Wei Zhuang
Fusang is in the twilight, and his home is further east of Fusang.
who will go with me? A boat with a bright moon and a sail.
in the late Tang dynasty, Japan stopped sending envoys to the Tang dynasty in the third year of Emperor Wenzong's reign (838) because of civil unrest in the Tang dynasty. Please benefit monks and learning monks who originally came to China with Tang envoys to study Buddhism and seek scriptures, and then they changed to merchant ships. Merchant ships in the Tang Dynasty were small in hull and light in driving, and their owners had accumulated rich meteorological knowledge and navigation experience. Generally, it only took three days and nights to travel back and forth between China and Japan, and they were rarely killed and drifted. This led to frequent traffic between Japan and the Tang Dynasty, and it was easier for Japanese monks to enter the Tang Dynasty than in the era of sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty. Jinglong is one of these monks. When he returned home, Wei Zhuang wrote a poem to see him off.
The whole poem only focuses on "sending home", which shows the concern and farewell to foreign friends.
"Fusang is already in the doldrums, and my home is in the east of Fusang." It is said that Jinglong's return to China this time is a long journey, and the mileage is not easy to generalize. Although "Biography of Liang Shu Fusang Country" said that "Fusang is more than 2, miles in the east of Dahan Country", it was later used as a synonym for Japan. If writing poetry is also like this, it lacks interest. The poet uses the name "Fusang", which means the Shenmu Fusang, the ancient myth and legend of the East, where the sun originated, whose territory is already elusive; That's not enough. It goes on to say that Jinglong's hometown is still in the east of Fusang and then in the east. It seems that "Fusang" is marginal, but "more east" is not marginal; If you can't fix your finger, the meaning of "far" can be thought about more. The first sentence "already in" lays the foundation for the second sentence, and the second sentence "more in" is the place where the meaning is noted. It is said that the word "East" has been hidden in "Fusang", and the word "East" is added, and the word "East" with two bright and one dark is repeatedly used to write the hometown of Jinglong so far away, mysterious and fascinating. After all, it's my friend's hometown over there, and he's about to sail home, so he gave me a poem to see him off. It's not convenient for me to make words of sadness, farewell and sorrow. These meanings are hidden behind the poem, so I turn to wishing my friend a smooth trip.
"Who will go with me?"? A boat with a bright moon and a sail. " Sailing in the sea, ships are most afraid of getting lost in cross storms and heavy fog. In the past, the big ships that sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty often drifted at sea due to storms and even crashed; What can be reached is often after dozens of days or months of arduous voyage. Wei Zhuang is well aware of these past rumors, so I started to wish my friends a smooth trip. With a word "to", I wish him a safe arrival in his hometown; The "bright moon" shows sunny and eliminates fog and rain; "Sail the wind" means smooth, don't be arrogant, and there will be no disasters during the trip. The word "who" first adds the word "who is with the teacher", and then makes it clear from the words "Lang Yue" and "Shun Feng" in the next sentence, and personalizes the word "Who" in "Feng" and "Yue". The word "* * *", on the one hand, combines "wind", "moon" and "teacher", together with "ship", to make the sea trip beautiful and comfortable; On the other hand, combined with the word "to", say "* * * to", so that the good scenery of the wind and the moon can be carried out all the way and accompanied to the hometown. Two sentences and fourteen words, one integrated mass, expressed good wishes and sincere friendship, full of poetry.
The poet's wish is not only due to his subjective desire, but also because he pretends to be comforting. It is based on objective facts, which is the fact that maritime navigation between Japan and China was relatively convenient and safe in the late Tang Dynasty. It is printed in the poet's heart, and it is naturally such a poem when written.
six songs of the plug (part two)
Lu Lun
the woods are black and a wind assails the grasses, yet the general tries night archery.
and next morning he finds his white-plumed arrow, pointed deep in the hard rock.
Lu Lun's "The Song of the Sai Xia" is composed of six songs, which are about giving orders, shooting and defeating the enemy, celebrating the victory and so on. Because it is a work of shooting with Zhang Servant (the poem titled "Shooting with Zhang Servant"), it is full of praise.
This is the second poem in a group of poems. It is about a general hunting at night. When he saw the trouble in the forest, he thought it was a tiger, so he bent his bow and shot fiercely. At dawn, the arrow actually shot into a stone. Through this typical plot, the general's bravery is shown. The material of the poem comes from Historical Records and Biography of General Li. According to reports, Li Guang, a famous ape in the Han Dynasty, was good at shooting with his arm. When he was the prefect of Right Beiping, he had such a dramatic experience: "When he went hunting widely, he saw a stone in the grass and shot it for a tiger. If the stone is not in the middle, it will be regarded as a stone. Because I shot it again, I couldn't get back into the stone. "
The first sentence says that the general's night hunting place is a dark deep forest; At that time, it was getting late, and a gust of wind blew, and the vegetation was covered with it. This not only explained the specific time and place, but also created an atmosphere. Right Beiping is a tiger-infested area, and the dense forest in the mountains is the hiding place of the tiger, the king of beasts, and tigers often leave the mountain at dusk. The word "the woods are black and a wind assails the grasses" with the word "Jing" not only makes people naturally think that there is a tiger among them, but also renders a tense atmosphere, and also implies how vigilant the general is, paving the way for the following "bow drawing". The second sentence is to continue writing and shooting. But "drawing a bow" without saying "shooting" is not only because the poem rhymes, but also because "drawing" is a preparatory action of "sending". This writing can enlighten readers to imagine and appreciate how calm and leisurely the general is in danger. After a "shock", the general immediately drew an arrow and drew his bow. His movements were agile and powerful, and he was not in a hurry. He was both imposing and vivid.
The last two sentences described the miracle of "drinking feathers without a stone", which postponed the time to the next morning ("Pingming"). When the general searched for prey, he found that the person who was hit by the arrow was not a tiger, but a crouching stone. It was amazing to read it, and then he sighed. It turned out that there was an arrow with white feathers at the end of the shaft, but it was "pointed deep in the hard rock" and scored three points in the stone. This writing is not only more tortuous, with time and scene changes, but also full of drama. The "stone edge" is a protruding part of the stone, and it is unimaginable for the arrow to drill into it. Mythical exaggeration adds a layer of romance to the image of poetry, which makes it particularly delicious to read, only to feel wonderful and not to think wrong.
Wu Qiao, a Qing dynasty man, once vividly used rice as a metaphor for "meaning", saying that rice is cooked for rice, and poetry is brewed for rice and wine (see "Poetry Around the Furnace"), and his words are wonderful. Because poetry has to appeal to readers' emotions, it is generally more concentrated than prose, with more concise language and more emphasis on the creation of artistic conception, which is more intoxicating and more like wine. In Historical Records, it's just an ordinary narrative text. Once refined and processed by the poet, it sublimates into such a poem with artistic charm. Isn't it a bit like turning rice into wine?
Six songs under the plug (Part III)
Lu Lun
high in the faint moonlight, wildgeese are soaring, tartar chieftains are fleeing through the dark.
and we chase them, with horses lightly burdened, and a burden of snow on our bows and our swords.
this is the third of six poems in "the song of the plug". Although Lu Lun was a poet in the mid-Tang Dynasty, his frontier poems were still the atmosphere of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, magnificent and bold, and filled with heroism between the lines, which was inspiring after reading.
a sentence or two, "high in the faint moonlight, wildgeese are soaring, tartar chieftains are fleeing through the dark", describes the enemy's rout. "The moon is dark" and there is no light. "Wild geese fly high", and there is no sound. Taking advantage of such a dark and silent night, the enemy quietly escaped. Khan was the supreme ruler of the Huns in ancient times, and here he refers to the supreme commander of the invaders. Running away at night shows that they have collapsed across the board.
despite the cover of night, the enemy's actions were detected by our army. Three or four sentences, "and we chase them, with horses lightly burdened, and a burden of snow on our bows and our swords", describe the situation that our army is preparing to pursue, showing the mighty spirit of the soldiers. Imagine, a cavalry lined up to go out, and suddenly the bow and knife were covered with heavy snow. What an exciting scene!
From this poem, Lu Lun is very good at capturing images and timing. He can not only grasp the typical image, but also show it at the most artistic moment. The poet doesn't write about how the army attacked, and he doesn't tell you whether he caught up with the enemy. He only describes a scene ready to pursue, which effectively sets off the atmosphere and emotions at that time. "and we chase them, with horses lightly burdened, and a burden of snow on our bows and our swords", this is not the climax of the battle, but the moment approaching the climax. This moment, like an arrow on the string, will not be sent, the most attractive force. You may feel dissatisfied because you didn't give the result. But only in this way can it be more enlightening and arouse readers' association and imagination. This is called endless words and endless meanings. When the dragon sees the head but doesn't see the tail, it's not without a tail. The tail is looming in the clouds, which is more interesting and charming.
four songs under the plug (part one)
Li Yi
Fanzhou tribes can end and hunt the Yellow River songs at dusk.
the songs of Yan are still flying, and the herd of horses is green.
There are many poems about frontier fortress in Tang Dynasty, but after all, most of them show the hardships and dangers of garrison life and the homesickness of soldiers. Even some famous singers are inevitably mixed with words of danger and suffering or sad emotions. When readers turn to Li Yi's masterpiece, they will feel very different, and they will be attracted by the magnificent picture of that day. It is outstanding in expressing the lofty sentiments of soldiers' lives and reflecting the magnificent scenery in the northwest.
In the poem, "Fanzhou" refers to the northwest frontier (there was another Fanzhou in the Tang Dynasty, which is located in the west of Yishan County, Guangxi, and does not belong to the Yellow River), and "Fanzhou tribe" refers to the border guards stationed in the Yellow River Hetao ("Yellow River Qu"). The soldiers in the army lived a life of "returning to the Jade Pass at the age of years, making a horse policy and a knife ring at the dynasty", which was very hard, but was tempered to be very strong and brave. The first sentence only praises them for "being able to finish", that is, being good at dressing up. By describing the heroic appearance of the soldiers, the author indicates to the readers that it is self-evident that they are good at fighting, so the next sentence is written as "galloping", instead of "being able", and the readers can understand themselves.
Hunting in the army is a routine military training, which is no better than that of the princes. Athletes enjoy it, and practice in the morning and evening, ready to meet the enemy at any time. It is precisely "in order to report that all the Xiongnu are now protected, and the Xiongnu should not go down to the clouds" (the fourth poem in the same group). The action of "Hunting the Yellow River Song at dusk" shows the athletes' impassioned spirit and dedication to the country and their belief in winning, and the sentence is full of praise from the author.
These two sentences focus on depicting the characters and their spiritual outlook, while the last two sentences show the broad background of the characters' activities. The scenery in the Northwest Plateau is so magnificent: the sky is high and the clouds are light, the geese are flying, the songs are floating on the vast Yuan Ye, and the horses are running in the green grass, which is a vibrant weather.
The "Yan Ge" sung by the recruiters is said to be the tune of "Yan Ge Xing". Seeing the flying geese far away, there is indeed a deep nostalgia for the hometown of the northern soldiers in the song. However, Fei Hong's "Yan Ge is not broken", and this happy song does not contain the singer's love and pride in the other place. If this is not obvious in the three sentences, then there is no doubt about reading the last sentence.
"The herd of horses hisses and the grass is green". In the poem praising the scenery in the northwest, it can almost be compared with the strange sentence "the wind blows grass and sees cattle and sheep" The sentence "the wind blows the grass low" is to write autumn colors on the plateau, so it is more desolate; And the sentence "herding horses and hissing" is written in the spring of the plateau, so there is a business. The word "green" is excellent. Because of three or four pairs of knots, the word "Sai Hongfei" is said on the top, and the word "grass green" is used on the bottom, which shows that the word "green" is verbalized. It's not exactly a green grass color, but also describes the change of "boundless grasses over the plain" from dry to glorious, suggesting that spring unconsciously returns to the grassland. This and Wang Anshi's famous sentence "The spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan", both of which are won by using the word "green". In Jiangnan, spring returns to the earth, which is called by the singing birds. The spring in Saibei is greeted by the joy of horses. The combination of "the grass is green" and "the horses are hissing" has a particularly long meaning; It seems that because of Ma Si, the grass is greener and more lovely. The grandeur and lofty sentiments expressed in poetry are very valuable.
six songs under the plug (part one)
Li Bai
It snows in Tianshan Mountain in May, and there are no flowers but cold.
I smell the willow in the flute, but I haven't seen the spring scenery.
follow the golden drum at dawn and hug the jade saddle at night.
I'm willing to cut Loulan with my sword at my waist.
the song "Xiasai" originated from the songs of the Han Yuefu, such as "Out of the fortress" and "Into the fortress" (which belongs to "Cross Blowing Song"), and was the theme of the new Yuefu in the Tang Dynasty. The songs were mostly about the frontier fortress military life. Li Bai composed * * * six songs, which is the first one. The author is a genius, and as a rhythmic poem, he also escapes from Lingyun, creating a unique environment. Like this poem, it almost completely breaks through the routine of connecting and combining in metrical poems. Generally speaking, the first four sentences, five or six sentences as the connection, and the last two sentences as the combination are completely new.
Starting from "Tianshan Snow", point out "Xiaxia", and write about the bitter cold on the edge. "May" is a hot summer in the mainland, but there is still "snow" in Tianshan Mountain. But the snow here is not flying snow, but snow. Although there are no snowflakes flying in the air ("no flowers"), I just feel chilly. There are still no flowers in midsummer and May, and it is conceivable how cold the rest three times (especially in winter) are. Therefore, these two sentences are light and heavy, and the words are vague and ambiguous. At the same time, the word "no flowers" is punning, but it doesn't mean flowers. This meaning is closely related to three sentences: "Smelling willows in the flute". "Folding willow" is the provincial name of the song "Folding willow". On the surface, this sentence is to smell the flute while writing, but there is a sound outside the truth, which means that there is no willow to fold in front of you, and the matter of "folding willow" can only be heard in the flute. Bright flowers and dark willows are the symbol of spring scenery. "No flowers" and no willows, that is, "Spring scenery has never been seen". The meaning of these four sentences runs through, "If you are in a straight line, you will not be bound" (Shen Deqian's "Talking about Poetry"). The wording is natural, the meaning is profound and elegant, and it is informal, such as the opening of ancient poetry, which is not available to predecessors.
five or six sentences are closely linked to the previous meaning, and they describe the tension of military life. In ancient times, marching sounded golden bells (such as cymbals and bracelets) and drummed drums to keep pace and stop advancing and retreating. Writing a "golden drum" will set off a tense atmosphere and make the military discipline serious. Just saying "Xiao Zhan" means marching and fighting all day. I can only take a nap with my saddle in my arms at night, especially the tension of military life. Originally, sleeping on the jade saddle at night may be more in line with the military habit, and it is easy to "hug" without saying "pillow", and the tension is particularly prominent. It seems that once the police are called, those who "hug the saddle" can turn over and mount their horses and attack bravely. Write "May" in four sentences to make it almost four o'clock; These two sentences are only written about a "dawn" and a "night", and they do not describe the whole day's life, and they are also general. Only these two sentences are used as antithesis in the whole article, and the strict form is suitable for the serious content, which enhances the expression effect.
The above six sentences are all about the hardships of frontier life. If you have grievances, the last two sentences are suddenly changed, and your voice and mood suddenly change. The story of Fu Jiezi in the Western Han Dynasty is used here. Because the king of Loulan (the name of the western region) was greedy for money, he repeatedly covered and killed the Han envoys who went to the western region. Fu Jiezi was sent to the western region by Huo Guang to behead the king of Loulan and make contributions to the country. The last two sentences of this poem express the patriotic passion of the frontier fortress soldiers: "I am willing to put my sword under my waist and cut Loulan straight." The words "willing" and "straight" are cut in tone and generous enough to inspire the whole article. This is the finishing point of a poem.
The powerful ending is inseparable from the negative contrast of the first six sentences. Without such a hard background, it is not enough to show such outstanding spirit. "Always write the first six sentences for the last two languages" (Wang Fuzhi), so this poem is extremely desolate and magnificent, and its artistic conception is muddy. If you open your mouth, you will make bold remarks and feel weak. This writing is similar to the phrase "yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, but it will not be returned until the Loulan is broken". This poem is not only unique in style, but also unconventional in antithesis. "In the body of law, it flies to vote for Yao's potential, and transports the thoughts of being far-reaching and strange" (Yao Nai), which is naturally a masterpiece of the Five Laws.