Struggle Xiao
Wang Wei was born in a bureaucratic landlord family and became famous as a teenager. Taking the early days of Tianbao as the boundary, Wang Wei's thought and creation can be divided into two periods. In the early stage, he was a person who was full of enthusiasm for politics and made great efforts, and had a relatively progressive political tendency. The main life in the later period is to travel around the mountains and water, and to fast and worship Buddha. Before the Anshi Rebellion after Tianbao, his passion for life had not completely disappeared, but he still had a strong interest in nature and could write many beautiful poems. Five years after the An Shi Rebellion, he was disheartened and could no longer write any good poems. Wang Wei lacks Li Bai's rebellious spirit, Du Fu's people-friendly character and Tao Yuanming's lofty ideal of life.
His poetry is divided into two periods with the change of thought. Write more political poems in the early stage and more pastoral poems in the later stage. Generally speaking, people always regard Wang Wei as an idyllic poet. In fact, judging from the above works, Wang Wei's achievements are by no means limited to pastoral poems. There are more than 30 frontier poems, while Wang Changling, known as the frontier poet, has only more than 20 frontier poems. It should be said that Wang Wei is a typical example of comprehensive planning of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
The ideological content of Wang Wei's poems mainly includes three aspects:
The first category is political sentiment poems. Wang Wei wrote some political poems in his early years. In these poems, he criticized the powerful and dissatisfied with reality and exposed the increasingly corrupt politics under the cloak of prosperity, which has certain social and political significance. For example, the first one in the fable satirizes the noble family, but was born in the family of dignitaries, which has no merit. He also criticized them for "fighting pheasants in the forest." Compared with the situation of Confucian scholars who have been studying for 30 years, the extravagant life of "fighting cocks" and "buying gold and singing and laughing, money is not plural" shows the feeling of lack of talents, similar to Li Bai's poems. In his poem "Ancient Style", Li Bai revealed that "cockfighting" and "snorting rainbow" are all afraid of pedestrians. Sit and let you breathe and blow the rainbow. "And it is also compared with his own" nothing for Confucianism ",but Wang Wei lacks Li Bai's rebellious spirit, so the summary of writing poetry is gentle and sincere, lacking strength.
Second, frontier poems. This kind of poem describes the tense atmosphere and battle scenes on the battlefield, praises the heroic spirit of patriotic soldiers in killing the enemy, and depicts the frontier fortress scenery. Although some of them wrote about military affairs, they also summed up the general fate of intellectuals in feudal society, and they were endowed with universal resentment and injustice. His "Youth Travel" wrote, "Who knows that if you don't suffer from the border court, you will die of chivalry." The spirit of patriotic chivalry endures forever. In the third part of "Youth Journey", he also praised the fearless mode of young heroes: "One person can hold two carved arcs and ride a thousand pounds, just like nothing". These young heroes in Wang Wei's works are full of lofty aspirations and fighting skills to defeat the enemy, and Cao Zhi's "Death in National Disaster, Sudden Death" ("White Horse")
In addition to these frontier poems with positive performance, Wang Wei also has some frontier poems with strong political nature, such as the famous "Song of the Dragon Head" and "Old General", all of which are rewards and punishments unknown in the palace and unfair to impoverished veterans. The travel of old generals and young people should be linked. Veterans who are still full of glory today have lost the momentum of heroic teenagers who were determined to win in those days. Today, this young man with wisdom and courage knows that tomorrow he will be a veteran who will not be forgotten? In contrast, the author profoundly reveals the darkness and injustice of society. In addition, Wang Wei is good at describing frontier fortress scenery. For example, "Lonely smoke in the desert, the long river sets the yen" in "To the frontier fortress" is a famous sentence that I have already read. Wang Guowei's "Words on Earth" called it: "These realms can be strong through the ages."
Wang Wei is proficient in music and good at painting, and his poetry creation shows a comprehensive poetic talent. His various achievements in art made him a representative figure of universal significance. He became famous at the beginning of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which reflected the universal development of the whole poetry circle. It is under this general development trend that more outstanding poets, such as Li Bai and Du Fu, have emerged. It is precisely because Wang Wei fully embodies the vibrant atmosphere of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. We just said that he was a writer after Li and Du in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Zhao Diancheng commented on poetry in Biography of Wang Youcheng's Poems: "Poetry is always inseparable from talent. There are talents, there are talents in the land, and there are talents. I beat Li Taibai in talent, Du Zimei in land and Wang Mo in talent. Taibai wins with charm, while Zimei wins with strategy and charm.
In addition to expressing politics and frontier poems, Wang Wei's poetic achievements are also a figure who created a generation of ethos. Representative works of landscape poetry include Mid-Autumn Festival in the Mountain and Birds Singing in the Stream. The masterpiece of pastoral poetry is Wild Hope in the New Sunshine. His landscape poems can not only reveal the quiet and comfortable beauty of nature, but also show the majestic atmosphere of mountains and rivers such as Mount Zhongnan and overlooking the Han River. Pastoral poetry reflects the leisure of the countryside. Some of his poems in Wangchuan Collection, such as Chai Lu and Zhuliguan, all describe-
Wang Wei's poems are poetic and picturesque. As early as the Tianbao period of the Tang Dynasty, Yin Yao's "He Yueling Photo Collection" was known as "the pearl of spring, painted on the wall". Su Shi, a great writer in the Song Dynasty, wrote: "A poem with charm, with pictures in it; Looking at the painting, there are poems in the painting. " Since then, "painting in poetry" has become an evaluation of Wang Wei's poetry.
Poetry and painting, as art forms, have different essential characteristics. Lu Ji in the Western Jin Dynasty said that "the words are louder than the words, and the paintings are not refined" (Selected Materials of Chinese Aesthetic History, p. 307). He once said that there is a fundamental difference between poetry and painting, "publicizing things" and "being good at painting". Although poetry and painting are different in nature, they have something in common.
(Poetics, Poetry Art, 156). The dialectical relationship between poetry and painting is both different and related, which is well handled in Wang Wei's pastoral poems. This basic feature:
First of all, it is reflected in the unity of opposites-the beauty of poetry and painting.
China's ancient paintings pay attention to the relationship between point, line, surface and reality, and also pay attention to the composition from different angles such as distance and height. These techniques have been successfully applied in Wang Wei's pastoral poems. "The sunset glow is white, and the tides come to heaven and earth" ("Send Prosperity to Guizhou"), two poems are one point: the sky; Connection: river and tide; And face: heaven, earth and lake. This poem combines points, lines and faces from many angles. "Jianghu White in the Sunset" is from looking up to looking down, and "Tide is coming to the sky" is from looking up to looking up and looking down. In this way, the scenery is clear, both gradually approaching and pushing away layer by layer; The sun is the distant view, the rivers and lakes are the middle view, the white is the middle view, the tide is the middle view, the ground is the close view, the sky is the close view, and the middle view and the distant view are both. These horizontal lines make the whole picture look broad and profound. There is no sunset, no linear rivers and tides, no colors of heaven and earth. Without rivers and lakes, floodlights can't touch the ground. In the same way. The face of heaven and earth will not darken and appear blue because the space is occupied by tides. The combination of opposing points, lines and surfaces is so appropriate, just like watching a huge landscape painting, which makes people realize the magnificent beauty. "Sunset lingers at the ferry, and the smoke from supper wafts from the house" ("A letter I wrote to Pei Di from my cabin in Wangchuan").
"The desert is lonely and straight, and the long river falls in yen."