AD), Du Fu composed a poem "Aijiangtou" in Chang'an, which was occupied by Anlu Mountain. There is a line in it, "Where are the bright eyes and white teeth now? The blood-stained soul cannot return", implying that Concubine Yang is not He was hanged to death in Mawei Station, because there would be no blood in hanging. Li Yi's Qijue "Guo Mawei" and Qilu "Guo Mawei Two Poems" include poems such as "I asked you to wash the lotus blood" and "Taizhen's blood stained the horse's hooves", which also reflects that Concubine Yang was killed by the rebel army. , the scene of death by weapons. Du Mu's "Thirty Rhymes of Huaqing Palace" has "the blood of Mawei is shouting, and Yulin's spears are scattered"; Zhang You's "Huaqing Palace and Shesheren" has "the concubine's beauty is buried in blood"; Wen Tingyun's "Mawei Station" has "unexamined returns" Poems such as "The smoke is extinguished, and the green grass is filled with sorrow when buried in blood." It is also believed that Concubine Yang's blood splashed in Mawei Station and she was not hanged to death.
There are other possibilities for Concubine Yang’s death. For example, some people say that she died by swallowing gold. This statement is only found in the poem "Ma Wei Xing" used by Liu Yuxi. Liu's poem once wrote: "The windy road in the green fields, the yellow dust and horses walking wildly, the Yang noble people on the roadside, the tombs are three or four feet high. When I asked the children in the house, they all said that it was fortunate that during the Shu period, the military lords punished the tyrants, and the emperor abandoned them. Enchantress. The nobles are holding the emperor's clothes, turning their beautiful eyes. The wind and the sun are like the sky. The nobles are drinking gold dust, and they are wearing apricot pills all their lives. "From this poem. It seems that Concubine Yang died by swallowing gold. Mr. Chen Yinke was quite curious about this statement and made a textual research in "Yuanbai Poems and Notes". Chen suspected that Liu's poem "nobles drink gold chips" was derived from "Li'erzhong", so it was different from other theories. However, Chen did not rule out that Concubine Yang might have swallowed gold before she was hanged to death, so this theory was spread in "Li'erzhong".
Some people believe that Concubine Yang did not die in Maweiyi, but lived among the people. Mr. Yu Pingbo made textual research on Bai Juyi's "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" and Chen Hong's "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" in "Miscellaneous Works on Poetry, Ci and Music". He believes that the original meaning of Bai Juyi's "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" and Chen Hong's "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" have other merits. If "Eternal Regret" is the title of the chapter, it is enough to write it to Mawei. Why bother to assume that the Linqiong Taoist priest and the Jade Concubine are too real later? Because of his position, Mr. Yu believes that Concubine Yang did not die in Maweiyi. At that time, the six armies mutinied, the imperial concubine was robbed, and Chai Dian was appointed to the throne. The poem clearly stated that Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty "could not save her." Therefore, the death edict recorded in official history would never have existed at that time. Chen Hong's "Song of Everlasting Regret" said "the messenger led her away", which means that Concubine Yang was led by the messenger to hide in a distant place. Bai Juyi's "Song of Everlasting Regret" said that Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty wanted to rebury Yang Guifei after returning to Luang. The result was that "the dirt was in the mud under Mawei slope, and the jade face could not be seen at the place where she died." Not even the bones could be found, which further confirmed that the imperial concubine did not die. Maweiyi. It is worth noting that when Chen Hong wrote "The Song of Everlasting Regret", he specifically pointed out for fear that future generations would not know it: "The ones known to the world are in "Xuanzong Benji"." And those "unheard of in the world" are recorded in "Xuanzong Benji" today. "Song of Everlasting Sorrow", which clearly implies that Concubine Yang is not dead.
There is a bizarre saying that Concubine Yang traveled to America. Taiwanese scholar Wei Juxian claimed in the book "The Chinese Discovered America" ??that he found out that Yang Guifei did not die in Mawei Station, but was taken to distant America.
There is also a theory that Concubine Yang fled to Japan. Japanese folk and academic circles have this view: At that time, it was a maid who was hanged to death in Mawei Station. Chen Xuanli, the general of the Forbidden Army, cherished the beauty of the imperial concubine and could not bear to kill her, so he conspired with Gao Lishi to kill her with his maid. Yang Guifei was escorted by Chen Xuanli's cronies and fled south. She sailed to the vicinity of present-day Shanghai and sailed to the sea. She drifted to Kutsu, Kutani Town, Japan, and stayed in Japan for the rest of her life.
It can be seen from the above that with the passage of time, the legend about Yang Guifei's death has become more and more vivid. Of course, it has become further and further away from the historical facts. In fact, Concubine Yang will undoubtedly die in Maweiyi. "The Gao Lishi Gaiden" believes that Concubine Yang's death was due to "sitting together for a while". In other words, the soldiers of the Sixth Army hated Yang Guozhong and implicated Concubine Yang in it. This is Gao Litu's point of view. Because "Wai Zhuan" was compiled based on his dictation, judging from the situation of the Maweiyi Incident, Yang Guifei must die. After the hanging, the body was transported from the Buddhist hall to the post station and placed in the courtyard. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty also summoned Chen Xuanli and other soldiers to come in for inspection. Yang Guifei did indeed die in Maweiyi. The old and new historical records such as "Tang Shu" and "Tongjian" clearly record her death. The same is true for "The Deeds of Lushan" and so on.
Folk legend has it that Concubine Yang came back from the dead, which reflects people's sympathy and memory for her. The officers and soldiers of the "Sixth Army" demanded that Concubine Yang be executed on the grounds that "the root of the disaster is still there". If people continue to insist on this view, then Concubine Yang will be regarded as a bad woman like Bao Si or Daji. Apart from being scolded by the world, there will be no praise. Even if she is a stunning beauty in the world or a representative of female beauty in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, she will not generate pity and forgiveness in people's subconscious mind. The whole problem is: Concubine Yang is not actually the source of the Anshi Rebellion. Gao Lishi once said that "the imperial concubine is innocent." Although this is not one-sided, there is no doubt that the imperial concubine is not the culprit. After the storms of the Anshi Rebellion, people began to reflect, summarize the historical experience of the Tianbao Rebellion, and finally realized the truth of history. Folklore has its own fair judgment, and praise and criticism of historical figures are often relatively objective. The death of Concubine Yang was both self-inflicted and a victim. Therefore, people imagined that Concubine Yang, who was indeed dead, could be resurrected and commemorated her endlessly.
Historical revelations: Did the stunning beauty Yang Guifei flee to Japan?
Smi
Yang Guifei is one of the four beauties in ancient my country and a literati of all dynasties. In describing the court love life between her and Tang Xuanzong Li Longji, Saoke really put a lot of effort into describing it, with the same pen and ink! However, there are different opinions on the cause of Yang Guifei's death, and it is still a mystery.
One theory is that Concubine Yang was hanged to death.
In June of the fifteenth year of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty (AD 756), the Anlushan rebels approached Chang'an. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty rushed to Shu in a hurry and passed by Maweiyi. , forcing Concubine Yang to hang herself and bury her body in front of the slope. This is a common record in canonical historical books. For example, Li Zhao of the Tang Dynasty said in his "National History Supplement": "Xuanzong was lucky enough to be in Shu. When he arrived at Mawei Station, he ordered Gao Lishi to hang his concubine under the pear tree in front of the Buddhist hall. The lady in Mawei's shop received a brocade. According to legend, every passerby borrowed it to play with. , you need a hundred coins, and you will make a lot of profits before and after, so I will be rich." There is no doubt that Concubine Yang died under a pear tree in a Buddhist temple in Maweiyi. Moreover, when the body was being moved, one of Concubine Yang's shoes was missing, which led to an old woman making a fortune from it. Regarding this historical event, both "Old Book of Tang" and "New Book of Tang" say that Concubine Yang was hanged and died in Mawei Station, which is similar to the above-mentioned record of Li Zhao. The historical data on Yang Guifei's hanging cited in Sima Guang's "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" are more detailed: after the mutinous sergeants killed Yang Guozhong, the escorting soldiers of the Sixth Army still refused to move forward, and Tang Xuanzong's personal orders were ineffective. Why did Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ask Gao Lishi to ask the military commander Chen Xuanli? Chen Xuanli replied: "The loyalist of the country has rebelled, and it is not appropriate for a noble concubine to be enshrined. I hope your majesty will cut you off and rectify the law." After hearing this, Zongzong of the Tang Dynasty refused to give up his love at first. After a long time, Wei Que, the secretary of the Beijing Zhao Bureau, said: "Nowadays, public anger is difficult to cause, and safety is at stake. I hope your majesty will make a quick decision!" ' But Tang Xuanzong said: "The imperial concubine often lives in the deep palace, how can you know that Guozhong is treason?" At this time, even Gao Lishi was uncharacteristic and said to Xuanzong: "The imperial concubine is innocent, but the soldiers have killed Guozhong, and the imperial concubine is under your majesty's presence. Don't you dare to be safe? May your Majesty look at it, and your Majesty will be safe if the soldiers are safe." Xuanzong was persuaded by Gao Lishi, "He ordered the powerful man to lure the concubine to the Buddhist hall and hang her to death." Only in this way did the officers and men of the Sixth Army "begin to organize their troops to make plans" ("Tang Ji" 34).
Almost all the canonical historical books have the above records, and the histories and legends also have similar records. In the winter of the first year of Yuanhe (806), Bai Juyi was appointed as the captain of Yusu County. His friends Chen Hong and Wang Zhi also lived in the county. One day, they visited Xianyou Temple and talked about the love tragedy between Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei. They were very emotional. Wang Zhi suggested that Bai Juyi write a poem about it. Bai Juyi wrote the popular "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" and Chen Hong wrote "The Story of Everlasting Sorrow". . Chen Hong is a historian. When he wrote about Yang Guifei's hanging at Mawei Station, he described it this way: After Yang Guozhong's death, "the opinions of the left and right were undecided. When asked, if anyone dared to speak out at that time, please use the imperial concubine to settle the world's grievances." The superior knew that it was inevitable, but he couldn't bear to see him die, so he just covered his face with his hands, making him look around in a hurry, and died under the ruler."
Concubine Yang Guifei died in Mawei Station. Some famous Japanese scholars also hold this view. Such as famous contemporary Japanese writers.
Sinologist Mr. Yasushi Inoue, based on collecting a large number of historical facts, wrote the "Biography of Yang Guifei" with more than 140,000 words in a delicate style, describing the joys and sorrows of this legendary figure heartily. Regarding the death of Concubine Yang, Mr. Yasushi Inoue not only shared the same views with previous Chinese scholars, but also wrote about Concubine Yang's attitude before her death.
Another theory is that Yang Guifei did not die in Maweiyi, but became a female Taoist priest. This statement already existed at that time. For example, it is recorded in Bai Juyi's "Song of Everlasting Sorrow": "I turned around without turning back to Long Yu, and I hesitated and could not go. In the soil under Mawei slope, I could not see the place where Yuyan Kong died." It is said that Xuanzong returned to Chang'an from Shu after the rebellion. Passing by the place where Concubine Yang hanged to death, she hesitated and was reluctant to leave, but her bones were no longer visible in the soil of Maweipo. Later, an alchemist was sent to search for it, but "the upper part is poor and the lower part is green, and the lower part is yellow spring, and both places are nowhere to be seen." Bai Juyi here implies that the imperial concubine has neither passed away nor been destined to die and is still in the world. Later, some scholars believed that according to Bai Juyi's "Song of Everlasting Sorrow", Yang Guifei was exiled to the "Jade Concubine Taizhen Courtyard" (i.e., the Female Taoist Academy). In the Tang Dynasty, the Female Taoist Academy was essentially the same as a brothel. By this time, she had fallen into disgrace. Well, for Xuanzong, this can really be described as "this hatred lasts forever". Mr. Yu Pingbo has been adhering to this point of view since the article "The Song of Everlasting Sorrow" and the Legend of "The Song of Everlasting Sorrow" published in Novel Monthly, Volume 20, No. 2, in the late 1920s until after liberation.
The third theory is that Yang Guifei fled to Japan. In 1936, a Japanese girl showed her family tree and other ancient documents to the Japanese TV audience on the TV station, and categorically claimed that she was a descendant of Concubine Yang. This caused a small sensation (this matter was reported by Takeuchi Yoshi) Documented in the Japanese magazine "China"). There is a saying in Japan that the deceased was a stand-in, and that Concubine Yang herself fled to Kutsu, Otsu County, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. According to local legend, the person who was hanged to death was a maid. The army commander Chen Xuanli felt pity for the imperial concubine's beauty and could not bear to kill her, so he conspired with Gao Lishi to kill her maid instead. Gao Lishi used a car to transport the body of the imperial concubine, and it was Chen Xuanli who examined the body, so this strategy of substituting the fake for the real was successful. The imperial concubine was escorted by Chen Xuanli's cronies and fled south quickly, setting sail around today's Shanghai. After wandering on the sea, we came to Kutsu, Aburaya Town, Japan.
Japanese historian Kunimitsu Shiro also said in the "Collection of Interesting Facts about Japanese History": Yang Guifei was buried in the Erzunin Temple in Yunjin after her death. To this day, there is still a five-wheeled pagoda that is said to be the tomb of Concubine Yang. There are also two standing statues of Sakyamuni and Amitabha in Jiujin Erzunyuan. Legend has it that they were specially sent to Japan by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty to comfort Concubine Yang Guifei. They are now listed as key protected cultural relics in Japan.
The Japanese article "Stories from China" (Issue 5 of "Cultural Translation Series" in 1984) records this: "After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty put down the Anlushan Rebellion, he returned to Chang'an. Missing Concubine Yang, she ordered the alchemist to go to sea to search. Zhijiujin presented two statues of Xuanzong Buddha to the concubine. The concubine gave a jade hairpin as a gift and ordered the alchemist to bring it back to Xuanzong. Although the news was exchanged, Concubine Yang failed to return to her motherland and was in Japan. "
It should be said that the historical data about Concubine Yang being hanged in Mawei Station are relatively complete and have been recognized. However, the theory that Concubine Yang ran away to become a Taoist priest and fled to Japan is reasonable and well-founded and cannot be easily dismissed.