Author: CCR
catalogue
1 Introduction
2 the purpose of the investigation
3. Four key problems to be solved in the investigation
(1) Before Zhou Enlai's death, did the United Nations stipulate that flags be flown at half mast?
(2) Before Zhou Enlai's death, did the United Nations fly the flag at half mast?
(3) Is it an exception for the United Nations to fly the flag at half-mast for the death of Zhou Enlai?
(4) Did UN Secretary-General waldheim say such things?
4 Eight details to be discussed in the investigation
(1) Member States and non-member States
(2) Heads of State and Government
(3) Real obligation and virtual obligation
(4) Formal and agency
(5) On-the-job and resignation
(six) the director and deputy director
(7) Must, Can and Should
(8) The national flag is flown at half-mast and the United Nations flag is flown at half-mast.
5 superfluous words
1 Introduction
Recently, there was a post on the Internet called "The Real Reason for the United Nations to Lower the Flag at Half-mast for Zhou Enlai", which made many people find it hard to tell the truth from the falsehood. There are different opinions on the authenticity of the speech made by UN Secretary-General waldheim, and some people even doubt whether the UN will mourn the death of Zhou Enlai. To this end, I conducted a survey, tried my best to collect the positive and negative related materials I could get in touch with, and put forward my own views on the basis of repeated comparison and comprehensive weighing in a realistic and responsible attitude towards history for your reference. General China's political network (net name) wrote an article in advance, "Debate on the Causes and Consequences of the United Nations Flags at Half-mast for Premier Zhou's Death". I will try my best to avoid repeating the article, so you can combine it and compare it. The first draft of the investigation report was written on June 65438+1October 65438+1October 9, 2004. After soliciting the opinions of some members of the Weekly Research Association and netizens carrying pavilions, necessary and possible amendments were made, and now the following text has been formed.
2 the purpose of the investigation
(1) Find out the truth that the United Nations flew flags at half mast for the death of Zhou Enlai, restore the whole picture and original appearance of the incident, and disclose more details.
(2) Analyze whether the United Nations makes an exception and whether it is special to fly the flag at half-mast for the death of Zhou Enlai through examples.
(3) urge everyone to continue to explore this issue in depth and solve the doubts and blind spots that still exist at present.
3. Four key problems to be solved in the investigation
(1) Before Zhou Enlai's death, did the United Nations stipulate that flags be flown at half mast?
As for "flying the flag at half mast", there is a special entry in Ci Hai, which explains: "First, raise the national flag to the top of the pole, and then lower it to about one third from the top of the pole. It is a great etiquette for the people to express their condolences. " Flags flying at half mast is a common way of mourning in the world today. When an important leader of a country dies, flags will be flown at half mast to express condolences to the deceased. This practice was first seen in 16 12. One day, the captain of the British ship "Harz Ise" was unfortunately killed while exploring the channel from northern North America to the Pacific Ocean. To show respect for the late captain, the crew lowered the flag at half mast to a distance from the top of the flagpole. When the ship sailed into the Thames, people saw its mast flying at half mast. I don't know what this means. When asked, it turned out to be in memory of the dead captain. By the second half of the17th century, this funeral method had spread to the mainland and was adopted by various countries [2]. It is not difficult to see that the flag has been flying at half mast for nearly 400 years since ancient times.
There are different articles about the United Nations flying flags at half-mast for the death of Zhou Enlai. Here are some examples:
The day after the death of the Prime Minister, the flag of the United Nations Headquarters was lowered at half mast, but the flags of all other Member States were not raised. This is unprecedented in the United Nations (since then, the United Nations has lowered its flag at half mast). Some countries ask, "When the head of our country dies, the flag of the United Nations is still raised. When the second head of state of China died, the United Nations not only lowered the flag at half mast, but also put away the flags of other countries. Why? " [3]
1976 65438+1On October 8th, Zhou Enlai passed away, and the United Nations flag hanging in front of the United Nations headquarters in New York, USA, was flown at half-mast. Since the founding of the United Nations, many heads of state or government in the world have passed away. The United Nations has never flown the flag at half-mast for anyone, and some countries feel it is unfair. Many diplomats gathered in the square in front of the United Nations building and asked the United Nations fierce questions. [4]
After attending the meeting that day, my colleagues and I stepped out of the United Nations Hall, ready to return to the delegation's residence and continue to watch the wake. While waiting for the bus, I saw a rare scene in the square covered with national flags: the flag of China was flying at half-mast against the snowflakes. My intuition at that time was that the flag was flown at half-mast at the United Nations Square to express my condolences over the death of Premier Zhou. This is a rare thing, because during the period from the founding of the United Nations in 1945 to 1976 in March1,although many heads of state died in the world, flags were never flown at half mast for the death of any head of state. I was just thinking when I saw representatives of some countries talking in the square. I went over to listen to what they said. It turned out that they respected Premier Zhou very much, but they didn't know why Premier Zhou, as the head of government (second in command) of China, had to fly the flag at half mast when he died. When their head of state died, the national flag was never flown at half mast. Therefore, they want to know whether there are any new regulations at United Nations Headquarters. [5]
When Premier Zhou Enlai died, the United Nations lowered the flag at half-mast to our beloved Premier Zhou. This is the first and only time that flags are flown at half mast to pay tribute to national leaders who are not heads of state. [6]
From the above, we can know that before Zhou Enlai's death, the United Nations didn't fly the flag at half-mast for others, nor did it make provisions for flying the flag at half-mast. Because they all used absolute words, "unprecedented", "unprecedented", "the first and only time" and so on. "Since Zhou Enlai, the United Nations has flown flags at half mast for the death of heads of state or government"-this was my previous idea. On the homepage of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it is stipulated that "when the head of state or government of a member state dies, the flag of the United Nations will be lowered at half mast for one day, but the flag of all member States will not be raised", but it is not specified when it started. It is said that there is a provision in the Charter of the United Nations that when a head of state or government dies, the flag will be flown at half mast. The United Nations only "routinely" lowers the flag at half-mast for Zhou Enlai, but you can't find such a provision in all versions of the Charter of the United Nations. Therefore, I have always insisted that the regulation of flying flags at half mast only appeared after Zhou Enlai's death. Until recently, someone provided a new authoritative material: the national flag code formulated by the United Nations in 1947 stipulates that the national flag will fly at half mast.
After investigation, from 65438 to 0947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the design scheme of the United Nations flag. The pattern of the United Nations flag is a light blue background with a white official badge in the middle. According to the instructions of the General Assembly, the Secretary-General drafted the Regulations on the Size of the National Flag, and officially promulgated the National Flag Code on 1947+02 19 to manage the use of the national flag and safeguard its dignity. The contents of the "Flag Code" include the etiquette that should be observed when hanging flags, the use of flags in various specific occasions, and the matters needing attention when manufacturing and selling flags. 1952, 165438+ 10 month, 1967 (not1976-author's note) have been modified, and they have been used up to now [7]. In the chapter of "Mourning", there is a clear stipulation that flags will be flown at half mast, with the clause *** 1 1. The reference translation is as follows:
A if the head of state or government of a member state of the United Nations dies, a ceremony will be held at United Nations Headquarters, the United Nations Office at Geneva and the United Nations Office of that member state to lower the flag at half mast.
B in this case, in headquarters and Geneva, the flag-raising ceremony under the United Nations flag should be held immediately on the day when the news of death is known; However, if the flag has been raised that day, it will generally not be lowered again, and the ceremony of lowering the flag at half-mast will be postponed until the second day after the news of death.
C. If the above procedure (b) cannot be carried out due to weather conditions or other reasons, flags will be flown at half mast on the day of funeral. Under special circumstances, flags will be flown at half mast on both days of death and funeral.
D. If the national symbol or head of state or government of a Member State dies, other United Nations agencies, except those referred to in paragraph A, can exercise their right of free decision according to different local conditions after contacting the Etiquette Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the country and/or the local head of the diplomatic mission of the country.
E. According to the authorization of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the head of a specialized agency of the United Nations may order the Ministry to fly the flag at half mast if he wishes to participate in the official mourning of the country where the agency is located. He can also authorize the flag to be lowered at half mast at any time during the official mourning period of the specialized agencies.
F. According to the special proposal of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, flags can also be flown at half mast for the death of world leaders who have significant relations with the United Nations.
G under special circumstances, the secretary-general of the United Nations may decide to fly the flag at half-mast anywhere during the official mourning of the United Nations.
H when the flag of the United Nations is flown at half-mast, it should be raised to the top of the flagpole first, and then flown at half-mast. Before the flag is lowered (collected) that day, the flag should be raised to the top of the pole and then lowered.
1. When the flag of the United Nations is flown at half mast, the national flags of all Member States will not be raised.
J only under the order of the secretary-general of the United Nations can the flagpole with the United Nations flag inserted in the funeral procession be decorated with pleated ribbons.
When the coffin is covered by the United Nations flag, the flag is not allowed to enter under the grave or touch the ground.
From this, we can draw a conclusion that the United Nations had a regulation to lower the flag at half mast before Zhou Enlai died.
(2) Before Zhou Enlai's death, did the United Nations fly the flag at half mast?
Few people doubt that the United Nations has flown the flag at half mast for the death of Zhou Enlai. However, some people disagreed, because such important news was not reported in People's Daily at that time, and it was not disclosed until June 5438 +2002 10, after a lapse of 26 years. Some articles showed photos of the United Nations flag flying at half-mast, but did not indicate the shooting date. Someone sent an email to the United Nations Archives to ask if there was a document recording the resolution of 1976 for Zhou Enlai to fly the flag at half mast, but the United Nations Archives replied that it was not found. Yun Yun. Of course, this problem is not difficult to explain. People's Daily didn't report it at that time, but it disclosed the news in the third edition of Reference News (1976+ 12):
The United Nations will mourn the death of Premier Zhou at half mast for a few days.
Reuters, United Nations 1 9-In memory of the late Prime Minister Zhou Enlai of China, the flag of the United Nations was flown at half mast today, but the national flags of its Member States were not raised. A UN spokesman said that this mourning will last for several days. Under normal circumstances, the national flag is only lowered at half mast on the day of the funeral of politicians in important countries.
The news at that time clearly showed that it was a true fact that the United Nations lowered the flag at half-mast for Zhou Enlai, which was absolutely undeniable.
What we are going to discuss now is whether anyone in Zhou Enlai has enjoyed the privilege of flying flags at half mast, and whether this is the first time.
The Flag Code was made in 1947, which clearly stipulates the lower half of the flag, but it cannot be concluded that it will be officially implemented unless there are examples to prove it. For example, 1988, the State Council formulated and promulgated the Provisional Regulations on Banquet Tax in People's Republic of China (PRC), but it has not been implemented yet and has not been declared invalid. So, you may have this idea. Could it be that since the flag code 1947 was formulated, the regulations on lowering the flag at half mast have not been implemented until the death of Zhou Enlai 1976? I tried to find out through various channels whether there was an example of the United Nations flag flying at half mast before Zhou Enlai died, but I never found it. There are three possibilities. The first possibility is that no head of state, head of government or other qualified people have died, and there is no need to fly the flag at half mast. The second possibility is that a head of state, government or other qualified people died, but the flag was not actually lowered at half mast; Thirdly, there is such an example, but it has not been reported in China. According to the information available now, the first two may be excluded. Because some people have cited examples, 1948, the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the Indian nation; 1953, the death of Stalin, general secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union and chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers; 1968, the assassination of Martin Luther King, the leader of the famous American black civil rights movement. At that time, the United Nations mourned their deaths at half mast. It was also revealed that the United Nations had flown the flag at half-mast for former Secretary-General Hammarskj? ld, but not when he died (196 1), but on the anniversary of his death (1 962). General Lu Jun, a netizen, has made a detailed and rigorous argument in the article "Debate on the Causes and Consequences of the United Nations Flags at Half-mast for Premier Zhou's Death", so I won't go into details here. If we don't emphasize the specific position or identity of the deceased, as long as one of these examples is finally confirmed, then Zhou Enlai will not be the first person in the United Nations to fly the flag at half mast. We must respect historical facts, and there is no need to fight for "uniqueness" or "first".
What needs to be added is that, according to the disclosure, American President Roosevelt's national flag died in April 1945, and the United Nations also mourned for him. Personally, I don't think this statement can hold water. At that time, the United Nations had not been formally established, and there were no so-called "Member States", only "countries that participated in the preparation of the United Nations at that time"; The flag of the United Nations has not been drawn, and even the flag at half-mast is the flag of other countries. Neither of these two basic requirements has been met, let alone the United Nations flying the flag at half mast for him. However, this factor has no substantial influence on judging whether Zhou Enlai is the first person to fly the flag at half mast.
(3) Is it an exception for the United Nations to fly the flag at half-mast for the death of Zhou Enlai?
Since before Zhou Enlai's death, the flag was lowered at half mast in the national flag code, and other dignitaries lowered the flag at half mast first, is it an exception for the United Nations to lower the flag at half mast in Zhou Enlai? Judging from the information available now, although the flag code has been stipulated for a long time, it seems that it has not been effectively implemented. If there are many people who meet the requirements in the flag code, the United Nations should lower the flag at half mast when they die, such as King George VI 1952 in Britain, President Kennedy 1963 in the United States, Prime Minister Nehru 1964 in India, etc., but no more relevant historical materials have been found to prove it. Of course, it has not been found at present, which does not mean that it definitely does not exist. It is arbitrary to draw such a conclusion now. I think, after all, it is not a "convention" for the United Nations to fly the flag at half mast, and at least it has certain news reporting value. As long as it exists objectively, there will always be some traces, at least in the country where the deceased is located. Perhaps, with the expansion of contact information, we will disclose such examples. But I personally estimate that there will not be many such examples, at least not every head of state or government has enjoyed this honor.
At the time of Zhou Enlai's death, his administrative position was Premier the State Council, that is, the head of government, which was in line with the provisions of the flag code in the lower half of the national flag. Zhou Enlai was not the first UN Prime Minister to fly flags at half mast, because Stalin was the chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers. But Stalin is the number one leader of the Soviet Union, and he has a special position as one of the "three giants of World War II". By no means can Zhou Enlai be regarded as the number one leader in China. Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Hammarskj? ld all had no status as heads of state or government, and all died abnormally, which was not comparable to Zhou Enlai. To put it simply, before Zhou Enlai's death, when the top leaders of many countries died, the United Nations didn't fly the flag at half mast, and there was no definite evidence to prove that any head of state had enjoyed this honor when he died. It is even more wrong to say "everyday". Far away, Malaysian Prime Minister Razak [8], who also died in 1976 1, has no record of the United Nations flying the national flag for him. Through the comparison of examples, it can be seen that it is indeed different.
Whether the United Nations will make an exception and fly the flag at half mast for the death of Zhou Enlai, we must first make clear the concept of making an exception. Strictly speaking, it is an exception to go beyond the written provisions, and the "Flag Code" has taken all situations into account, so there is no such thing as an exception, but different provisions are implemented. In short, even if the flag is flown at half-mast for anyone for one year, it is not an exception, because paragraph G stipulates: "Under special circumstances, the Secretary-General of the United Nations may decide to fly the flag at half-mast anywhere during the official mourning period of the United Nations." When I say make an exception, I mean to break through clauses A, B and C. Together, these three clauses are: flying flags at half-mast for heads of state or government of member countries for one or two days, otherwise it will be an exception. Of course, I have redefined the concept of exception, and everyone should be able to agree.
According to the provisions of the National Flag Code, flags are usually flown at half mast only one day, that is, one of three days, that is, the day when news of death is heard, the day after news of death, and the day of funeral. Under special circumstances, the flag will be flown at half mast for two days, that is, the day when the news of death is known and the day when the funeral is held, or the day after the news of death is known and the day when the funeral is held. Literally speaking, it is not easy to fly the flag at half mast in two days. The United Nations mourned the death of Zhou Enlai at half-mast, and the mourning period of Zhou Enlai's death was subject to the notice of the Central Committee, the State Council and the announcement of funeral committee, Zhou Enlai, from the publication of the obituary on 19761October 9 to the end of the memorial service on 15/October 9 [9]. During these seven days, the flag of the United Nations was flown at half mast every day, which was unparalleled. Some people questioned that the report in the third edition of June 1976 65438+ 10/2 only said that the United Nations would fly its flag at half mast "this mourning will last for several days", but did not specify that it would last for seven days. How many days is "a few days"? More than three days can count. What is the basis for saying seven days? Are you talking nonsense and overestimating it? I say seven days is based on the words of Zhou Enlai, a great man admired by the world-"The bad news of Premier Zhou Enlai's death shocked the United Nations, and the United Nations immediately decided to fly the flag at half mast for a week to show its condolences, and awarded this great man who made outstanding contributions to world peace and progress a unique honor" [10]. There is no more authoritative and direct material for the time being, and I hope someone can prove it.
According to the National Flag Law, the flag should be flown at half mast on the day of death. However, if all the United Nations flags have been raised that day, they will not be lowered under normal circumstances, and the flag lowering ceremony will be postponed until the next day. Some people say that at that time, after learning the news of Premier Zhou's death, the United Nations Headquarters did not lower the national flag at half-mast the next day, but lowered the national flag that had been raised that day. If so, it is indeed a breakthrough. We must first find out when the United Nations learned of Zhou Enlai's death. Although there is no direct evidence, we can reasonably infer from other materials. Please read the following report:
TOKYO 1 8th (3: 05 Beijing time 1 9th)-China's Prime Minister Zhou Enlai has passed away, the Japan Broadcasting News Agency reported on Friday. At the age of 78. The radio news agency said that China's official Xinhua News Agency announced the news in Chinese, and Tokyo could hear it on Friday morning. [ 1 1]
This is the earliest time that the news media released the news of Zhou Enlai's death among the materials I have been exposed to at present. We have every reason to assume that western media are almost synchronous. Beijing time (East Eighth District) 65438+13: 05 am on October 9, the time difference between new york (West Fifth District) where the United Nations headquarters is located and Beijing is13 hours, so it should be 10+2: 05 pm on October 8. On that day, the flag of the United Nations had been raised, and the ceremony of the lower half of the flag was postponed until the second day (9th) stipulated by the national flag regulations. There is no first-hand information to prove that the United Nations immediately lowered the already raised national flag, and the author does not agree with this view.
Some people say that the procedure of flying the flag at half-mast is that the national government or the organization or group I belong to first apply to the relevant United Nations agencies, and the Secretary-General of the United Nations can decide whether to fly the flag at half-mast to show respect and mourning according to the contributions of the deceased before his death. In case of death 1997, China's Ambassador to the United Nations Qin contacted Beijing on the afternoon of February 19 local time, asking the United Nations to fly the flag at half mast for the death. As for Zhou Enlai's flag flying at half mast, China did not apply, but the UN Secretary-General took the initiative to make an interim decision after hearing the news. Whether this statement is accurate or not is impossible to find out whether China applied at that time, but I would rather not apply.
The flag of the United Nations is usually raised at 8 am and landed at 4 pm [12]. According to relevant data, as early as three hours ago, the flag was flown at half-mast at 5 am on the day of Zhou Enlai's death. But the reliability of this statement cannot be verified.
From that day to 1 month 15 (the day of his funeral), or even longer, important people in almost all countries made sad statements or talked about his death; Flags are flown at half-mast in many countries and at half-mast in the United Nations. At the same time, the national flags of United Nations Member States were not raised. This is extremely rare in this world organization. Numerous condolences and letters flew to Beijing; Newspapers all over the world have published this amazing news in a prominent position, and some newspapers have put a black box in the whole page; Countless radio stations broadcast this sad news, and some also broadcast painful sorrows; Zhou Enlai's photos and film materials appear repeatedly on books, periodicals, newspapers and TV screens; Countless ordinary people flocked to local embassies and permanent offices in China to express their condolences. Sorrow surged in their hearts, tears flowed in their chests, and the whole world mourned for him. [ 14]
At that time, the number of countries that established diplomatic relations with China was 107[ 15], and successively 130 countries and political party leaders sent messages of condolence [16], indicating that some countries that did not establish diplomatic relations with China also expressed their condolences. Zhou Enlai was highly praised by my enemies, my friends and me, and was widely praised by all countries in the world. This kind of mourning beyond political views and time and space is very rare.
Generally speaking, although Zhou Enlai was not the first person to fly the flag at half-mast at the United Nations, the scale and way of mourning by the international community are unusual in breadth and depth, far from being comparable to normal practices. It is no exaggeration to say that Premier Zhou Enlai has enjoyed an extremely special honor, especially since the United Nations lowered its flag at half-mast for seven consecutive days. In this respect, it is no exaggeration to say that it is unprecedented.
(4) Did UN Secretary-General waldheim say such things?
This issue is the most controversial place at present.
Some people think that this is "fabrication", "exaggerating reports", "gilding the lily", "extremely low credibility, typical reportage", "just like the will of the Prime Minister", "at first glance, it is the kind of grandstanding online article that is not worth taking seriously", and even accuse it of "retarded lies" and "relying on foreign self-respect", while others despise it. Their reasons are:
-Wu Miaofa recalled that the credibility of this article is very poor. At that time, the population of China was not 65.438+0 billion, and there were many inaccuracies in his other articles. It is inferred that he also made up the story.
-The Secretary-General of the United Nations will not say anything that is not serious. No savings is not necessarily a good thing, and no children is not Zhou Enlai's intention.
-No savings? XXX, XXX can do it. It is a pity to have no children in any country, and even have bad connections (the initiator has no future). How can it be regarded as a high-level story?
-Even if there is such a thing, waldheim must have solemnly said, "Zhou Enlai is a great politician and has made great contributions to world peace and progress, so we ..." Is there something wrong with his thinking in this mandarin? He said that targeting journalists stimulated other countries, but the UN Secretary-General was elected.
-Will the Secretary-General of the United Nations insinuate that the heads of other Member States are corrupt criminals? What's more, the United Nations also encourages legitimate labor income, and the head of government is also an employee. How can the Secretary-General say such a blatant violation of the labor law?
-"He has no children." What does that mean? Will this secretary-general be crazy enough to encourage infertility? Look at the annual UN Human Rights Conference, which makes irresponsible remarks about China's family planning policy. Do you still believe that he will encourage infertility?
…………
There are still some fierce views that are suspected of personal attacks and will not be quoted.
So, what is the real situation? An Jianshe, a researcher in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Literature Research Office, published an article in the second issue of "Party Literature" in 2003, which should be enough to explain the problem:
There is another thing worth mentioning. There used to be a legend in China: In order to make an exception, the flag was flown at half-mast for the late Prime Minister at the United Nations Headquarters on June 5438+0976+ 10, and the Secretary-General of the General Assembly gave "three reasons" to convince the people present. This matter was basically settled after 26 years. According to a China diplomat who worked at the United Nations Headquarters that year, the news of Premier Zhou's death reached the United Nations Headquarters in new york, which immediately caused great shock and deep condolences. From ambassadors of permanent missions to ordinary diplomats, from senior officials of the United Nations Secretariat to ordinary staff, they all expressed their respect for this great man in their own ways. What is even more touching is that the United Nations also lowered its flag at half mast to mourn Premier Zhou. This is a rare event since the founding of the United Nations more than 50 years ago. I stood in the United Nations Square and listened to the touching and meaningful speech by Secretary-General waldheim. He said: "In memory of Zhou Enlai, the United Nations will fly the flag at half mast, which is my decision. There are two reasons: First, China is an ancient civilization with countless treasures, but her Prime Minister Zhou Enlai has no deposits! Second, China has a population of 654.38 billion, accounting for a quarter of the world's population, but her Prime Minister Zhou Enlai has no children! If the head of any of your countries can do one of these things, on the day of his death, the headquarters will still lower the flag at half mast for him. "Say that finish this sentence, I saw him turn around and scan the square, and then return to the secretariat building. At this time, the square was silent, and then thunderous applause broke out ... "[Note]
[Note] Wu Miaofa: "The death of Zhou Enlai shocked the world, and the United Nations made an exception and lowered the flag at half mast". June 5438 +20021October 8 People's Daily. [ 17]
It should be pointed out that although Wu Miaofa's article is still cited, its credibility has been obviously improved. It was published in People's Daily and made public to the whole world. It is no longer just a folklore. Otherwise, diplomats from other countries will definitely question this matter, and it seems that they have not heard the denial of the parties. It's a pity that Wu Miaofa is the only diplomat in China's diplomatic corps, which is really dwarfed. It is reported that waldheim is still alive, and he'd better write a memoir one day to prove it. At that time, Ambassador Huang Hua of China's delegation to the UN General Assembly should also be an insider. The Literature Research Office of the Central Committee is the authoritative organization for studying the leaders of * * *. They quote this statement in regular academic journals, which at least shows that they have been audited and recognized, and they are cautious when they say "basically confirmed". At the same time, the websites of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Xinhua News Agency and other authoritative departments agree with this statement [18]. Recently, the inaugural issue of Awakening, the journal of the Zhou Enlai Research Association of Jiangsu Province, published an article by Chen Hao, former foreign secretary of Zhou Enlai and deputy director of the General Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, saying that "the mystery of the United Nations flying flags at half mast for the death of Zhou Enlai has been solved" [19]. I have no reason not to believe all this, not to mention that these research departments, experts and parties deliberately fabricate or spread false information for a special purpose.
Some people say that Wu's articles are not credible, and he says that there are many inaccuracies in his other memoirs, which proves this point. In my personal opinion, if these inaccuracies are true, it means that there is something wrong with his writing, but these inaccuracies are not his personal experience, but he quoted other unreliable words or casual comments. Writing about his own personal experience, I haven't found any problems yet. Therefore, we should still believe what he said. For example, when Mao Mao wrote My Father Deng Xiaoping, if something was not her personal experience, she would quote some ready-made background materials or something written by others to keep the continuity and integrity of the event. Once the quoted materials are biased, it is easy to doubt the credibility of her whole book, but in fact, her direct experience is still true. Another example is a book written by Mao Zedong's grandson about Mao Zedong and Mao Anying. How credible is it? When the great man died, the author was not born or young. When he narrated, he must have referred to other people's things. If it is false, it cannot be said that the part of the author's association with Mao Anqing and CoCo Lee is also false. But personally, I think that when writing an article, try to write your own personal experience. First of all, you can't make a fake subjectively, which is not enough for whatever purpose. Besides, you must carefully study what you quoted from others.
In view of Zhou Enlai's high prestige in the international community, it is entirely reasonable for the Secretary-General of the United Nations to deliver a speech of mourning, but there are many versions of the specific content, some of which have been artificially processed in the process of oral circulation, which makes people suspicious. When I was a child, I heard not "two reasons" but "three reasons", just as An Jianshe said in his article. The contents of these "three reasons" are:
Which country's prime minister has only one wife in his life?
Which country's prime minister is loved by the people all his life?
No money in foreign banks? [20]
In contrast, it seems that "three reasons" are more like some. But what is basically determined now is "two reasons."
Xia Chuanxin, a researcher at the Museum of Chinese Revolution, recalled that when Zhou Enlai died, the United Nations would fly the flag at half mast in mourning. It is said that at that time, some representatives raised objections and doubted whether it was feasible to lower the flag to mourn every national leader. However, the United Nations General Assembly reached two understandings: first, this leader should have made great contributions to the people of China and all mankind; Second, he left no legacy. These two points, Zhou Enlai deserved! [2 1]
Two points in the above materials seem to be related to the speech of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, but they are obviously free translations, not original words. Xia Chuanxin is not a witness to this incident, and his statement may have other sources.
The author believes that at present, the statement of the Central Literature Research Office should be authoritative and credible. The two reasons given by the Secretary-General of the United Nations are emotional rather than common diplomatic rhetoric, which further demonstrates Zhou Enlai's great achievements and extraordinary personality.
"The reproduction of children and grandchildren is the most realistic demand of human beings and the most basic emotion of human beings. But how can you not regret that it is the Prime Minister's turn to be unfair? It was the cruel underground struggle and war that took away the baby in Comrade Deng's womb and ruined her health. But with the power, position and talent of the Prime Minister and the charm of a woman who has dumped many women, why not?
References:
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