However, since Yuan Di, blindly adopting unrealistic Confucian policies failed to stop the trend of land annexation in society, which led to an increasing trend of land annexation in society. Most farmers have lost their land, or they are refugees, or they become dependent farmers who are attached to big planters. Wang Mang's restructuring not only failed to solve the problem, but made it more serious and turned into a second plunder of the people. So at the end of Wang Mang's rule, many people who could not survive became refugees, large and small. They either plunder counties and wander around, or gather in the mountains to rob their homes.
2. Who can talk about the governance of cultural scenes in Han Dynasty? After experiencing Gaozu, Hui Di and Lv Hou, the Western Han Dynasty entered the period of Wendi and Jingdi.
During this period, a peaceful and stable stage appeared in the western Han society, and the social economy recovered and developed rapidly, which was called "the rule of cultural scenery" by later generations. "The rule of cultural scene" is the first prosperous period after China entered the feudal society.
After a comprehensive survey of the history of the Emperor Wenjing in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Gu wrote affectionately in Hanshu: "Cheng Kang, Yun Zhou, the beauty of Chinese is also." . Not far away from this era, even Sima Qian and his son who have experienced this era have personally lamented the two emperors' literary scene: "Virtue is supreme."
Indeed, the "rule of Wenjing" not only gave the war-torn society a breathing space since the Warring States period, but also gave the Li people a temporary peace at that time. More importantly, it shows that the landlord class ruling group, after experiencing the historical process of Qin's rapid death, is good at reflecting and summing up historical lessons, adjusting its ruling strategy in time, and maintaining the long-term stability of the whole ruling class. The right choice at the historical juncture. The stability and development of society require the rulers to formulate a general plan for governing the country that conforms to the historical reality at that time.
The emergence of "cultural scene rule" is closely related to the political line of "quietism" in the early Han Dynasty. Liu Bang and his hero group, who founded the Western Han Dynasty, were mostly junior petty officials in Qin Dynasty, and their educational level was not high. Liu Bang himself, in particular, not only knows nothing about the principle of "ruling the country by literary talents", but also has many hooliganism in the lower classes.
Continuing to control the defeated country by force was his guiding ideology at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Historical Records Biography of Lu Jia contains: "Lu Sheng called it" poetry "and" book ".
Emperor Gaudi scolded him:' The official residence got it right away, giving consideration to' poetry' and' book'! Lu Sheng said:' If you live in a house, you can get it right away. Why not treat it right away? Besides, Tang Wu does the opposite, and it is a long-term skill to be both civil and military. ""Liu Bang was deeply moved by Liu Jia's remarks, and ordered him to sum up the experience and lessons of Qin State and other "ancient success or failure countries" and write the famous novel Xinyu.
To sum up the history of Qin's sudden death, it is not only Lu Jia in the early Han Dynasty, but Liu Bang will not completely change his whole thought because of Lu Jia's words. However, this record shows that in the early Han Dynasty, both the monarch and the ministers were thinking about how to avoid repeating the mistakes of the Qin Dynasty.
Although Liu Bang's cultural quality is not high, he is a generation of talents. Being good at adjusting his strategy in time is one of the important reasons for his success in the world, and giving up the idea of "taking the world at once" is precisely the wise thing for him to follow the trend of the times as a leader of the landlord class.
Separating these two different issues also shows that the feudal ruling class's summary of historical experience has risen to a new height, which is a reflection of their maturity from immaturity. Of course, during the years of Liu Bang's rule, the Han Dynasty was too busy to take care of more in order to consolidate its political power. The idea of "quietism" has just sprouted.
In Huidi and Lv Hou, "governing by doing nothing" became a common concept of governing the country, and Emperor Wenjing pushed this concept to the extreme. Later generations attributed the political thoughts and achievements of these decades to the influence of "Huang Lao" philosophy.
The so-called "Huang Lao" refers to the "Yellow Emperor" and "Lao Zhuang" respected by Taoism in the pre-Qin period, represented by Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi. On the whole, both the theory of Huangdi and the theory of Laozi and Zhuangzi emphasize "emptiness", "cause" and "quietness", which requires the rulers to "govern by doing nothing" and "govern by doing nothing" politically.
Of course, there are differences between the two. The study of the Yellow Emperor emphasizes both punishment and morality, which is an extension of the thought of "governing by doing nothing" in the original Taoist theory. Therefore, the implementation of "Huang Lao" politics is not a passive "inaction", but a choice of ruling strategy.
In the ideological circles and ruling groups in the early Han Dynasty, a group of people who advocated Taoist thought finally gained the recognition of imperial power and put this thought into the actual political process, which is undoubtedly conducive to social development. In the early Han Dynasty, it was not only the Taoists who intervened in the pattern of political rule. Lu Jia, who suggested that he could not rule the world immediately, basically belonged to Confucianism. He also advocated "governing by doing nothing", indicating that Confucianism is also "advancing with the times and dying with the world", actively changing the pedantic part of primitive Confucianism and combining it with real politics.
In this sense, the choice of "quietism" political line can't be completely attributed to the influence of Taoist thought, but the historical choice made by the rulers in the early Han Dynasty according to the social reality at that time, which represents the general requirements of the public. The tyranny of the Qin Dynasty and the social unrest since the Warring States Period are the direct social basis of this demand, but the universal social demand cannot automatically evolve into the correct thinking of the realistic rulers.
After the reunification of Qin, the society also hoped for a peaceful and peaceful environment, but the rulers did not conform to the public opinion. Tyranny led to the rapid demise of the first unified and autocratic centralized feudal dynasty in China.
The historical inertia of Qin tyranny still existed in the early Han dynasty, and the quality of the whole bureaucratic team was not much different from that of Qin. Emperor Gaozu severely criticized officials at all levels for "betraying the public interest". The title that Emperor Wen of Han asked Chao Cuo was: "The officials are unjust, the politics are unclear, and the people are uneasy".
Jia Yi, a famous politician, pointed out: "The original name of Qin has become Han. However, its legacy has not changed. "
Therefore, the choice of the rulers in the early Han Dynasty to conform to the social policy of governing the country was a major adjustment of the policies of the whole ruling group, and it was by no means passive and inaction. Strict adjustment of the ruling policy. The peasant war at the end of Qin Dynasty and the dispute between Chu and Han brought about a desolate and broken social situation at the beginning of Han Dynasty.
Even four horses of the same color are hard to find, so the general can only drive cattle. The life of ordinary people can be imagined. "History of Food in Han Dynasty" said: "Han prospered, taking the disadvantages of Qin, and the princes rose together, and the people lost their jobs and were hungry.
Five thousand stones per meter, people eat people, and more than half of them died. "There were 30,000 households in Kuiwei County in the early Han Dynasty, and now there are only 5,000 households left.
Faced with such a social situation, it is impossible for the rulers to exploit, so it is imperative to adjust the policy. Under the guiding ideology of "governing by doing nothing", "resting in peace among the people" became the policy followed by several rulers in the early Han Dynasty.
Here it is.
3. Mao Zedong wrote in the poem "Spring and Snow in Qinyuan" that "there are many beauties in mountains and rivers, and countless heroes win (1). Mao Zedong wrote in the poem "Spring and Snow in Qinyuan" that "... I cherish Qin Huang's martial arts, but I have lost my literary talent ...". In this paper, "Qin Huang" refers to Qin Shihuang and "Hanwu" refers to Emperor Wu. (2) The first unified centralized feudal country in China history-Qin Dynasty was established, which created a new situation of a unified multi-ethnic feudal country in China. (3) During the Warring States period, there were great differences in currency, writing, weights and measures among countries, which affected the economic and cultural exchanges between different places. After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang took measures to unify the railway tracks, characters, currency and measurement. Promote economic and cultural exchanges and development. (4) After the recuperation and cultural rule in the early Han Dynasty, by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the national strength of the Han Dynasty was strong. Therefore, Liang Wudi was able to fight against Xiongnu, which completely solved the threat of Xiongnu to the Western Han Dynasty. So the answers are: (1) Qin Shihuang, Emperor Wu. (2) Established the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China. (3) unification.
4. Why did the situation of "the rule of culture and scenery" appear in the early Han Dynasty? The rule of Wenjing has a good foundation. After the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu, Hui Di and Lv Hou all focused on agricultural production, which stabilized the feudal ruling order and closed their doors to the outside world.
Remarkable results have been achieved. On this basis, Emperor Wenjing neglected and rested. Wendi advised him to cultivate mulberry and set up three elders and filial piety according to the proportion of household registration.
Some employees of Miao and Tian Li often give them rewards to encourage farmers to develop production, and at the same time pay attention to reducing people's burden. Taxes are also calculated on an annual basis.
120 is reduced to 40 yuan per person per year, and the corvee is reduced to once every three years. It has opened up mountains and rivers that originally belonged to the country, and promoted the development of farmers' sideline production and salt and iron production, which are related to the national economy and people's livelihood. Twelve years ago, Emperor Wendi also abolished the system of customs clearance orders, which was conducive to the circulation of goods and economic ties between regions. It also promoted the development of agricultural production to a certain extent. In the second year of Emperor Jingdi (former 155), the system of paying tribute to the public at the age of 17 in the Qin Dynasty was changed to 20. Jingdi twice "except rent and half tax", that is, the rent rate was reduced to 30 tax, and the land rent was completely exempted in the first 13 years. Since then, the Han Dynasty has customized thirty taxes. Legally, the harsh laws of the Qin Dynasty were abolished. Reduce foreign wars. Therefore, people's livelihood was restored during the reign of Emperor Wenjing.
5. Regarding the governance of Wenjing, the governance of Wenjing in the Western Han Dynasty, the two generations of Wendi and Jingdi had political stability and remarkable economic development, which lasted for about 40 years. They have always been regarded as the "prosperous age" of feudal society, and the history is called "the governance of Wenjing".
Liu Heng (203 BC ~ 65438 BC+057 BC), Emperor Gaozu Liu Bangzhong, whose mother was Ji Bo. In the 11th year of Emperor Gaudi (196), he was made acting king.
In BC 180, Lv Hou died and Zhu Lu made an insurrection. The prime minister, Qiu, Zhu, and other imperial clan ministers ruled Zhu Lu and made him emperor for 23 years. Liu Qi (189~ 14 1) Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the prince of Wendi, and his mother was Empress Dou.
He ascended the throne in 157 BC and reigned for 16 years. After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty in Liu Heng, Emperor Gaozu, Hui Di and Lv Hou all devoted themselves to restoring agricultural production and stabilizing the feudal ruling order, and achieved remarkable results.
After Emperor Wenjing ascended the throne one after another, on this basis, he took further measures to neglect paying taxes and share the interest with the people. Liu Qi, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, attached great importance to agricultural production. After he ascended the throne, he repeatedly issued orders to persuade farmers to take classes in agriculture and mulberry, set up a number of employees according to the proportion of household registration, and often rewarded them to encourage farmers to develop production.
At the same time, he also pays attention to reducing the burden on the people. In the second year (before 178) and the twelfth year, Wendi "withdrew the land rent by half" twice, that is, the rent rate was reduced to 30 tax, and the land rent was completely exempted in the thirteenth year. Since then, the Han Dynasty has customized thirty taxes.
During the Wendi period, the tax was reduced from per person per year 120 yuan to 40 yuan, and the corvee was reduced to once every three years. In the second year of Emperor Jingdi (before 155), the system of 17 years old in Qin Dynasty was changed to 20 years old, while the book fu in Han Dynasty was 23 years old.
Emperor Wendi also issued the imperial edict of "prohibiting the relaxation of mountains and rivers", that is, opening the mountains and rivers that originally belonged to the country, thus promoting the development of farmers' sideline business and salt and iron production, which have a great relationship with the national economy and people's livelihood. In the twelfth year of Emperor Wendi, the customs clearance system was abolished, which was conducive to the circulation of commodities and economic ties between regions, and also promoted the development of agricultural production.
Emperor Wen of Han also carried out major reforms in criminal law since Qin Dynasty. (1) Criminals in the Qin Dynasty, that is, those who were sentenced to official service and were heavier than official service, mostly had no prison term and served hard labor for life.
Emperor Wendi issued a decree and re-enacted the law, stipulating the term of imprisonment according to the seriousness of the crime; A sinner will be exempted from serving his sentence as Shu Ren. (2) According to the Qin law, the parents, brothers, sisters, wives and children of sinners should sit together, and the heavy ones should be put to death, while the light ones should be buried as official servants, which is called "sitting by death".
Emperor Wen explicitly abolished it. (3) There were four kinds of corporal punishment in the Qin Dynasty, namely licking, licking and palace (see Yunmeng Qin Law).
Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty abolished flogging, flogging and gouging and replaced them with flogging. Jingdi also reduced flogging. Although the latter two reforms were not seriously implemented at that time and later, many officials of Wendi were able to break the prison lightly, and were generous and not demanding, so the prison service was simple and the oppression suffered by the people was significantly reduced compared with that of Qin Dynasty.
The Wenjing Dynasty did not easily fight against the surrounding ethnic minorities and tried their best to maintain peaceful relations. Lu Houshi, Zhao Tuo, king of South Vietnam, became emperor on his own, serving in Fujian, Vietnam, Ou, Luo and other places, taking the Huang family as an opponent and the Han Dynasty as an enemy.
After Emperor Wendi acceded to the throne, he repaired the ancestral grave for Zhao Tuo, honored Zhao Kundi, and sent Liu Jia to South Vietnam to write to Zhao Tuo, so Zhao Tuo went to Zuoge, Huang Wu, and joined the Han Dynasty. In the second year after Yuan Dynasty (BC 162), Wendi went to war with Xiongnu. Since then, although the Huns broke the contract and repeatedly violated the border, Emperor Wendi only ordered the border counties to be on strict guard and not to attack dispatch troops, so as not to disturb the people.
The reason why Wenjing became the flourishing age of feudal society is inseparable from the personal efforts of Emperor Wen. Shortly after he ascended the throne, he abolished the crime of slanderous words, and envoys were able to boldly put forward different opinions.
Since the Qin dynasty, there have been so-called "secret wish" officials, and whenever there is a disaster, they will fight. In the thirteenth year of Emperor Wen, he abolished it and declared the emperor responsible for the mistakes and sins of officials.
The next year, he forbade temple officials to bless him. Wendi is also quite frugal. During his twenty-three years in office, palaces, cars and royal things have not increased.
He has repeatedly sent letters prohibiting counties from contributing rare foreign objects. His beloved Mrs. Shen doesn't mop the floor or embroider curtains.
Wendi Deng once wanted to build a terrace. Hearing that he wanted one hundred gold, which was equivalent to the output of ten people in China, he gave up. Because Emperor Wen advocated frugality, the national financial expenditure was restrained and reduced at that time, and aristocratic bureaucrats dared not squander it, thus reducing the burden on the people, which was also one of the important contents of the "rest and recuperation" policy.
Due to the above-mentioned series of measures taken by Wenjing two generations, the social economy at that time made remarkable development and the feudal ruling order was consolidated day by day. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, there were only ten thousand governors and five or six hundred small countries. In the world of culture and scenery, refugees returned to the countryside, and their accounts soon increased.
There are 30,000 to 40,000 people in the country, and the number of small households has doubled, which is much richer than in the past. The development of agriculture has greatly reduced food prices. In the early years of Emperor Wendi, millet ranged from ten yuan to dozens of yuan per stone.
According to the Records of Food in the History of Han Dynasty, during the seventy years from the early Han Dynasty to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, due to the stable domestic political situation, as long as there were no floods and droughts, the people always gave their families enough food, and the granaries in the county were full of food. The food in Taicang is rotten because of Chen Xiangyin, so it can't be eaten. The government treasury has more money. There are millions of money in Beijing, and even the strings of money are broken.
This is a very vivid description of the rule of Wenjing. However, the purpose of the policy of "resting the people" in Wenjing period was to stabilize and strengthen the control of farmers and further consolidate feudal rule. Some measures that seem to be beneficial to farmers are actually more beneficial to landlords and businessmen.
For example, if Wenjing reduced or exempted the land tax, the landlords would gain the most, which would also help improve the political status of businessmen. At the same time, in order to achieve political stability, Wendi once restricted the power of princes with the same surname, but failed to take decisive measures to eliminate the hidden dangers of unrest; In the third year of Emperor Jingdi (before 154), seven countries in Wu Chu conspired to revolt (see the rebellion of seven countries in Wu Chu), which should have something to do with this.